この研究は、研究財団からの補助金によって支えられて - フランダース（FWO、プロジェクト人数G.0420.02とG.0443.11N）、ヘラクレス財団（助成人数AUHA0012）、アントワープ大学の協調研究アクション（GOA資金調達）、および部分的にECが後援 - FP6プロジェクトDIMI、LSHB-CT-2005から512146とEC - FP6プロジェクトEMIL LSHC-CT-2004から503569 A.VdLに。フランダース（FWO） - G.DGとCPは研究財団のポスドクフェローである。

1。聴覚刺激の調製<ol><li>最初7T MRシステムの穴の内側に再生されている間に音刺激を記録します。ボアは、特定の聴覚周波数の強化の結果聴覚刺激を歪めることができる限られたスペースである。として磁石内に鳥の頭の位置で行われたホワイトノイズの我々の録音が示す周波数が拡張され、抑制され図1に示すように 、使用して穴光ファイバー·マイク（Optimic 1160 Optoacoustics）。この人工的な拡張を補償するため、イコライザ機能は、WaveLabのソフトウェアを使用して各刺激に適用される。最大振幅：私たちの特定の設定の場合、この関数は次のパラメータを使用してガウシアンカーネルで構成されています - 20デシベル：0.05オクターブ（我々のシステムの範囲は2,500〜5,000 Hzまで対応）3,750 Hzで、幅を中心に、。 </li><li>曲の刺激は沈黙期間でインターリーブ各鳥のいくつかの個々の曲のモチーフで構成されています。 Dこれらの無音期間のurationはすべての刺激を介して音と沈黙の総量が同じに保つように調整されます。この構造は、曲の長さの自然内個人や個人間変動を節約します。各刺激の全長は16秒である。各曲の強度の面で正規化され、完全な刺激（歌とサイレントピリオド）に統合される前に400 Hzのフィルタ二乗平均平方根とハイパスマッチ。これらの操作は、Praatソフトウェアを使用して行われます。 </li><li>実験では、ON /休息期間（ブロックオフ）（ 図2）とブロックデザイン交互聴覚刺激周期（ブロックON）OFFで構成されています。各ブロックは、（ONとOFF）2画像の取得時間（取得については下記を参照）に相当する16秒、持続。各刺激タイプ​​は刺激当たり、被験者ごとに50画像の取得、その結果、25回提示されます。条件の提示順序は、内との間に無作為であるべき科目。刺激のこの無作為順序は、プレゼンテーションソフトウェアにコード化することができる。 </li></ol> 2。件名準備 2.1件名とグループサイズここでは、具体的には（成人）キンカチョウの使用に適したプロトコルを提示します。種の選択は、科学的な質問に応じて異なります。しかし、麻酔鳥のロバスト性のような他の考慮事項も考慮することができる。ゼブラフィンチ（Taeniopygiaののguttata）は、12時間の光の下で鳥小屋に収容する必要があります：12時間暗光周期と研究を通して食料や水を自由に摂取へのアクセス権を持っている。実験ごとに個人の最小数は15である。この数は、考慮にスピンエコーfMRIの、実験で測定された生物学的現象の自然個体間変動の感度をとります。 2.2セットアップのインストールと動物の準備 （仕様について使用される機器、我々は）、この記事の末尾に特定の試薬と機器の一覧を参照してください<ol><li> 7T MRシステムのMRIのベッドの上でくちばしマスクを取り付け、プラスチック管をガスコントローラデバイスに接続します。両方の酸素と窒素ガスボトルを開けて、ガスコントローラデバイス（流量酸素：200のcc /分、窒素：400のcc /分）に切り替えます。 </li></ol>上述したように、7T MRシステムが提示セットアップで使用されている。異なる磁場強度を有する他のMRシステムも可能であるが、7Tで良好な妥協は、信号対雑音比と磁化率アーチファクト度（議論を参照）との間に到達する。より高い電界強度で信号対雑音比は、感受性アーティファクトの程度と共に増加する。 <ol start="2"><li>フィードバック制御されたシステムと暖かい気流デバイス上のスイッチ。 </li><li>くちばしを導入することにより、酸素と窒素の混合物中のイソフルラン3％キンカチョウをAnaesthetizeマスクへと鳥は完全に麻酔になるまで頭を押した。これは、柔らかく足を引っ張って確認することができます：鳥が完全に鎮静されたときの足は鳥によって撤回されることはありません。また、鳥の目には、部分的に閉じられます。 </li><li>キンカチョウの腹の下に空気圧センサーを配置することによって、体温をスクリーニングし、呼吸数を監視するためにクロアカ温度プローブをご紹介します。鳥の体（ 図3）を抑制するためにジャケットを閉じます。 </li><li> 40の範囲内の呼吸速度を維持 - 毎分100回の呼吸を、40±0.5℃での狭い範囲内の体温を一定に保つ呼吸範囲が低すぎる/高すぎると、それに応じて麻酔（％イソフルラン）のレベルを調整する。問題が解決しない場合は、実験を回収するために停止し、動物が設定から削除する必要があります。 </li><li>キンカチョウヘッドと詐欺のいずれかの側に非磁性のダイナミックスピーカーを置きアンプにそれらを接続します。それはあまりにも近い読み温度に影響を与えることができるので、スピーカーの配線は、温度プローブから離れて導かれていることを確認してください。 </li><li>キンカチョウヘッドと磁石（および磁石の真ん中に位置して送信コイルの自動中央）の中心に位置キンカチョウをの上に表面RFコイルを配置します。 </li><li>酸素と窒素と混合イソフルラン1.5％に麻酔レベルを下げる。 </li></ol> 3。データ収集<ol><li> 1水平および1冠状グラディエントエコー（GE）スカウト画像（トリ-パイロットシーケンス）と、水平冠状および矢状マルチスライス画像のセット（T 2加重迅速取得緩和強化操縦（1矢のセットを取得する磁石脳（ 図4）の位置を決定するためにRARE）SE配列）。 </li><li> 1,000マイクロ秒に彼らのランプ時間を増やすことで勾配のノイズを減らします。 </li> &lt;李&gt; fMRIのシーケンス準備：RARE T 2加重シーケンス、実効TE：60ミリ、TR：2,000ミリ秒、RAREファクター：8、FOV：16ミリメートル、マトリックスサイズ：64×32、向き：矢状、スライス厚：0.75ミリメートル、スライス間ギャップの厚さ：0.05ミリメートル、ほぼ全脳（ 図4）をカバーする15のスライス。 </li><li>プレゼンテーションソフトウェアにおける聴覚プロトコル（聴覚刺激と刺激配信のタイミング）を選択します。このプロトコルは、一連のコマンドで構成されています - 特定のスキャン数で実行されている - 特定の聴覚刺激の開始のために。 fMRIのシーケンス内のすべての繰り返しでは、スキャナソフトウェアは、順番にスキャン番号を登録し、対応するコマンドを実行し、聴覚プレゼンテーションソフトウェアにトリガを送信します。 </li><li>聴覚プレゼンテーションソフトは、スキャナからのトリガを逃さないようにするには、聴覚プロトコルが最初に開始されます。プロトコルが完全にロードされると、fMRIのシーケンスが開始される。 </li><li>各実験は、fMRIの信号が聴覚刺激を開始する前に定常状態に到達するために、スキャナノイズに起因する可能にするために12ダミー画像の取得が先行する。 </li><li>買収後に64×64にデータをゼロフィル。 </li><li> Paravisionの機能ツール（オプション加工/機能イメージング）を用いた結果で最初の（暫定）を見てみましょう。ブロックとベースライン（ブロックオフ）ONすべての差BOLD応答を計算します。この分析では、実験の質の最初の指示を与える。全く活性化は、この段階で一次聴覚の分野で見られない場合には、鳥は、おそらく刺激提示、麻酔レベルなどの設定が検証されるべきであり、繰り返し測定と技術的な問題に起因する聴覚刺激を聞く/処理されていませんでした。 </li><li>以前のfMRIのスキャンと同じ向きで、効果的なTEと解剖3D RARE T2強調シーケンスを実行します：60ミリ、TR：2,000ミリ秒、RAREファクター：8、FOV：16ミリメートル、マトリックスサイズ：256×128×64。 </li><li> 256×256×256にデータをゼロフィル。 </li><li> MRIベッドからキンカチョウを取ると、それは赤いランプの下でケージに麻酔から回復しましょう​​。通常、イソフルラン麻酔後のキンカチョウの回復が（最大5分）比較的高速になります。わずか数分後に、鳥が立ち上がるしようとかつて鳥が完全に回収され、代わりにケージの底の上に座っての枝にとまります。麻酔の持続時間は、本実験のために約2時間である。弊社ラボでキンカチョウに適用イソフルラン麻酔の最大時間は、鳥も5分以内に回復した後、6時間である。 </li></ol> 4。データ処理<ol><li>分析またはNIfTIフォーマットにMR-データを変換。 </li><li> SPMは、ヒトで取得したfMRIのデータを処理するように開発されたので、それが約2mmのボクセルのためである。多数のSPM設定は、この近似ボクセルサイズに適合される。 1は、Wない場合はアリがすべてのこれらの設定を変更するには、続行する最も簡単な方法は、人工的に鳥のfMRIのデータのボクセルサイズを大きくすることです。 MRIcroを使用して10で本当のボクセルサイズを乗じヘッダー内ボクセルサイズを調整します。そのような調整は、それ自体のデータ、又はデータがないリサンプリングが適用される任意の他の修飾に影響を与えないことに留意すべきである。 </li></ol>これの代わりに、SPMは、任意のボクセル次元のファイルを開いて解析することができるツールボックスです &#39;SPMMouse&#39;を使用することである。このツールは、SPM &#39;ガラス脳を&#39;任意の画像から作成することを可能にし、自動的にデフォルトのイメージファイルやユーザー入力されたデータのヘッダーに基づいて長さのスケールを調整します。したがって、このツールボックスは、我々が提案するものよりは逆の方法で動作します。代わりに、SPMに収まるように画像のボクセルサイズを変更することで、SPMのデフォルト設定は、異なるボクセルサイズで画像を使用するように変更される。 <ol start="3"><li> fMRIのデータを再調整。 tに共同登録解剖3Dデータセット彼fMRIの時系列。キンカチョウ脳MRIアトラスに3Dデータ（および共同登録fMRIの時系列）を正規化します。 fMRIのデータセットに変換行列を適用します。これは、すべての統計パラメータマッピング（SPM）8ソフトウェアを使用して行うことができる。 </li><li> SPM8を用いた0.5 mmの幅のガウスカーネルでデータを滑らかにします。 </li><li> SPM8を用いた統計的なボクセルベースの​​分析を行う。モデルボックスカー（無血行動態応答関数）としてデータを。古典的な制限付き最尤アルゴリズムでモデルパラメータを推定する。各被験者の各聴覚刺激（固定効果分析）の平均効果を計算した後、グループ分析（混合効果分析）を望んだとして統計を計算。 </li><li>機能的なアクティベーションします（ 図6）ローカライズするSPM8にキンカチョウアトラス（ 図5）9上に統計的パラメトリックマップを投影。 </li></ol>

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BOLD+fMRI+and+somatosensory+evoked+potentials+are+well+correlated+over+a+broad+range+of+frequency+content+of+somatosensory+stimulation+of+the+rat+forepaw.">BOLD fMRI and somatosensory evoked potentials are well correlated over a broad range of frequency content of somatosensory stimulation of the rat forepaw.</a> Brain Research. 1195, 67-76 (2008).</li><li>Kida, I., Yamamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus+frequency+dependence+of+blood+oxygenation+level-dependent+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+signals+in+the+somatosensory+cortex+of+rats.">Stimulus frequency dependence of blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals in the somatosensory cortex of rats.</a> Neuroscience Research. 62, 25-31 (2008).</li><li>Poirier, C., Boumans, T., Verhoye, M., Balthazart, J., Van der Linden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Own-song+recognition+in+the+songbird+auditory+pathway:+selectivity+and+lateralization.">Own-song recognition in the songbird auditory pathway: selectivity and lateralization.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 29, 2252-2258 (2009).</li><li>Poirier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Own+song+selectivity+in+the+songbird+auditory+pathway:+suppression+by+norepinephrine.">Own song selectivity in the songbird auditory pathway: suppression by norepinephrine.</a> PloS ONE. 6, e20131 (2011).</li><li>Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., Oeltermann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+investigation+of+the+basis+of+the+fMRI+signal.">Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal.</a> Nature. 412, 150-157 (2001).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されていない。

本稿では、麻酔キンカチョウにおける聴覚刺激の神経基質の生体内での詳細な特性評価のために最適化されたプロトコルを記述します。 提示プロトコルに沿って、BOLD fMRIのを使用して、動物における脳機能の活性化研究の大半は、取得時に動物をanaesthetize。調査期間中に磁石環境とスキャナノイズにそれらを慣らすためのトレーニング動物も可能ではなく、時間?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent/equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane anaesthetic</td>
 <td>Isoflo</td>
 <td>05260-05</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PC-Sam hardware/software</td>
 <td>SA-Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.i4sa.com" target="_blank">http://www.i4sa.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Monitoring and gating system</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>1025</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MR-compatible small rodent heater system</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Model 1025 compatible</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rectal temperature probe</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>RTP-102B</td>
 <td>7'', 0.044'' </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>7T MR scanner</td>
 <td>Bruker Biospin</td>
 <td>PHS 70/16 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paravision software</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>5.1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gradient Insert</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>BGA9S</td>
 <td>400 mT/m, 300A, 500V</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gradient Amplifiers</td>
 <td>Copley Co., USA</td>
 <td>C256</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transmit resonators</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Inner diameter: 72 mm, transmit only, active decoupled</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Receiver antenna - 20 mm quadrature Mouse Head</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Receive only, active decoupled</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>WaveLab software</td>
 <td>Steinberg</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Praat software</td>
 <td>Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.praat.org" target="_blank">http://www.praat.org</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Non-magnetic dynamic speakers</td>
 <td>Visation, Germany</td>
 <td>HK 150</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fiber optic microphone</td>
 <td>Optoacoustics, </td>
 <td>Optimic 1160</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sound amplifier</td>
 <td>Phonic corporation</td>
 <td>MM 1002a</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Presentation software</td>
 <td>Neurobehavioral Systems Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MRIcro</td>
 <td>Chris Rorden</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/" target="_blank">http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)</td>
 <td>Welcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging</td>
 <td>8</td>
 <td><a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/" target="_blank">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/</a></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) with auditory stimulation in songbirds

小鳥のさえずりの神経生物学は、人間の音声のためのモデルとして、行動の神経科学の研究の顕著な領域です。電気生理学、分子アプローチが異なるいくつかのニューロンに刺激、または脳の大部分で1つの刺激のどちらかの調査を可能にするのに対し、血液酸素化レベル依存（BOLD）機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）が両方の長所を組み合わせることができ、神経の活性を比較し、すなわち一度に脳全体に様々な刺激によって誘発される。鳴禽類におけるfMRIのは、それらの脳のサイズが小さいと、その骨と特に彼らの頭蓋骨が重要感受性アーティファクトを誘発する、数多くのエアキャビティを備えているため困難である。グラディエントエコー（GE）BOLD fMRIのは正常鳴禽1-5（審査のために、6を参照）に適用されている。これらの研究は、感受性アーチファクトのない領域であり、プライマリとセカンダリの聴覚脳領域、に焦点を当てた。しかし、プロシージャ興味のあるS字は、これらの地域を超えて発生する可能性があり、脳全体BOLD fMRIのは、これらの成果物の影響を受けにくいMRIシーケンスを使用して必要とされる。これは、スピンエコー（SE）BOLD fMRIの7,8を使用することによって達成することができる。本稿では、広範囲に鳥の鳴き声の行動の神経科学で研究15〜25グラムの体重の小さな小鳥であるキンカチョウ（Taeniopygiaののguttata）、この手法を使用する方法について説明します。小鳥にfMRIの研究の主なトピックは、曲の知覚と歌学習です。 SEの弱いBOLD感度（GEと比較して）ベースのfMRIのシーケンスと組み合わせ刺激の聴覚性質は、この技術の実装は非常に困難になります。

<html>我々はここに視覚的にキンカチョウの脳内の聴覚刺激の神経基質の成功のイメージングのための手順の最適化されたシーケンスを提示した。ブロックパラダイム（ 図2）のON / OFFに組み込むことができ、脳の差動反応を引き起こす可能性が音圧レベルの電位差をなくすために正規化される刺激における聴覚刺激の結果を調製するため、まず、記載された手順。 MRIは磁石のボア...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds at JoVE.com

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

この記事では、機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）を使用して鳴き脳の聴覚刺激の神経基質のイメージングのための最適化された手順を示している。これは、音刺激の準備、被写体の位置決めとfMRIのデータの取得とその後の分析を説明しています。

鳴禽類における聴覚刺激と機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-fmri-with-auditory-stimulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

18.0K ビュー.  University of Antwerp. この記事では、機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）を使用して鳴き脳の聴覚刺激の神経基質のイメージングのための最適化された手順を示している。これは、音刺激の準備、被写体の位置決めとfMRIのデータの取得とその後の分析を説明しています。

ビデオ: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

同時fMRIの中の高品質脳波データの取得のための最も良い現在の習慣

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

行動学

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

障害児における皮質聴覚、触覚情報処理の定量的評価

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

経頭蓋磁気刺激とリップモーター皮質を刺激する

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

経頭蓋直流電気刺激と同時機能的磁気共鳴画像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

因果脳行動の関係とその経時変化を調査するための経頭蓋磁気刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

脳イメージングモダリティ間で転送認知タスク：fMRIの研究の作業の設計と結果の解釈のための含意

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

fMRIの研究は、うつ病のため、と若い女性に思考抑制を調べると、アットリスクの設計と実装

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

失語症のためのニューロガイド下反復経頭蓋磁気刺激

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses electromagnetic coils to stimulate areas of the brain non-invasively. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) with the Brainsway H1-coil system specifically is a type of rTMS indicated for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are resistant to medication. The unique H1-coil design of this device is able to stimulate neuronal pathways that lie deeper in the targeted brain areas than those reached by conventional rTMS coils. dTMS is considered to be low-risk and well tolerated, making it a viable treatment option for people who have not responded to medication or psychotherapy trials for their depression.
Randomized, sham-control studies have demonstrated that dTMS produces significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than sham dTMS treatment in patients with major depression that has not responded to antidepressant medication. In this paper, we will review the methodology for treating major depression with dTMS using an H1-coil.

Here we present a protocol outlining the methodology for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder using the deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) system.

Brainsway H1-コイルを使用した反復ディープ経頭蓋磁気刺激を用いた臨床うつ病の治療

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

ラットの脳の片側半球に反復経頭蓋磁気刺激

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...