この研究は、てんかんの研究のための市民会議（CURE）​​からSLBへの助成金によって支えられている。

<p class="jove_title"&gt; 1。構築するための材料</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt;頸静脈カテーテルは、一端に面取りし、ヘパリン生理食塩水（50 Uヘパリン/ mLの生理食塩水）で満たされた、PE - 50ポリエチレンチューブの一部（100ミリメートル）から構成される。</li&gt;<li&gt;心電図記録電極は、絶縁銀線（30AWG）の二つの100ミリメートルの長さから構成されています。両方のワイヤの一端が取り除かれ、マイクロコネクタに半田付けし、絶縁体はグランドとして使用される3番目の線を形成するためにねじれているさ。断熱材の五mmのワイヤの先端から除去し、破棄されます。</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 2。内頸静脈カテーテルを注入</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt;ウレタンの投与による動物、ipを（1.2 g / kg）で麻酔をかける。</li&gt;<li&gt;を日常ペダルの撤退の応答および/または眼の反射を評価することにより（10分間隔）麻酔の深さを確認してください。必要に応じて、麻酔を補完する。</li&gt;<li動物は、麻酔の適切な面にある&gt;の後、鎖骨からあご、首の右側を削る。</li&gt;<li&gt;頸動脈上の皮膚に縦切開（10-15 mm）を作成し、切開を開きます。</li&gt;<li&gt;鈍的切開の技術を使用して、右頸静脈を見つけて隔離するために、基になる筋肉を広げる。</li&gt;<li&gt;頸静脈の下に配置外科絹の2つの部分（＃2）、および切開の吻側および尾側ほとんどの部分で縫合糸を配置する。静脈を通る流れを中止する吻側合字を接続します。</li&gt;<li&gt;下にある組織から容器を持ち上げると、小さなカットを作るために尾字を引っ込めます。その後ヘパリン充填（50 U / mlの生理食塩水）PE - 50ポリエチレンカテーテル（長さ100mm）の面取り端を挿入し、右心房のレベルに先端約8mmを進める。</li&gt;<liカテーテルを確保する&gt;ためには、血管とカテーテルの両方の周り尾字を結ぶ。最後に、創傷クリップや縫合糸のいずれかで傷口を閉じてください。</li&gt;<li&gt;カテーテルの注入時には、露出端のいずれか止血鉗子でクランプまたは前の注入ポンプへの添付ファイルへの血液の逆流を防止するために接続されている。</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 3。注入CG電極</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt;その後ろに動物を配置し、胸を削る。</li&gt;<li&gt;電極の配置では、2つの縦切開（≈10mm）で、右上の1つ、胸の左下の象限に1つ、および胸部の筋肉を公開する自由を覆う皮膚を作る。</li&gt;<li&gt;露出の各分野における胸部筋肉に縫合糸の銀線電極の露出は5 mmのヒントの一つ、と皮下接地電極を配置。</li&gt;<li&gt;創傷クリップで切開を閉じて、録音デバイスにマイクロコネクタを差し込みます。</li&gt;<li&gt;手順の実行中に体温を維持するためにタオルで緩く動物を包みます。</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 4。記録心電図</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li（; 1000から1000 Hzの、フィルタ処理、増幅、50X）&gt;録画はPowerLabデータ収録システムとMacintoshコンピュータまたは類似のハードウェア/ソフトウェアを使用して作られています。</li&gt;<li&gt; 20分間20〜30分の平衡期間、記録心電図を次に示します。</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 5。心室性不整脈を誘発</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt;プログラマブル注入ポンプに配置されたリモート注射器に内頸静脈カテーテルを取り付けます。</li&gt;<li&gt; 7分で5 UG / kg /分の一定量を供給する速度でアコニチン注入を開始。</li&gt;<li&gt;以下の心室細動または注入の期間の終わりには、承認された手順を使用して、動物を安楽死させる。</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 6。 ECGの解析</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; QT間隔は心室の電気的活動の合計時間を表します。図。図1はモデルの心電図記録とQT間隔の持続時間を示しています。 20分の記録期間中に得られた5分間隔で記録されたすべてのハートビートのためのT波のQ波と終端の開始までの平均時間を計算する。</li&gt;<li&gt;心拍数（QTc間隔）の違いのためのQT間隔を修正するには、バゼットの式を、使用QTc間隔= QT /（RR）<sup&gt; ½</supRRは、ハートビート間の平均間隔である&gt;、。 RR間隔は、分析期間中に得られた連続するQ波の間の期間として計算されます。</li&gt;<li&gt; QT分散（QTD）は各動物について記録された最大QTから最小QTを差し引いて計算されます。</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 7。心拍変動の解析</p&gt;<ol<li分析の期間中に得られたRR間隔の変動を分析する&gt;ソフトウェアプログラム（すなわちLabChart 7、ADInstruments社）は心拍数の時間的および/または分散スペクトルの両方の自動計算に使用されます。</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 8。心室性不整脈に対する感受性の分析</p&gt;<ol<li&gt;最初の心室性期外収縮（PVC、図2、パネル1）、心室頻拍（VT、図2、パネル2）と心室細動（VF、図2パネル3にアコニチン注入の開始から待ち時間を計算する）。</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 9。代表的な結果</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"&gt;図。図3は、対照ラットと試験前に一週間SEを受けた動物のスペクトル領域（ルートは、RR間隔の標準偏差、RMSSDの二乗平均）でHRVの1小節を示しています。心機能の副交感神経制御の変化を表すHRVのこの措置、<sup&gt; 26</sup&gt;、大幅にてんかん重積状態は、次の動物に減少している。図。 （QTD、パネルB）を大幅SEの2週間後に増加している修正されたQT間隔（QTc間隔、パネルA）およびQT分散の両方という4に示す<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;。一緒に、これらのデータは、SEは、心室性不整脈のリスクを増大させると予測している。この予測は、これらの試験で観察された実験的不整脈を誘発するために必要なアコニチン注入の期間（PVC、VT、VFが）SE（図5）以下の動物で有意に小さくなったという発見によって確認されている<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;。</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /<br /<strong&gt;図1。</strongP、QRS、およびT波を示す通常のハートビートの&gt;モデル心電図記録。 QT間隔は、破線の間の時間として計算されます。</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /<br /<strong&gt;図2。パネル1）</strong&gt;心室性期外収縮（PVCは）分離されている通常のハートビートの間に発生する心室の収縮（B）（）。 PVCの録音はPとT波の欠如によって特徴づけられる。<strong&gt;パネル2</strong&gt;心室性頻拍（VT）は、間に通常のハートビート（）で発生する複数の心室収縮（C）のシリーズです。<strong&gt;パネル3</strong&gt;心室細動（VF）が識別​​可能なリズムとQRSとP波（D）の間に関連性の欠如です。</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig3.jpg" alt="figure 3" /<br /<strong&gt;図3。</strong対照ラットではと試験前にてんかん重積状態（SE）1週間を受けている動物で観察されたハートビート間の間隔の、&gt;ルートは、標準偏差（ミリ秒RMSSD）の2乗を意味する。 ** P &lt;0.01対照と比較。</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig4.jpg" alt="figure 4" /<br /<strong&gt;図4。</strong&gt;平均QT間隔（パネル）と対照動物（続き）から得られたECG記録からと試験前にてんかん重積状態（SE）二週間を受けたラットから計算されたQT分散（パネルB）を修正。 * P &lt;0.05 CONTに比較。 （メトカーフ、ら、Am。J.生理学。心臓とサーク、2009年、から許可を得て使用生理学SOC、AM<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;）。</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig5.jpg" alt="figure 5" /<br /<strong&gt;図5。</strongアコニチン注入し、二週間前の第一心室性期外収縮（PVC）、心室頻拍（VT）、および心室細動（VF）、コントロール動物で（続き）とてんかん重積状態を受けているラット（SE）の開始の間の&gt;レイテンシ（秒）テストへ。 * P &lt;0.05、** P &lt;0.01はCONTに比べて。 （メトカーフ、ら、Am。J.生理学。心臓とサーク、2009年、から許可を得て使用生理学SOC、AM<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;）。</p&gt;

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記述された手順の二つの側面が非常に重要です。まず、心臓へのアコニチン投与速度は、動物間で同等である必要があります。これは、心臓への相対的な頸静脈カテーテルの先端の一貫性のある配置、および注入速度を注意深く調整する必要があります。心にアコニチン配信の速度は適宜変更感受性に対する相対的な心室性不整脈の発症を評価するために、同じである必要があります。アコ?...

methods for ecg evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus

致死不整脈は、病的状態の数の死亡率に寄与する。非侵襲的、容易に得られる心電図（ECG）から得られたいくつかのパラメータは、心筋症の数を患っている患者で十分に検証、心臓リスクの予後指標を確立している。心拍数の増加は、心拍変動（HRV）の減少、およびすべての拡張された心臓のリスク1-4の指標となる期間や心臓の心室の電気的活動の変動を（QT間隔）増加した。動物モデルでは、それは実験的に誘発された不整脈にこれらのECG由来の変数と感受性を比較するために貴重です。不整脈剤のアコニチンの静脈内注入が広く運動7と大気汚染物質8〜露出だけでなく、不整脈の決定に続く、うつ病5と高血圧6の動物モデルを含む、実験条件の範囲内の不整脈に対する感受性を評価するために使用されています薬理学的薬剤の有効性9,10。 それは、ヒトにおけるQT分散は、標準12誘導心電図からのリード線のフルセットでQT間隔のばらつきの尺度であることに留意すべきである。そのため、このプロトコルで説明されているラットの2誘導心電図からQT分散の尺度は人間の心電図の記録から計算されたものとは異なります。これは、人間の臨床医学へのげっ歯類から得られたデータの翻訳には限界を表しています。 ステータスてんかん重積（SE）は30分以上11,12 11,12、及び例13の20％の死亡率の結果を持続継続的、定期的な発作の単発作またはシリーズです。多くの個人は、SEを生き残るが、30日14,15以内に死亡する。この遅延死亡のメカニズム（s）は完全には理解されていない。それは致命的な心室性不整脈は、これらの死亡14から17までの多くに寄与することが示唆されている。 SEに加えて、自発的に定期的な発作、すなわちてんかんを、経験した患者は、てんかん（SUDEP）18に関連付けられている早期の突発的な死の危険にさらされている。 SEと同様に、SUDEPを媒介する正確なメカニズムは知られていない。これは、心室の異常とその結果不整脈が重要な貢献18-22行うことが提案されている。 発作に関連した心臓死のメカニズム、および心保護治療の有効性を調べるために、それはリスクのECG由来の指標の両方を取得し、23〜25けいれん性疾患の動物モデルにおける心臓の不整脈に対する感受性を評価することが必要である。ここでは、SE、ECG記録の収集と分析、およびアコニチンの静脈内注入時の不整脈の誘導後、Sprague - Dawley系実験用ラット（ドブネズミ）にECG電極を注入するための方法を説明します。 これらのプロシージャは、直接の関係を決定するために使用することができます心電図由来のけいれん性疾患のモデルラットにおける心室性不整脈に対する心臓の電気的活動と感受性の措置、または心臓突然死のリスク増加に関連するすべての病理学を。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus at JoVE.com

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

心電図（ECG）による心臓の電気活動の測定、及びラットのてんかん重積状態（SE）は、次の心臓の危険因子と不整脈に対する感受性の分析のための技法が説明されています。

心電図心臓のリスクの指標の評価、およびてんかん重積状態後のラットにおけるアコニチン誘発性不整脈に対する感受性のための方法

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily ...

methods-for-ecg-evaluation-indicators-cardiac-risk-susceptibility-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.7K ビュー.  University of Utah. 心電図（ECG）による心臓の電気活動の測定、及びラットのてんかん重積状態（SE）は、次の心臓の危険因子と不整脈に対する感受性の分析のための技法が説明されています。

ビデオ: Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone.&#160;To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder.&#160;Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD.&#160;The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates.&#160;This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes can generate products that may increase or decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.&#160;A gene-environment interaction study could identify LOX isozyme-specific effects. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of nigrostriatal damage in two LOX isozyme-deficient transgenic lines allows for comparison of the contribution of LOX isozymes on dopaminergic integrity and inflammation.

パーキンソン病における感受性メカニズムのマスク解除を行う遺伝子環境相互作用モデル

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

医学

Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

圧負荷心肥大モデルの作成のためのラットの大動脈狭窄昇順

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

ラットにおける超音波検査技術を用いた薬剤誘発性腎血行動態機能障害の早期発見

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

ラットの腹部大動脈の収縮を通じて心臓リモデリングのモデル

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

疑わしい心臓血栓の評価のための心臓磁気共鳴:従来技術と新興技術

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional imaging to study the cardiac anatomy of the left ventricle and M-mode echo to assess its dimensions. However, this could limit a comprehensive study. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows an assessment of the heart chamber size, left ventricular function (systolic and diastolic) and valvular function. A conventional medical ultrasound machine was used in this protocol and different echo views were obtained through left parasternal, apical and suprasternal windows. In the left parasternal window, the long and short axis were acquired to analyze left chamber dimensions, right ventricle and pulmonary artery dimensions, and mitral, pulmonary and aortic valve function. The apical window allows the measurement of heart chamber dimensions and evaluation of systolic and diastolic parameters. It also allows Doppler assessment with detection and quantification of heart valve disturbances (regurgitation or stenosis). Different segments and walls of the left ventricle are visualized throughout all views. Finally, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta can be imaged through the suprasternal window. A combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow and tissue Doppler assessment have been obtained to study cardiac morphology and function. This represents an important contribution to improve the assessment of cardiac function in adult rats with impact for research using these animal models.

A non-invasive protocol for transthoracic echocardiography assessment of cardiac anatomy and function for adult rats is presented in the current study. The heart valves, all four cardiac chambers and the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta are studied in detail.

成人ラットにおける心臓解剖学と機能の心エコー評価

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

ラットの心筋梗塞を誘導する半最小侵襲法と、単離した働く心臓システムによる心機能の評価

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training physicians&#39; wire-skills as well as improving planning of interventional procedures. The aim of this study was to develop a manufacturing process of patient-specific 3D-printed models for cardiovascular interventions.
To create a 3D-printed elastic phantom, different 3D-printing materials were compared to porcine biological tissues (i.e., aortic tissue) in terms of mechanical characteristics. A fitting material was selected based on comparative tensile tests and specific material thicknesses were defined. Anonymized contrast-enhanced CT-datasets were collected retrospectively. Patient-specific volumetric models were extracted from these datasets and subsequently 3D-printed. A pulsatile flow loop was constructed to simulate the intraluminal blood flow during interventions. Models&#39; suitability for clinical imaging was assessed by x-ray imaging, CT, 4D-MRI and (Doppler) ultrasonography. Contrast medium was used to enhance visibility in x-ray-based imaging. Different catheterization techniques were applied to evaluate the 3D-printed phantoms in physicians&#39; training as well as for pre-interventional therapy planning.
Printed models showed a high printing resolution (~30 &#181;m) and mechanical properties of the chosen material were comparable to physiological biomechanics. Physical and digital models showed high anatomical accuracy when compared to the underlying radiological dataset. Printed models were suitable for ultrasonic imaging as well as standard x-rays. Doppler ultrasonography and 4D-MRI displayed flow patterns and landmark characteristics (i.e., turbulence, wall shear stress) matching native data. In a catheter-based laboratory setting, patient-specific phantoms were easy to catheterize. Therapy planning and training of interventional procedures on challenging anatomies (e.g., congenital heart disease (CHD)) was possible.
Flexible patient-specific cardiovascular phantoms were 3D-printed, and the application of common clinical imaging techniques was possible. This new process is ideal as a training tool for catheter-based (electrophysiological) interventions and can be used in patient-specific therapy planning.

Here we present development of a mock circulation setup for multimodal therapy evaluation, pre-interventional planning, and physician-training on cardiovascular anatomies. With the application of patient-specific tomographic scans, this setup is ideal for therapeutic approaches, training, and education in individualized medicine.

介入計画と訓練のための3Dプリント心血管ファントムの開発と評価

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

マウスの不整脈を検出するための長期心電図記録の分析

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is enhanced after processing with vinegar, CR processed with vinegar (CRV) is generally used clinically. However, the mechanism by which the analgesic effect is enhanced by vinegar processing is unclear. In this study, the ultra-high pressure liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique was used to examine changes in the blood levels of the exogenous constituents and metabolites between CR-treated and CRV-treated rats with dysmenorrhea. The results revealed differing levels of 15 constituents and two metabolites in the blood of these rats. Among them, the levels of (-)-myrtenol and [(1R,2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-1,4,7,7-tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetic acid in the CRV group were considerably higher than in the CR group. CRV reduced the level of 2-series prostanoids and 4-series leukotrienes with proinflammatory, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction activities and provided analgesic effects by modulating arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. This study revealed that vinegar processing enhances the analgesic effect of CR and contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of action of CRV.

Here, a comparative analysis of raw and processed Cyperi rhizoma (CR) samples is presented using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea. The changes in blood levels of the metabolites and the sample constituents were examined between rats treated with CR and CR processed with vinegar (CRV).

原発性月経困難症ラットにおける液体クロマトグラフィー-タンデム質量分析法を用いた生および加工されたCyperi根腫サンプルの分析

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is ...