我々は酸素室を提供するための優れた技術サポートと博士はアントニオ·ディ·サバティーノのためエリカMiletiに感謝します。 資金調達 ：MRへとFondazione Cariploとマリーキュリー国際トレーニングモビリティネットワーク（クロストーク、グラント契約番号：21553から2）による支援へ：この作品は、第7回EUフレームワークプログラム（Dendroworld IBDase、ERC）からの補助金によって支えられてKT。

1。入手とティッシュの準備<ol><li>組織（健康またはIBD粘膜）が手術中に得られる。一度試料を4℃または氷上でペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを補充したのCa + + / Mg + +を含まフリーHBSSバッファにそれを維持、できるだけ早く研究室に転送を切除されています。 </li></ol> *試料の大きさは、組織の可用性に依存します。得られた組織の一部は、診断のために必要とされておらず、健康でIBDの被験者間で大きく異なることがあります何厳密です。健康な組織は、大腸癌の手術を受けた患者から切除されています。 <ol start="2"><li>そっとティッシュを洗って、すべての腸間膜の材料でそれをきれいに。ペトリ皿（必ずしも漬せず）内にHBSSバッファで組織を維持しながら、滅菌ハサミとピンセットを用いて粘膜から粘膜層を分離する。できるだけ少ないようにピンセットで粘膜表面をタッチします。 </li><li>少なくとも1 cがストライプ状に粘膜をカットメートル幅とできるだけ長く。あなたは食品を切断されたかのように多く、2滅菌メスを使用してください。 </li><li> HBSSに優しくクリーンな粘膜を洗浄し、上向きに直面している頂端側をシャーレの上に広げる。 </li></ol> 2。ティッシュの取り付け<ol><li>新鮮な培地（tisDMEM）を準備。 DMEMはグルタミン（2 mM）をとNaPyr（1mMの）を補充し使用し、FBS - Naは15％を追加（ウシ胎児血清 - 北米）、1％ITS-Xおよび使用時の200 ngの/ mlのEGF。 </li><li> FBS-ナ（金属グリッドが完全に水没されるように約30mlを使用してください）​​と水没金属グリッドの残りの部分と10センチメートルシャーレを埋める。プレートを開いたままにし、そのタップのプラスチック製のシリンダーをサポートしています。 </li></ol> *金属グリッドは、鉄で作られている。メッシュは0.5mmの辺を有する正方形である。 <ol start="3"><li> 10または20μlのピペットを用いて外科的接着剤の3μLを取る。 fは、それを保持しながら、プラスチックシリンダーの境界のいずれかに慎重にそれを適用します鉗子でIRM。 </li><li>静かにできるだけ近いストリップの境界のいずれかに、粘膜の頂端側にシリンダーを配置。 </li><li>しっかりと組織上のシリンダーを接続するために接着剤の時間を与えるために、センターウェル器官培養プレートを準備：よく中央に培地850μL-1ミリリットルを分注し、ウェルプレートの中央の端に金属グリッドをサポートしています。 </li><li>前のように2つの滅菌メスを使用してシリンダーの境界線から余分な組織を切り取る。 </li><li>優しく添付組織とシリンダーを持ち上げ、プレートの中央に金属グリッドに基底側に置く。 </li></ol> 3。刺激<ol><li>お好みの濃度でお好みの刺激を使用してください。 </li><li>ピペットチップでシリンダや粘膜表面を乱すことなく、プラスチックシリンダーの中心に適切な音量を適用します。選択したボリュームが均一にシリンダ内表面を覆っていることを確認してください。でdicatedボリューム： 大型プラスチックシリンダー：200μlの ミディアムプラスチックシリンダー：100μlの 小さなプラスチック製のシリンダー：50μlの</li><li>アップ従来のインキュベーター内で3時間までインキュベートする。 </li></ol> *あなたが長い時点インキュベートしたい場合は、（3.5を参照）を使用すると、刺激のはるかに小さい音量（10〜20μL）を使用していることを確認し、直接、1気圧の圧力では100％O 2雰囲気中で組織を配置。 <ol start="4"><li>頂端面上の媒体の厚い層がガス交換ができない場合、組織が​​2 O十分に取得していないので、組織の先端面からの刺激と培地を取り、新鮮な培地と交換しないでください。 プレートをカバーしています。 </li><li> 1気圧の圧力では100％O 2雰囲気中で組織を置きます。 </li></ol> 4。収穫<ol><li>総培養時間（±2.5時間）の24時間後、注意深く番目からシリンダーを取り外すメス優しくこするグルーオフの助けを借りて、電子ティッシュ、それは希望の解析（RNAの精製および遺伝子発現プロファイリングやタンパク質精製およびウェスタンブロットアッセイのための液体窒素中で免疫組織化学、および/または免疫蛍光アッセイの修正、またはスナップ凍結に応じて保管）。 </li><li>サイトカイン分泌プロファイリングのための基底培地を収穫。ペレット破片〜7分間8,000 rpmで遠心分離し、エッペンドルフチュー​​ブ（あるいはアリコート）で上清を転送し、直ちに-20℃で保存し</li></ol> *あなたが長い上清を維持したい場合には、-80℃で保管し℃まで

<ol>
	<li>Schuller, S., Lucas, M., Kaper, J. B., Giron, J. A., Phillips, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ex+vivo+response+of+human+intestinal+mucosa+to+enteropathogenic+Escherichia+coli+infection.">The ex vivo response of human intestinal mucosa to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection.</a> Cell. Microbiol. 11, 521-530 (2009).</li><li>Tsilingiri, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probiotic+and+postbiotic+activity+in+health+and+disease:+comparison+on+a+novel+polarised+ex-vivo+organ+culture+model.">Probiotic and postbiotic activity in health and disease: comparison on a novel polarised ex-vivo organ culture model.</a> Gut. , (2012).</li><li>Tsilingiri, K., Rescigno, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Should+probiotics+be+tested+on+ex+vivo+organ+culture+models?.">Should probiotics be tested on ex vivo organ culture models?.</a> Gut Microbes. , (2012).</li><li>Mileti, E., Matteoli, G., Iliev, I. D., Rescigno, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+immunomodulatory+properties+of+three+probiotic+strains+of+Lactobacilli+using+complex+culture+systems:+prediction+for+in+vivo+efficacy.">Comparison of the immunomodulatory properties of three probiotic strains of Lactobacilli using complex culture systems: prediction for in vivo efficacy.</a> PLoS One. 4, e7056 (2009).</li><li>Cencic, A., Langerholc, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+cell+models+of+the+gut+and+their+applications+in+food+microbiology--a+review.">Functional cell models of the gut and their applications in food microbiology--a review.</a> Int. J. Food Microbiol. 141, S4-S14 (2010).</li><li>te Velde, A. A., Verstege, M. A., Hommes, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+appraisal+of+the+current+practice+in+murine+TNBS-induced+colitis.">Critical appraisal of the current practice in murine TNBS-induced colitis.</a> Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 12, 995-999 (2006).</li><li>Senior, P. V., Pritchett, C. J., Sunter, J. P., Appleton, D. R., Watson, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crypt+regeneration+in+adult+human+colonic+mucosa+during+prolonged+organ+culture.">Crypt regeneration in adult human colonic mucosa during prolonged organ culture.</a> J. Anat. 134, 459-469 (1982).</li><li>Browning, T. H., Trier, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+culture+of+mucosal+biopsies+of+human+small+intestine.">Organ culture of mucosal biopsies of human small intestine.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 48, 1423-1432 (1969).</li><li>Besselink, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probiotic+prophylaxis+in+predicted+severe+acute+pancreatitis:+a+randomised,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled+trial.">Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</a> Lancet. 371, 651-659 (2008).</li><li>Lakhdari, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+NF-kappaB+modulation+capabilities+within+human+intestinal+commensal+bacteria.">Identification of NF-kappaB modulation capabilities within human intestinal commensal bacteria.</a> J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 282356 (2011).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されていない。

ヒト腸粘膜の治療が正当に試験することができるれた生理学的に関連するモデルの必要性が強調されている長い。多くの研究者がその目的のためにこれまで使用されるセル5及び6マウスモデルの両方で潜在的なアーティファクトや欠陥を同定した。有望な前臨床データは、多くの場合、取得されていても実際、これらはほとんど重要な臨床的利益のために翻訳しません。 <p...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Regeant</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog No.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X HBSS</td>
			<td>Eurocalne</td>
			<td>ECM4006XL</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peni/Strepto</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>DE17602E</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750-037</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12614</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS-Na</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X ITS-X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51500-056</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Tebu-bio</td>
			<td>100-15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17605E</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non essential aminoacids 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-035</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaPyr</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360-039</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloning cylinders 6x8 mm</td>
			<td>BellCo</td>
			<td>2090-00608</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloning cylinders 8x8 mm</td>
			<td>BellCo</td>
			<td>2090-0080</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloning cylinders 10x10 mm</td>
			<td>BellCo</td>
			<td>2090-01010</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal grids</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centre well organ culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353037</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical glue (Vetbond)</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen Jars</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen tanks</td>
			<td>Air Liquid Sanit&agrave;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method for the culture and polarized stimulation of human intestinal mucosa explants

いくつかのモデルは、現在現実的に相互作用の様々な場所を取る複雑な人間の腸内の微小環境をシミュレートするために存在します。誤って食物と一緒に摂取した病原性微生物に対して効果的な免疫応答をマウントすると同時に、彼らは食物抗原に対する全体の免疫応答誘導耐性を形作るように適切な恒常性を直接、これらの相互作用に依存する。 腸の恒常性は粘液のアタッチメント/劣化を規制する微生物（食品関連の有益な細菌株を含む）とホストの間の様々な複雑な相互作用を介しても保存され、上皮バリアによって抗菌ペプチドの産生、および &quot;教育&quot;集団 &#39;ユニーク、腸常駐リンパ系細胞の免疫寛容や免疫表現型を制御する&#39;を上皮細胞。これらの相互作用は、in vitroアッセイを再現するこれまでのところ非常に困難であった培養された細胞系または末梢血単核細胞のいずれかを使用して。また、マウスモデルは、ヒトの腸に関して腸粘膜（粘液層の組織、共生細菌のコミュニティ）の構成成分で大きく異なる。したがって、このような過敏性腸症候群、炎症性腸疾患または結腸直腸癌などの重要なストレス関連または病理学的状態のために診療所に持ち込まれる治療の様々な研究が行うことが困難であった。 これらの問題に対処するために、我々は我々が分極方法で、ホストの細菌叢と免疫応答によりその場コンディショニングで自分を維持する人間の腸粘膜の外植片を刺激することができた新規のシステムを開発しました。偏尖刺激の結果のために非常に重要である免疫応答を誘発した。これを繰り返し、それらが腸エピの先端面をバイパスするときに、同じ刺激​​が全く異なる応答を生成できることが示されている乳房、免疫原性への寛容原性の表現型をスイッチング領域に不要な過剰な炎症を引き起こし、基底外側上皮細胞を刺激または粘膜固有層コンポーネントと直接接触する。 私たちは、接着することで、プロトコルに記載されるように粘膜の頂端面上に区切られた刺激の面積洞窟シリンダーを分極刺激を達成しました。我々は他の人、三つの異なる乳酸菌株の差の影響の中で、検討するために、このモデルを使用していました。我々はこのモデルシステムは、健康と病気の条件でプロバイオティクスの免疫調節特性を評価することは非常に強力であることを示している。

私たちは、組織の健康を維持し、少なくとも24時間、文化の中で、健康でIBD人間の腸粘膜を維持することに成功しました。組織は、従来のインキュベータで24時間（ 図2）が生存しなかったとして、培養時間の大部分（全体の少なくとも85％）は、O 2で行われた場合、以前の観測値1によれば、これは可能であった。また、外植片の異なる応答を刺激（頂端対側底）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method for the Culture and Polarized Stimulation of Human Intestinal Mucosa Explants at JoVE.com

A Novel Method for the Culture and Polarized Stimulation of Human Intestinal Mucosa Explants

私たちは、少なくとも24時間以上の刺激の様々なタイプに対応しての文化やモニタリングにおけるヒト腸粘膜の維持のための新規な方法をご紹介します。我々の方法では、組織の極性が尖経路で生理的刺激を可能にし、維持されている。

人間の腸粘膜の外植片の文化と偏刺激する新規な方法

Few models currently exist to realistically simulate the complex human intestine's micro-environment, where a variety of interactions take place. Proper ...

a-novel-method-for-culture-polarized-stimulation-human-intestinal

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.0K ビュー.  European Institute of Oncology. 私たちは、少なくとも24時間以上の刺激の様々なタイプに対応しての文化やモニタリングにおけるヒト腸粘膜の維持のための新規な方法をご紹介します。我々の方法では、組織の極性が尖経路で生理的刺激を可能にし、維持されている。

ビデオ: A Novel Method for the Culture and Polarized Stimulation of Human Intestinal Mucosa Explants

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

初期のニワトリ胚をex vivo（新文化）の文化のための方法

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

生物学

Preparation and Culture of Rat Lens Epithelial Explants for Studying Terminal Differentiation

The anterior surface of the ocular lens is covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which proliferate in an annular zone underlying the ciliary body.  Following division, these cells migrate posteriorly, where FGF diffusing from the retina induces them to differentiate into a posterior array of elongated lens fiber cells, which compose the bulk of the lens.  Differentiation of lens epithelial cells into lens fibers can be induced in vitro by culturing explants of the central region of the anterior epithelium in the presence of FGF-2.  Explants are prepared from lenses of neonatal rats by removing the lens from the eye and grasping the lens capsule on the posterior side with dissecting tweezers.  The posterior capsule is then gently torn open and pressed down into the plastic bottom of a tissue culture dish. The peripheral regions of the explant are removed with a scalpel and the central area is then cultured in the presence of 100ng/ml FGF-2 for as long as 2-3 weeks, depending on the parameters to be studied.  Since epithelial cells in cultured explants differentiate in approximate synchrony over a period of days to weeks, the time course of signaling and gene expression can be determined using molecular, biochemical, and pharmacological techniques.  Immunofluorescence microscopy is a powerful adjunct to these methods as it demonstrates the subcellular localization of proteins of interest and can reveal the physiological consequences of experimental manipulations of signaling pathways.

Explants of the central region of rat lens epithelia differentiate synchronously when cultured in the presence of FGF-2. Immunofluorescence microscopy of such cultures can provides novel information about gene expression and signaling events associated with terminal differentiation.

最終分化を研究するための準備とラットの水晶体上皮外植片の培養

The anterior surface of the ocular lens is covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which proliferate in an annular zone underlying the ciliary body.  ...

The Method of Rodent Whole Embryo Culture using the Rotator-type Bottle Culture System

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development and growth of mammalian embryos are critically dependent on the function of the placenta, WEC technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages during embryonic day (E) 6.5-E12.5 in the mouse or E8.5-E14.5 in the rat 2, 3, 4. In WEC, we can directly target desired areas of embryos using fine glass capillaries because embryos can be manipulated under the microscope. Therefore, rodent WEC is very useful technique when we want to study dynamic developmental processes of postimplanted mammalian embryos. Up to date, several types of WEC systems have been developed 1. Among those, the rotator-type bottle culture system is most popular and suitable for long-term culture of embryos at midgestation, i.e., after E9.5 and E11.5 in the mouse and rat, respectively 1. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat WEC after E12.5 using a refined model of the original rotator system, which was designed by New and Cockroft 5, 6, and introduce various applications of WEC technique for studies in mammalian developmental biology.

Whole embryo culture technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat whole embryo culture after E12.5 using the rotator-type bottle culture system.

腱板断型ボトルの培養システムを使用してげっ歯類全胚培養の方法

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development ...

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Auditory processing is the basis of speech and music-related processing. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used successfully to study cognitive, sensory and motor systems but has rarely been applied to audition. Here we investigated TMS combined with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to understand the functional organization of auditory cortex.

機能イメージングによるヒト聴覚皮質上のシータバースト刺激の後遺症のマッピング

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo. Although fate maps are very useful for identifying the precursors of an organ and for elucidating the developmental path by which the descendant cells populate that organ in the normal embryo, they do not illustrate the full developmental potential of a precursor cell or identify the mechanisms by which its fate is determined. To test for cell fate commitment, one compares a cell's normal repertoire of descendants in the intact embryo (the fate map) with those expressed after an experimental manipulation. Is the cell's fate fixed (committed) regardless of the surrounding cellular environment, or is it influenced by external factors provided by its neighbors? Using the comprehensive fate maps of the Xenopus embryo, we describe how to identify, isolate and culture single cleavage stage precursors, called blastomeres. This approach allows one to assess whether these early cells are committed to the fate they acquire in their normal environment in the intact embryo, require interactions with their neighboring cells, or can be influenced to express alternate fates if exposed to other types of signals.

The fate of an individual embryonic cell can be influenced by inherited molecules and/or by signals from neighboring cells. Utilizing fate maps of the cleavage stage Xenopus embryo, single blastomeres can be identified for culture in isolation to assess the contributions of inherited molecules versus cell-cell interactions.

胚発生時に細胞運命のコミットメントをテストするために割球植

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal  which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo.  Although fate maps ...

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to isolate and culture individual organs of interest are essential to provide a method of both visualizing changes in development and allowing novel treatment strategies. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel. This substrate provides enough support to maintain the three-dimensional structure but is flexible enough to allow continued contraction. In brief, hearts are excised from the embryo and placed in a mixture of cold Matrigel diluted 1:1 with growth medium. After the diluted Matrigel solidifies, growth medium is added to the culture dish. Hearts excised as late as embryonic day 16.5 were viable for four days post-dissection. Analysis of the coronary plexus shows that this method does not disrupt coronary vascular development. Thus, we present a novel method for long-term culture of embryonic hearts.

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel.

小説<em&gt;エクスビボ</emマウス胎児ハート&gt;文化法

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered  by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to  isolate and culture individual ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

外植片培養での歯胚の開発に続いてのためのスライス培養法

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

Subcloning Plus Insertion (SPI) - A Novel Recombineering Method for the Rapid Construction of Gene Targeting Vectors

Gene targeting refers to the precise modification of a genetic locus using homologous recombination. The generation of novel cell lines and transgenic mouse models using this method necessitates the construction of a &#8216;targeting&#8217; vector, which contains homologous DNA sequences to the target gene, and has for many years been a limiting step in the process. Vector construction can be performed in vivo in Escherichia coli cells using homologous recombination mediated by phage recombinases using a technique termed recombineering. Recombineering is the preferred technique to subclone the long homology sequences (>4kb) and various targeting elements including selection markers that are required to mediate efficient allelic exchange between a targeting vector and its cognate genomic locus. Typical recombineering protocols follow an iterative scheme of step-wise integration of the targeting elements and require intermediate purification and transformation steps. Here, we present a novel recombineering methodology of vector assembly using a multiplex approach. Plasmid gap repair is performed by the simultaneous capture of genomic sequence from mouse Bacterial Artificial Chromosome libraries and the insertion of dual bacterial and mammalian selection markers. This subcloning plus insertion method is highly efficient and yields a majority of correct recombinants. We present data for the construction of different types of conditional gene knockout, or knock-in, vectors and BAC reporter vectors that have been constructed using this method. SPI vector construction greatly extends the repertoire of the recombineering toolbox and provides a simple, rapid and cost-effective method of constructing these highly complex vectors.

Subcloning Plus Insertion SPI - A Novel Recombineering Method for the Rapid Construction of Gene Targeting Vectors

Gene targeting methodologies can be used to generate transgenic mice with knockout, knock-in and tagged alleles. Here, we describe an improved method of recombineering in E. coli, that we term &#8216;subcloning plus insertion&#8217;, which can be used to generate custom gene targeting vectors rapidly.

サブクローニングプラス挿入（SPI） - ジーンターゲティングベクターの迅速な構築のための新しい遺伝子改変方法

Gene targeting refers to the precise modification of a genetic locus using homologous recombination. The generation of novel cell lines and transgenic ...

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of central nervous system injuries in vivo, possibly by reducing oxidative stress. However, effects of R/NIR-LT on oxidative stress have been shown to vary depending on wavelength or intensity of irradiation. Studies comparing treatment parameters are lacking, due to absence of commercially available devices that deliver multiple wavelengths or intensities, suitable for high through-put in vitro optimization studies. This protocol describes a technique for delivery of light at a range of wavelengths and intensities to optimize therapeutic doses required for a given injury model. We hypothesized that a method of delivering light, in which wavelength and intensity parameters could easily be altered, could facilitate determination of an optimal dose of R/NIR-LT for reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro.
Non-coherent Xenon light was filtered through narrow-band interference filters to deliver varying wavelengths (center wavelengths of 440, 550, 670 and 810nm) and fluences (8.5 x 10-3 to 3.8 x 10-1 J/cm2) of light to cultured cells. Light output from the apparatus was calibrated to emit therapeutically relevant, equal quantal doses of light at each wavelength. Reactive species were detected in glutamate stressed cells treated with the light, using DCFH-DA and H2O2 sensitive fluorescent dyes.&#160;
We successfully delivered light at a range of physiologically and therapeutically relevant wavelengths and intensities, to cultured cells exposed to glutamate as a model of CNS injury. While the fluences of R/NIR-LT used in the current study did not exert an effect on ROS generated by the cultured cells, the method of light delivery is applicable to other systems including isolated mitochondria or more physiologically relevant organotypic slice culture models, and could be used to assess effects on a range of outcome measures of oxidative metabolism.

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Non-coherent Xenon light was passed through narrow-band interference and neutral density filters to deliver light of varying wavelength and intensity to cultured cells. This protocol was used to assess the effects of red/near-infrared light therapy on production of reactive species in vitro: no effects were observed using the tested parameters.

酸化ストレスに赤/近赤外光療法の波長および強度の範囲の効果の評価のための手法<em&gt;インビトロ</em

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of ...

A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth factors. Since organoids are highly similar to the original tissue in terms of homeostatic stem cell differentiation, cell polarity and presence of all terminally differentiated cell types known to the adult intestinal epithelium, they serve as an essential resource in experimental research on the epithelium. The possibility to express transgenes or interfering RNA using lentiviral or retroviral vectors in organoids has increased opportunities for functional analysis of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal stem cells, surpassing traditional mouse transgenics in speed and cost. In the current video protocol we show how to utilize transduction of small intestinal organoids with lentiviral vectors illustrated by use of doxycylin inducible transgenes, or IPTG inducible short hairpin RNA for overexpression or gene knockdown. Furthermore, considering organoid culture yields minute cell counts that may even be reduced by experimental treatment, we explain how to process organoids for downstream analysis aimed at quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry. Techniques that enable transgene expression and gene knock down in intestinal organoids contribute to the research potential that these intestinal epithelial structures hold, establishing organoid culture as a new standard in cell culture.

In this video protocol we give a step by step explanation of lentiviral transduction in organoids of primary intestinal epithelium and of processing and downstream analysis of these cultures by quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry.

レンチウイルス形質導入と腸オルガノイドの下流分析のためのプロトコル

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth ...