この作品は、NIHグラントR01 NINDS NS074388 581（CL Limoli）、カリフォルニア再生医療研究所（CIRM）グラントRS1-00413（CLL）とビデオ資料のサポートでのjove CIRM助成金によって支えられている。我々はまた、行動試験に使用されているすべてのカスタムメイドの材料の準備のために助言、支援、優れた技術技能のために、カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校の生物科学マシンショップのルディリンブルフとエドワード·ラウに感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
	<li>Abayomi, O. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+irradiation-induced+cognitive+dysfunction.">Pathogenesis of irradiation-induced cognitive dysfunction.</a> Acta. Oncol. 35, 659-663 (1996).</li><li>Anderson, V. A., Godber, T., Smibert, E., Weiskop, S., Ekert, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+and+academic+outcome+following+cranial+irradiation+and+chemotherapy+in+children:+a+longitudinal+study.">Cognitive and academic outcome following cranial irradiation and chemotherapy in children: a longitudinal study.</a> Br. J. Cancer. 82, 255-262 (2000).</li><li>Acharya, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+radiation-induced+cognitive+impairment+through+cranial+transplantation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Rescue of radiation-induced cognitive impairment through cranial transplantation of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 19150-19155 (2009).</li><li>Mumby, D. G., Gaskin, S., Glenn, M. J., Schramek, T. E., Lehmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+damage+and+exploratory+preferences+in+rats:+memory+for+objects,+places,+and+contexts.">Hippocampal damage and exploratory preferences in rats: memory for objects, places, and contexts.</a> Learn. Mem. 9, 49-57 (2002).</li><li>Walf, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+the+elevated+plus+maze+as+an+assay+of+anxiety-related+behavior+in+rodents.">The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 322-328 (2007).</li><li>Macleod, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+chemotherapy+impairs+contextual+but+not+cue-specific+fear+memory.">Cancer chemotherapy impairs contextual but not cue-specific fear memory.</a> Behav Brain Res. 181, 168-172 (2007).</li><li>Schafe, G. E., Nadel, N. V., Sullivan, G. M., Harris, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+consolidation+for+contextual+and+auditory+fear+conditioning+is+dependent+on+protein+synthesis,+PKA,+and+MAP+kinase.">Memory consolidation for contextual and auditory fear conditioning is dependent on protein synthesis, PKA, and MAP kinase.</a> Learn. Mem. 6, 97-110 (1999).</li><li>Winocur, G., Wojtowicz, J. M., Sekeres, M., Snyder, J. S., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+neurogenesis+interferes+with+hippocampus-dependent+memory+function.">Inhibition of neurogenesis interferes with hippocampus-dependent memory function.</a> Hippocampus. 16, 296-304 (2006).</li><li>Phillips, R. G., LeDoux, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+contribution+of+amygdala+and+hippocampus+to+cued+and+contextual+fear+conditioning.">Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 106, 274-285 (1992).</li><li>D'Hooge, R., De Deyn, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+the+Morris+water+maze+in+the+study+of+learning+and+memory.">Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory.</a> Brain. Res. Brain. Res. Rev. 36, 60-90 (2001).</li><li>Morris, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developments+of+a+water-maze+procedure+for+studying+spatial+learning+in+the+rat.">Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 11, 47-60 (1984).</li><li>Meyers, C. A., Brown, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+and+relevance+of+neurocognitive+assessment+in+clinical+trials+of+patients+with+CNS+tumors.">Role and relevance of neurocognitive assessment in clinical trials of patients with CNS tumors.</a> J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 1305-1309 (2006).</li><li>de Ruiter, M. 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特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

がん生存12,13でますます一般的になりつつある認知機能障害の開発を未然に防ぐように設計され、長期的な戦略のための差し迫った必要性がある。細胞療法は、彼らが細胞傷害性がん治療14から紛失または破損したセルを交換するための機会を提供するため、CNSにおける正常組織の後遺症の範囲を改善するための手段を提供することができる幹。これらの取り組みの実現を早めるために、我々は、機能的には中枢神経系の3の照射された組織のベッドの中で認知を復元するには、頭側で移植しhNSCsの能力を確認した校長の実験の証拠のシリーズを実施している。この努力にとって決定的に重要なのは、確実に再現可能な方法で慎重に制御認知一連のテストを遂行するに足る能力だった。私たちはクリニックで幹細胞治療の並進可能性を促進するための努力で、これらの重要な手順を詳しく説明しています。アールさらなる問題データの質の重大な影響を与える可能性は、以下の強調表示されます。 認知テストでは、細部に注意を払う必要がありますし、特定の標準的なプラクティスに準拠することは、結果の解釈を複雑にアーチファクトを最小限に抑えることができます。動物保持客室と実験者とは別の専用の行動試験室の使用が望ましい。また、手元の作業から動物をそらすことができる動物施設で外部ノイズを遮断する &quot;ホワイトノイズ&quot;を使用するのが賢明です。認知機能テストのために運命づけられた動物へのストレスを最小限に抑えるために、それは彼らが前のタスク管理への行動試験を実行する実験に精通していることが重要です。女性と男性をテストする場合、一般的に、それは彼らが男性の匂いの手がかりがテストアリーナに残っていれば、テスト中にもっと不安になる傾向があるとして最初の女性をテストすることをお勧めします。タスクのシリアルバッテリーを投与する場合、それは草原に動物を公開することが重要であるstの第一ストレスの多い作業（EPMのように、NPR）と最後の最も過酷なタスク（FCのような、MWM）。

quantifying cognitive decrements caused by cranial radiotherapy

生存の例外を除いて、癌の臨床管理に起因する認知障害は治療結果を口述主要な要因である。 CNS及び非中枢神経系の悪性疾患に罹患し、多くの患者は、放射線療法と化学療法は疾患制御のための最良の選択肢を提供します。これらの治療法は、しかし、コストで来て、ほぼすべてのがん生存者（2006年だけのように、米国で約11万人）は頭蓋放射線治療（〜200,000 /年を受けた患者に見られる最も深刻なケースでは、認知機能障害を開発するためのいくつかのリスクを負担する）原発性および転移性脳腫瘍1の制御のために。その長期生存著しい社会経済負担2の著しい認知デクリメントの結果に悩まさ小児例では、特に問題である。現在までに、この重要な臨床的問題には満足のいく解決策はまだありません。 私たちは、移植された幹CEを使用して、この深刻な健康上の懸念に対処してきたLLS頭蓋照射3にかけ無胸腺ラットの放射線誘発性認知機能の低下に対抗する。定位照射の詳細およびヒト神経幹細胞（hNSCs）のin vitroでの培養と移植における私たちの仲間論文（Acharyaさんら、JOVE参照）に記載されています。照射および移植手術後、ラットは、その後認知の変化、移植細胞の生存と照射後の分化特異的マーカ1と4ヶ月の発現のために評価される。批判的に放射線誘発認知後遺症、定量的な認知課題の厳格なシリーズを実行する必要が改善するように設計された任意の潜在的な介入の成否を評価すること。これを達成するために、我々は、海馬と非海馬学習と記憶を定量化するために、斬新な場所の認識、水迷路、高架式十字迷路と恐怖条件付けなどの認知テストパラダイムのスイートに私たちの動物を施す。我々は、の有用性を実証しているこれらの照射動物の認知デクリメントし、特定のタイプを定量化するためのテスト、およびhNSCsを移植した動物は認知機能3の大幅な改善を示すことを示すためにそれらを使用していました。 移植されたヒト幹細胞に由来する認知のメリットは、同様の戦略は一日認知障害に苦しんでがん生存者に大いに必要な臨床リコースを提供するかもしれないことを示唆している。したがって、我々は診療所に私達の有望な結果の変換を容易にするために私たちの認知テストパラダイムに使用する重要な手順の書かれており、視覚的なドキュメンテーションを提供してきました。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy at JoVE.com

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

脳腫瘍の放射線治療管理に起因する認知機能障害に悪影響生活の質に影響を与える臨床的に難治性の状態を表します。批判的に放射線誘発性認知デクリメントを改善するための潜在的な介入を評価する能力は、最終的に認知の厳格な定量的な評価を実施する能力に依存します。

頭蓋放射線療法によって引き起こされた定量認知デクリメント

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For ...

quantifying-cognitive-decrements-caused-by-cranial-radiotherapy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.6K ビュー.  University of California Irvine. 脳腫瘍の放射線治療管理に起因する認知機能障害に悪影響生活の質に影響を与える臨床的に難治性の状態を表します。批判的に放射線誘発性認知デクリメントを改善するための潜在的な介入を評価する能力は、最終的に認知の厳格な定量的な評価を実施する能力に依存します。

ビデオ: Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

Stem Cell Transplantation Strategies for the Restoration of Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy often provides the only clinical recourse for those afflicted with primary or metastatic brain tumors. While beneficial, cranial irradiation can induce a progressive and debilitating decline in cognition that may, in part, be caused by the depletion of neural stem cells. Given the increased survival of patients diagnosed with brain cancer, quality of life in terms of cognitive health has become an increasing concern, especially in the absence of any satisfactory long-term treatments.
To address this serious health concern we have used stem cell replacement as a strategy to combat radiation-induced cognitive decline. Our model utilizes athymic nude rats subjected to cranial irradiation. The ionizing radiation is delivered as either whole brain or as a highly focused beam to the hippocampus via linear accelerator (LINAC) based stereotaxic radiosurgery. Two days following irradiation, human neural stem cells (hNSCs) were stereotaxically transplanted into the hippocampus. Rats were then assessed for changes in cognition, grafted cell survival and for the expression of differentiation-specific markers 1 and 4-months after irradiation. Our cognitive testing paradigms have demonstrated that animals engrafted with hNSCs exhibit significant improvements in cognitive function. Unbiased stereology reveals significant survival (10-40%) of the engrafted cells at 1 and 4-months after transplantation, dependent on the amount and type of cells grafted. Engrafted cells migrate extensively, differentiate along glial and neuronal lineages, and express a range of immature and mature phenotypic markers.
Our data demonstrate direct cognitive benefits derived from engrafted human stem cells, suggesting that this procedure may one day afford a promising strategy for the long-term functional restoration of cognition in individuals subjected to cranial radiotherapy. To promote the dissemination of the critical procedures necessary to replicate and extend our studies, we have provided written and visual documentation of several key steps in our experimental plan, with an emphasis on stereotaxic radiosurgey and transplantation.

Brain tumor patients routinely undergo cranial radiotherapy, and while beneficial, this treatment often results in debilitating cognitive dysfunction. This serious unresolved problem has at present, no clinical recourse, and has driven our efforts to devise stem cell based therapies for the recovery of radiation-induced cognitive decrements.

頭蓋放射線療法によって引き起こされた認知機能障害の回復のための細胞移植戦略を幹

Radiotherapy often provides the only clinical recourse for those afflicted with primary or metastatic brain tumors. While beneficial, cranial irradiation ...

医学

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

4山脈テスト：プレ認知症、アルツハイマー病の診断のための高感度と空間記憶のショートテスト

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

行動学

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

A rat glioblastoma model to mimic chemo-radiation treatment of human glioblastoma in the clinic was previously established. Similar to the clinical treatment, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were combined during the treatment-planning process. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was subsequently added to implement sub-volume boosting using a micro-irradiation system. However, combining three imaging modalities (CT, MRI, and PET) using a micro-irradiation system proved to be labor-intensive because multimodal imaging, treatment planning, and dose delivery have to be completed sequentially in the preclinical setting. This also results in a workflow that is more prone to human error. Therefore, a user-friendly algorithm to further optimize preclinical multimodal imaging-based radiation treatment planning was implemented. This software tool was used to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of dose painting radiation therapy with micro-irradiation by using an in silico study design. The new methodology for dose painting radiation therapy is superior to the previously described method in terms of accuracy, time efficiency, and intra- and inter-user variability. It is also an important step towards the implementation of inverse treatment planning on micro-irradiators, where forward planning is still commonly used, in contrast to clinical systems.

Here we present a protocol to perform preclinical positron emission tomography-based radiotherapy in a rat glioblastoma model using algorithms developed in-house to optimize the accuracy and efficiency.

小動物放射線研究プラットフォームを用いたラット膠芽腫モデルにおける陽電子放射断層撮影に基づく線量塗装放射線療法

A rat glioblastoma model to mimic chemo-radiation treatment of human glioblastoma in the clinic was previously established. Similar to the clinical ...

がん研究

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

焦点放射線阻害と大人の視床下部ニューロン新生の機能的な尋問

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

神経科学

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

持続的な障害と皮質虚血を研究するために高齢ラットにおける一般的な頸動脈閉塞と永久遠位中大脳の実行

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

Autoradiographic Measurements of [14C]-Iodoantipyrine in Rat Brain Following Central Post-Stroke Pain

Approximately 8% of stroke patients present symptoms of central post-stroke pain (CPSP). CPSP is associated with allodynia and hypersensitivity to nociceptive stimuli. Although some studies have shown that neuropathic pain may involve the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray, rostral ventromedial medulla, and medial thalamus, the neural substrates and their connections that mediate CPSP remain unclear. [14C]-Iodoantipyrine (IAP) uptake can be measured to evaluate spontaneously active pain. It can be used to assess the activation of neural substrates that may be involved in CPSP in an animal model. The [14C]-IAP method in rats is less expensive to perform compared with other brain mapping techniques. The present [14C]-IAP protocol is used to measure the activation of neural substrates that are involved in CPSP that is induced by lesions of the ventral basal nucleus (VB) of the thalamus in a rodent model.

Autoradiographic Measurements of [14C]-Iodoantipyrine in Rat Brain Following Central Post-Stroke Pain

We present a protocol to measure [14C]-iodoantipyrine (IAP) uptake and assess the activation of neural substrates that are involved in central post-stroke pain (CPSP) in a rodent model.

[オートラジオグラフィー測定<sup&gt; 14</sup&gt; C]中央郵便ストローク痛みに続いてラット脳で-Iodoantipyrine

Approximately 8% of stroke patients present symptoms of central post-stroke pain (CPSP). CPSP is associated with allodynia and hypersensitivity to ...

The Optical Fractionator Technique to Estimate Cell Numbers in a Rat Model of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Stereological methods are designed to describe quantitative parameters without making assumptions about size, shape, orientation and distribution of cells or structures. These methods have been revolutionary for quantitative analysis of the mammalian brain, in which volumetric cell populations are too high to count manually, and stereology is now the technique of choice whenever estimates of three-dimensional quantities need to be extracted from measurements on two-dimensional sections. All stereological methods are in principle unbiased; however, they rely on proper knowledge about the structure of interest and the characteristics of the tissue. Stereology is based on Systematic Uniformly Random Sampling (SURS), with adjustment of sampling to the most efficient level in respect to precision, providing reliable, quantitative information about the whole structure of interest. Here we present the optical fractionator in conjunction with BrdU immunohistochemistry to estimate the production and survival of newly-formed neurons in the granule cell layer (including the sub-granular zone) of the rat hippocampus following electroconvulsive stimulation, which is among the most potent stimulators of neurogenesis. The optical fractionator technique is designed to provide estimates of the total number of cells from thick sections sampled from the full structure. Thick sections provide the opportunity to observe cells in their full 3-D extent and thus, allow for easy and robust cell classification based on morphological criteria. When correctly implemented, the sensitivity and efficiency of the optical fractionator provides accurate estimates with a fixed and predetermined precision.

Here, we present a stereological method, the optical fractionator, used to quantify the formation of new neurons, and their survival, in the rat hippocampus following electroconvulsive stimulation. When correctly implemented, the sensitivity and efficiency of stereological methods ensures accurate estimates with a fixed and predetermined precision.

電気ショック療法のラットモデルにおける細胞数の推定のための光学分画器技術

Stereological methods are designed to describe quantitative parameters without making assumptions about size, shape, orientation and distribution of cells ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

重症脳損傷患者 [18F] FDG トレーサーを用いた定量的評価

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Cannabis is the illicit drug most commonly used worldwide, and its consumption can both induce psychiatric symptoms in otherwise healthy subjects and unmask a florid psychotic picture in patients with a prior psychotic risk. Previous studies suggest that chronic and long-term cannabis exposure may exert significant negative effects in brain areas enriched with cannabinoid receptors. However, whether brain alterations determined by cannabis dependency will lead to a clinically significant phenotype or to a psychotic outbreak at some point of an abuser&#8217;s life remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate morphological brain differences between chronic cannabis users with cannabis-induced psychosis (CIP) and non-psychotic cannabis users (NPCU) without any psychiatric conditions and correlate brain deficits with selective socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial variables.
3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 10 CIP patients and 12 NPCU were acquired. The type of drug, the frequency, and the duration, as well socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial parameters of dependency were measured. CIP patients had extensive grey matter (GM) decreases in right superior frontal gyrus, right precentral, right superior temporal gyrus, insula bilaterally, right precuneus, right medial occipital gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, and left hippocampus in comparison to chronic cannabis users without psychosis. Finally, in CIP patients, the results showed a negative correlation between a domain of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), BPRS-Activity, and selective GM volumes. Overall, the results suggest that cannabis-induced psychosis is characterized by selective brain reductions that are not present in NPCU. Therefore, neuroimaging studies may provide a potential ground for identifying putative biomarkers associated with the risk of developing psychosis in cannabis users.

This is a 3T magnetic resonance imaging study aiming to investigate grey matter volume differences between cannabis-induced psychosis patients and non-psychotic chronic cannabis users.

精神病の有無にかかわらず大麻使用者の脳形態:パイロットMRI研究

Cannabis is the illicit drug most commonly used worldwide, and its consumption can both induce psychiatric symptoms in otherwise healthy subjects and ...

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), known as concussion, accounts for more than 85% of brain injuries globally. Specifically, uncomplicated mTBI showing negative findings in routine clinical imaging in the acute phase hinders early and appropriate care in these patients. It has been acknowledged that different impact parameters may affect and even accelerate the progress of subsequent neuropsychological symptoms following mTBI. However, the association of impact parameters during concussion to the outcome has not been extensively examined. In the current study, an animal model with closed-head injury (CHI) modified from the weight-drop injury paradigm was described and demonstrated in detail. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 20) were randomly assigned to CHI groups with different impact parameters (n = 4 per group). Longitudinal MR imaging studies, including T2-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging, and sequential behavioral assessments, such as modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the beam walk test, were conducted over a 50-day study period. Immunohistochemical staining for astrogliosis was performed on day 50 post-injury. Worse behavioral performance was observed in animals following repetitive CHI compared to the single injury and sham group. By using longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), no significant brain contusion was observed at 24 h post-injury. Nevertheless, cortical atrophy and alteration of cortical fractional anisotropy (FA) were demonstrated on day 50 post-injury, suggesting the successful replication of clinical uncomplicated mTBI. Most importantly, changes in neurobehavioral outcomes and image features observed after mTBI were dependent on impact number, inter-injury intervals, and the selected impact site in the animals. This in vivo mTBI model combined with preclinical MRI provides a means to explore brain injury on a whole-brain scale. It also allows the investigation of imaging biomarkers sensitive to mTBI across varying impact parameters and severity levels.

Here, we present a protocol to establish a closed-head injury animal model replicating the neuroimage outcome of uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury with the preserved brain structure in the acute phase and long-term brain atrophy. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging is the primary method used for evidence.

ウェイトドロップ法により改変され磁気共鳴画像法により証明された合併症のない軽度外傷性脳損傷モデルの開発

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), known as concussion, accounts for more than 85% of brain injuries globally. Specifically, uncomplicated mTBI showing ...

頭蓋放射線療法によって引き起こされた定量認知デクリメント

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