私たちは、フィードバックのために博士エヴァン·ニューウェル博士とショーンBendallに感謝したいと思います。我々はまた、マルチランタニド含有のポリスチレンビーズのサンプルについては、DVS科学と博士はショーンBendallに感謝したいと思います。我々は、NIHの助成金2 U19 AI057229からの資金のために感謝しています。

<ol>
	<li>Bandura, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+cytometry:+Technique+for+real+time+single+cell+multitarget+immunoassay+based+on+inductively+coupled+plasma+Time-of-Flight+mass+spectrometry.">Mass cytometry: Technique for real time single cell multitarget immunoassay based on inductively coupled plasma Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry.</a> Anal. Chem. 81, 6813-6822 (2009).</li><li>Lou, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer-based+elemental+tags+for+sensitive+bioassays.">Polymer-based elemental tags for sensitive bioassays.</a> Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 46, 6111-6114 (2007).</li><li>Majonis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curious+results+with+palladium-+and+platinum-carrying+polymers+in+mass+cytometry+bioassays+and+an+unexpected+application+as+a+dead+cell+stain.">Curious results with palladium- and platinum-carrying polymers in mass cytometry bioassays and an unexpected application as a dead cell stain.</a> Biomacromolecules. 12, 3997-4010 (2011).</li><li>Leipold, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+mass+cytometry+methods+for+bacterial+discrimination.">Development of mass cytometry methods for bacterial discrimination.</a> Anal. Biochem. 419, 1-8 (2011).</li><li>Bendall, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+mass+cytometry+of+differential+immune+and+drug+responses+across+a+human+hematopoietic+continuum.">Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum.</a> Science. 332, 687-696 (2011).</li><li>Newell, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytometry+by+Time-of-Flight+shows+combinatorial+cytokine+expression+and+virus-specific+cell+niches+within+a+continuum+of+CD8++T+cell+phenotypes.">Cytometry by Time-of-Flight shows combinatorial cytokine expression and virus-specific cell niches within a continuum of CD8+ T cell phenotypes.</a> Immunity. 36, 142-152 (2012).</li></ol>

著者ヒト免疫監視センターでの仕事の両方、大量メトリーを含めて、アッセイのコストを回収するためだけに利用料をチャージスタンフォード大学のサービス·センターに配送します。

過去数十年では、蛍光フローサイトメトリーは、表面発現の観点および機能アッセイの両方において、単一細胞を解析するための馬車馬方法であった。しかし、蛍光色素のスペクトルの重複の問題が同時マーカーの数を制限している。 12以上の同時マーカーを用いた実験が報告されているが、必要な補償金の額は、これは技術的に困難になります。 代わりにフルオロフ?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> 注釈 </td></tr><tr><td> CyTOF TMマスメーター</td><td> DVS科学</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>洗浄液</td><td> DVS科学</td><td> 201071 </td><td>水に0.05％のフッ化水素酸</td></tr><tr><td>ソリューションのチューニング</td><td> DVS科学</td><td> 201072 </td><td> 0.5ppmのラ、CS、Tbは、Tm値、IR、トレース硝酸</td></tr><tr><td> Euを含有ポリスチレンビーズ</td><td> DVS科学</td><td> 201073 </td><td>自然豊かEuの同位体が含まれ、約1万個/ mLで供給ビーズを</td></tr><tr><td>マルチランタノイド含有（ラ/ PR / TB / TM /呂） - ポリスチレンビーズ</td><td> DVS科学</td><td>まだ市販されている</td><td>上場ランタニドの自然豊か同位体が含まれています</td></tr><tr><td>硝酸（濃） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> A467-500 </td><td>オプティマ微量金属純粋なICP-MSのグレード</td></tr><tr><td>セルストレーナーキャップ5mLを有するポリスチレン丸底チューブ</td><td> BD </td><td> 352235 </td><td>注入前の細胞サンプルをフィルタリングするために使用</td></tr><tr><td>ノルムジェクトtuberkulinシリンジ1mLの</td><td>ヘンケサスウルフ</td><td> 4010-200V0 </td><td>シリコンフリー、ラテックスフリー</td></tr><tr><td>ノルムジェクトシリンジを3mL </td><td>ヘンケサスウルフ</td><td> 4010.000V0 </td><td>シリコンフリー、ラテックスフリー</td></tr><tr><td> MilliQ水</td><td></td><td></td><td> 18MΩの純水は、市販の洗剤（バリウム現在の彼らの高いレベルのために）で洗浄されたガラスやプラスチックのボトルに格納してはいけません。 </td></tr><tr><td> CITranox </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> Z273236 </td><td>酸性洗剤</td></tr><tr><td>アルゴンガス</td><td> Praxair社</td><td> AR 5.0UH-T </td><td> 99.999パーセント超高純度</td></tr></tbody></table>

mass cytometry: protocol for daily tuning and running cell samples on a cytof mass cytometer

近年では、単一細胞の迅速な分析は、一般的にフローサイトメトリーや蛍光標識された抗体を用いて実施されています。しかしながら、フルオロフォアの排出量スペクトルの重複の問題は同時プローブの数を制限している。これとは対照的に、むしろ蛍光団より、ICP-MS。1〜液体単一セル導入システムDVS科学夫婦による新しいCyTOF質量サイトメーターは、高濃縮金属同位体を含むキレートポリマーは、抗体または他の特異的なプローブに結合されている。2-5なぜなら金属純度と質量メーターの質量分解能により、隣接する同位体からの &quot;スペクトルの重なり&quot;はありませんので、補償行列は不要。さらに、ランタニド金属を使用しているため、生物学的な背景のため、自家蛍光の等価なものはありません。マスウィンドウで理論的には最大100個のラベルにまたがる原子量103から203は、同時に識別することができた。現在、35以上のチャンネルがサンプルの免疫学的プロファイルの前例のない解剖を可能にする、DVS科学から入手可能なキレート試薬を使用して利用できます。6月7日 マスメトリーの欠点は、プローブごとに別々の金属の同位体（前方または側方散乱のない同等品）、それは破壊的技術（リカバリを並べ替えの可能性なし）であるという事実のために厳格な要件があります。大容量メーターの現在の構成は、このように細胞のより高い入力番号を必要とするだけのセル伝送レート〜25％を持っています。 大容量メーターの最適な毎日の性能はいくつかの手順が必要です。最適化の基本的な目標は、M信号強度を低下させるとM 16で任意の所望の信号と干渉する酸化物（M 16）の形成を最小限に抑えながら、所望の金属の同位元素（M）の測定された信号強度を最大にすることである。最初のステップは、マシンはとても暑い、安定した私を暖めるためにあるCPはプラズマが確立されています。第二に、現在の、メイクアップガス流量の設定は、日常的に最適化する必要があります。サンプル採取時には、最大セルイベント発生率は、1000セル/秒に検出器の効率や処理速度によって制限されます。しかし、サンプルの品質に応じて、遅い細胞イベント発生率は（300〜500セル/秒）は、通常、セルのイベントとの間にこのように良い分解能はダブレットと破片の上に無傷のシングレットを最大化できるようにすることが望ましい。最後に、一日の終わりに、マシンの適切な洗浄は遊離金属に起因するバックグラウンドシグナルを最小限に抑えることができます。

上記のプロトコルに従うことで、4つのことを達成する必要があります。まず、大量のメーターのための十分なウォームアップ時間を許容するのに最適な信号と最小限の酸化物形成のために必要な熱い、安定したプラズマが生成されます。 MilliQ水とDVSウォッシュ溶液（ 図9）で質量メーターの第二に、十分な洗浄は、サンプルの取得（ 図8）の間にバックグラウンドを...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer at JoVE.com

Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer

CyTOFマスメーターの性能の毎日のチューニングと最適化のために必要な手順が記載されている。最適な試料調製および流量に対するコメントは、説明されてい

ミササイトメトリー：CyTOFマスメーターで毎日のチューニングと実行した細胞サンプルのためのプロトコル

In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the ...

mass-cytometry-protocol-for-daily-tuning-running-cell-samples-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

22.7K ビュー.  Stanford University. CyTOFマスメーターの性能の毎日のチューニングと最適化のために必要な手順が記載されている。最適な試料調製および流量に対するコメントは、説明されてい

ビデオ: Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells within a tissue, however, are typically encased within a closely packed tissue mass in which cells establish intimate connections with many near-neighbors and with extracellular matrix components. Accordingly, the chemical milieu and physical forces experienced by cells within a 3D tissue are fundamentally different than those experienced by cells grown in monolayer culture. This has been shown to markedly impact cellular morphology and signaling. Several methods have been devised to generate 3D cell cultures including encapsulation of cells in collagen gels1or in biomaterial scaffolds2. Such methods, while useful, do not recapitulate the intimate direct cell-cell adhesion architecture found in normal tissues. Rather, they more closely approximate culture systems in which single cells are loosely dispersed within a 3D meshwork of ECM products. Here, we describe a simple method in which cells are placed in hanging drop culture and incubated under physiological conditions until they form true 3D spheroids in which cells are in direct contact with each other and with extracellular matrix components. The method requires no specialized equipment and can be adapted to include addition of any biological agent in very small quantities that may be of interest in elucidating effects on cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction. The method can also be used to co-culture two (or more) different cell populations so as to elucidate the role of cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions in specifying spatial relationships between cells. Cell-cell cohesion and cell-ECM adhesion are the cornerstones of studies of embryonic development, tumor-stromal cell interaction in malignant invasion, wound healing, and for applications to tissue engineering. This simple method will provide a means of generating tissue-like cellular aggregates for measurement of biomechanical properties or for molecular and biochemical analysis in a physiologically relevant model.

We describe a simple, rapid method of generating 3D tissue-like spheroids and their potential application to quantify differences in cell-cell interactions.

3D楕円体の生成のための簡単​​なハンギングドロップ細胞培養プロトコル

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

生物工学

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including numerous stereoisomers1,2. These metabolites can be formed from free or esterified fatty acids. Many of these oxidized metabolites have biological activity and have been implicated in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer3-7. Oxidized bioactive lipids can be formed enzymatically or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes that metabolize fatty acids include cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1,8. Enzymatic metabolism results in enantioselective formation whereas ROS oxidation results in the racemic formation of products.
While this protocol focuses primarily on the analysis of AA- and some LA-derived bioactive metabolites; it could be easily applied to metabolites of other fatty acids. Bioactive lipids are extracted from cell lysate or media using liquid-liquid (l-l) extraction. At the beginning of the l-l extraction process, stable isotope internal standards are added to account for errors during sample preparation. Stable isotope dilution (SID) also accounts for any differences, such as ion suppression, that metabolites may experience during the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis9. After the extraction, derivatization with an electron capture (EC) reagent, pentafluorylbenzyl bromide (PFB) is employed to increase detection sensitivity10,11. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is used to increase the selectivity of the MS analysis. Before MS analysis, lipids are separated using chiral normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC conditions are optimized to separate the enantiomers and various stereoisomers of the monitored lipids12. This specific LC-MS method monitors prostaglandins (PGs), isoprostanes (isoPs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxoETEs) and oxooctadecadienoic acids (oxoODEs); however, the HPLC and MS parameters can be optimized to include any fatty acid metabolites13.
Most of the currently available bioanalytical methods do not take into account the separate quantification of enantiomers. This is extremely important when trying to deduce whether or not the metabolites were formed enzymatically or by ROS. Additionally, the ratios of the enantiomers may provide evidence for a specific enzymatic pathway of formation. The use of SID allows for accurate quantification of metabolites and accounts for any sample loss during preparation as well as the differences experienced during ionization. Using the PFB electron capture reagent increases the sensitivity of detection by two orders of magnitude over conventional APCI methods. Overall, this method, SID-LC-EC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI-MRM/MS, is one of the most sensitive, selective, and accurate methods of quantification for bioactive lipids.

This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of free and esterified bioactive fatty acids from cells. Fatty acids are accurately quantified using stable isotope dilution, chiral liquid chromatography, electron capture atmospheric chemical ionization multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SID-LC-ECAPCI-MRM/MS).

ターゲット安定同位体希釈液体クロマトグラフィー - 質量分析のための細胞の脂質の抽出

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Wide-field Fluorescent Microscopy and Fluorescent Imaging Flow Cytometry on a Cell-phone

Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry are widely used tools in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. However these devices are in general relatively bulky and costly, making them less effective in the resource limited settings. To potentially address these limitations, we have recently demonstrated the integration of wide-field fluorescent microscopy and imaging flow cytometry tools on cell-phones using compact, light-weight, and cost-effective opto-fluidic attachments. In our flow cytometry design, fluorescently labeled cells are flushed through a microfluidic channel that is positioned above the existing cell-phone camera unit. Battery powered light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are butt-coupled to the side of this microfluidic chip, which effectively acts as a multi-mode slab waveguide, where the excitation light is guided to uniformly excite the fluorescent targets. The cell-phone camera records a time lapse movie of the fluorescent cells flowing through the microfluidic channel, where the digital frames of this movie are processed to count the number of the labeled cells within the target solution of interest. Using a similar opto-fluidic design, we can also image these fluorescently labeled cells in static mode by e.g. sandwiching the fluorescent particles between two glass slides and capturing their fluorescent images using the cell-phone camera, which can achieve a spatial resolution of e.g. ~ 10 &mu;m over a very large field-of-view of ~ 81 mm2. This cell-phone based fluorescent imaging flow cytometry and microscopy platform might be useful especially in resource limited settings, for e.g. counting of CD4+ T cells toward monitoring of HIV+ patients or for detection of water-borne parasites in drinking water.

We review our recent results on the integration of fluorescent microscopy and imaging flow cytometry tools on a cell-phone using compact and cost-effective opto-fluidic attachments. These cell-phone based micro-analysis devices might be useful for cytometric analysis, such as performing various cell counting tasks as well as for high-throughput screening of e.g., water samples in resource limited settings.

携帯電話上の広視野蛍光顕微鏡と蛍光イメージングフローサイトメトリー

Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry are widely used tools in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. However these devices are in general ...

Imaging of Biological Tissues by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides untargeted molecular information with the highest specificity and spatial resolution for investigating biological tissues at the hundreds to tens of microns scale. When performed under ambient conditions, sample pre-treatment becomes unnecessary, thus simplifying the protocol while maintaining the high quality of information obtained. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is a spray-based ambient MSI technique that allows for the direct sampling of surfaces in the open air, even in vivo. When used with a software-controlled sample stage, the sample is rastered underneath the DESI ionization probe, and through the time domain, m/z information is correlated with the chemical species' spatial distribution. The fidelity of the DESI-MSI output depends on the source orientation and positioning with respect to the sample surface and mass spectrometer inlet. Herein, we review how to prepare tissue sections for DESI imaging and additional experimental conditions that directly affect image quality. Specifically, we describe the protocol for the imaging of rat brain tissue sections by DESI-MSI.

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is an ambient method by which samples, including biological tissues, can be imaged with minimal sample preparation. By rastering the sample below the ionization probe, this spray-based technique provides sufficient spatial resolution to discern molecular features of interest within tissue sections.

脱離エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析法による生体組織のイメージング

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides untargeted molecular information with the highest specificity and spatial resolution for investigating biological ...

Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined 
Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates

Cell patterning platforms support broad research goals, such as construction of predefined in vitro neuronal networks and the exploration of certain central aspects of cellular physiology. To easily combine cell patterning with Multi-Electrode Arrays (MEAs) and silicon-based &#8216;lab on a chip&#8217; technologies, a microfabrication-compatible protocol is required. We describe a method that utilizes deposition of the polymer parylene-C on SiO2&#160;wafers. Photolithography enables accurate and reliable patterning of parylene-C at micron-level resolution. Subsequent activation by immersion in fetal bovine serum (or another specific activation solution) results in a substrate in which cultured cells adhere to, or are repulsed by, parylene or SiO2 regions respectively. This technique has allowed patterning of a broad range of cell types (including primary murine hippocampal cells, HEK 293 cell line, human neuron-like teratocarcinoma cell line, primary murine cerebellar granule cells, and primary human glioma-derived stem-like cells). Interestingly, however, the platform is not universal; reflecting the importance of cell-specific adhesion molecules. This cell patterning process is cost effective, reliable, and importantly can be incorporated into standard microfabrication (chip manufacturing) protocols, paving the way for integration of microelectronic technology.

Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined 
Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates

This protocol describes a microfabrication-compatible method for cell patterning on SiO2. A predefined parylene-C design is photolithographically printed on SiO2 wafers. Following incubation with serum (or other activation solution) cells adhere specifically to (and grow according to the conformity of) underlying parylene-C, whilst being repulsed by SiO2 regions.

はSiO：フォトリソグラフィによって画定されたパリレン-C上の細胞のパターニング<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;基板

Cell patterning platforms support broad research goals, such as construction of predefined in vitro neuronal networks and the exploration of certain ...

Sample Preparation Strategies for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of 3D Cell Culture Models

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with some of the spatial and molecular complexity of tissue. For example, many cell lines form 3D structures given appropriate in vitro conditions. Colon cancer cell lines form 3D cell culture spheroids, in vitro mimics of avascular tumor nodules. While immunohistochemistry and other classical imaging methods are popular for monitoring the distribution of specific analytes, mass spectrometric imaging examines the distribution of classes of molecules in an unbiased fashion. While MALDI mass spectrometric imaging was originally developed to interrogate samples obtained from humans or animal models, this report describes the analysis of in vitro three dimensional cell cultures, including improvements in sample preparation strategies. Herein is described methods for growth, harvesting, sectioning, washing, and analysis of 3D cell cultures via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. Using colon carcinoma 3D cell cultures as a model system, this protocol demonstrates the ability to monitor analytes in an unbiased fashion across the 3D cell culture system with MALDI-MSI.

Immortalized cancer cell lines can be grown as 3D cell cultures, a valuable model for biological research. This protocol describes mass spectrometry imaging of 3D cell cultures, including improvements in the sample preparation platform. The goal of this protocol is to instruct users to prepare 3D cell cultures for mass spectrometry imaging analysis.

3次元細胞培養モデルの質量分析イメージング用試料調製の戦略

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with ...

Isolation of Primary Human Colon Tumor Cells from Surgical Tissues and Culturing Them Directly on Soft Elastic Substrates for Traction Cytometry

Cancer cells respond to matrix mechanical stiffness in a complex manner using a coordinated, hierarchical mechano-chemical system composed of adhesion receptors and associated signal transduction membrane proteins, the cytoskeletal architecture, and molecular motors1, 2. Mechanosensitivity of different cancer cells in vitro are investigated primarily with immortalized cell lines or murine derived primary cells, not with primary human cancer cells. Hence, little is known about the mechanosensitivity of primary human colon cancer cells in vitro. Here, an optimized protocol is developed that describes the isolation of primary human colon cells from healthy and cancerous surgical human tissue samples. Isolated colon cells are then successfully cultured on soft (2 kPa stiffness) and stiff (10 kPa stiffness) polyacrylamide hydrogels and rigid polystyrene (~3.6 GPa stiffness) substrates functionalized by an extracellular matrix (fibronectin in this case). Fluorescent microbeads are embedded in soft gels near the cell culture surface, and traction assay is performed to assess cellular contractile stresses using free open access software. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy on different stiffness substrates provides useful information about primary cell morphology, cytoskeleton organization and vinculin containing focal adhesions as a function of substrate rigidity.

A protocol is described to extract primary human cells from surgical colon tumor and normal tissues. The isolated cells are then cultured on soft elastic substrates (polyacrylamide hydrogels) functionalized by an extracellular matrix protein, and embedded with fluorescent microbeads. Traction cytometry is performed to assess cellular contractile stresses.

外科的組織からの初代ヒト結腸腫瘍細胞の単離およびトラクションサイトメトリーのためのソフト弾性基板上にそれらを直接培養

Cancer cells respond to matrix mechanical stiffness in a complex manner using a coordinated, hierarchical mechano-chemical system composed of adhesion ...

A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, known as the Aristotle's lantern, is a compelling source of bioinspiration with an intricate network of musculature and calcareous teeth that can scrape, cut, chew food and bore holes into rocky substrates. We describe the bioinspiration process as including animal observation, specimen characterization, device fabrication and mechanism bioexploration. The last step of bioexploration allows for a deeper understanding of the initial biology. The design architecture of the Aristotle's lantern is analyzed with micro-computed tomography and individual teeth are examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify the microstructure. Bioinspired designs are fabricated with a 3D printer, assembled and tested to determine the most efficient lantern opening and closing mechanism. Teeth from the bioinspired lantern design are bioexplored via finite element analysis to explain from a mechanical perspective why keeled tooth structures evolved in the modern sea urchins we observed. This circular approach allows for new conclusions to be drawn from biology and nature.

A protocol for bioinspired design is described for a sampling device based on the jaws of a sea urchin. The bioinspiration process includes observing the sea urchins, characterizing the mouthpiece, 3D printing of the teeth and their assembly, and bioexploring the tooth structure.

バイオインスパイアードデザインのためのプロトコル：グランドサンプラーウニジョーズに基づいて、

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, ...

Whole-body Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Infrared Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization (IR-MALDESI)

Ambient ionization sources for mass spectrometry (MS) have been the subject of much interest in the past decade. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) is an example of such methods, where features of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (e.g., pulsed nature of desorption) and electrospray ionization (ESI) (e.g., soft-ionization) are combined. One of the major advantages of MALDESI is its inherent versatility. In MALDESI experiments, an ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) laser can be used to resonantly excite an endogenous or exogenous matrix. The choice of matrix is not analyte dependent, and depends solely on the laser wavelength used for excitation. In IR-MALDESI experiments, a thin layer of ice is deposited on the sample surface as an energy-absorbing matrix. The IR-MALDESI source geometry has been optimized using statistical design of experiments (DOE) for analysis of liquid samples as well as biological tissue specimens. Furthermore, a robust IR-MALDESI imaging source has been developed, where a tunable mid-IR laser is synchronized with a computer controlled XY translational stage and a high resolving power mass spectrometer. A custom graphical user interface (GUI) allows user selection of the repetition rate of the laser, number of shots per voxel, step-size of the sample stage, and the delay between the desorption and scan events for the source. IR-MALDESI has been used in variety of applications such as forensic analysis of fibers and dyes and MSI of biological tissue sections. Distribution of different analytes ranging from endogenous metabolites to exogenous xenobiotics within tissue sections can be measured and quantified using this technique. The protocol presented in this manuscript describes major steps necessary for IR-MALDESI MSI of whole-body tissue sections.

Whole-body Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Infrared Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization IR-MALDESI

A mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) source operated at atmospheric pressure was developed by coupling mid-infrared laser desorption and electrospray post-ionization. Exogenous ice matrix was used as the energy-absorbing matrix to facilitate resonant desorption of tissue-related material. This manuscript provides a step-by-step protocol for performing IR-MALDESI MSI of whole-body neonatal mouse.

赤外線マトリックス支援レーザー脱離エレクトロスプレーイオン化することにより、全身質量分析イメージング（IR-MALDESI）

Ambient ionization sources for mass spectrometry (MS) have been the subject of much interest in the past decade. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ...

A Protocol for Multiple Gene Knockout in Mouse Small Intestinal Organoids Using a CRISPR-concatemer

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly improved the feasibility and speed of loss-of-function studies that are essential in understanding gene function. In higher eukaryotes, paralogous genes can mask a potential phenotype by compensating the loss of a gene, thus limiting the information that can be obtained from genetic studies relying on single gene knockouts. We have developed a novel, rapid cloning method for guide RNA (gRNA) concatemers in order to create multi-gene knockouts following a single round of transfection in mouse small intestinal organoids. Our strategy allows for the concatemerization of up to four individual gRNAs into a single vector by performing a single Golden Gate shuffling reaction with annealed gRNA oligos and a pre-designed retroviral vector. This allows either the simultaneous knockout of up to four different genes, or increased knockout efficiency following the targeting of one gene by multiple gRNAs. In this protocol, we show in detail how to efficiently clone multiple gRNAs into the retroviral CRISPR-concatemer vector and how to achieve highly efficient electroporation in intestinal organoids. As an example, we show that simultaneous knockout of two pairs of genes encoding negative regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway (Axin1/2 and Rnf43/Znrf3) renders intestinal organoids resistant to the withdrawal of key growth factors.

This protocol describes the steps for cloning multiple single guide RNAs into one guide RNA concatemer vector, which is of particular use in creating multi-gene knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The generation of double knockouts in intestinal organoids is shown as a possible application of this method.

CRISPRコンカテマーを用いたマウス小腸オルガノイドにおける複数の遺伝子ノックアウトのためのプロトコル

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly improved the feasibility and speed of loss-of-function studies that are essential in understanding gene function. In ...