私たちは、原稿の支援、技術支援、でフィギュアやフェアイメージングサービスと支援のためのJerraldスペンサー·ジュニアのためのゲイリー·ウィリアムズモデル生成と測定、モニカMahreの支援についてDionnaギャンブル、アリソンラーソン、そしてカティアトレスを承認したがっていますミネソタ大学。 資金は医学工学研究所（ミネソタ大学）からとパートにメドトロニック社と研究契約から受信されました

手順 表1は、プロセス中に使用される材料をまとめています。 図1は、プロセスの概要を示します。 1。標本とスキャンの準備<ol><li>彼らの末期状態で緩衝ホルマリン新鮮単離されたヒトの心を取得し、その後、血流が10％でそれらを修正。 </li><li>ホルマリンの大部分を除去するためにスキャンする前に一日水にスキャンする心を洗い流してください。 </li><li>スキャナに向かう前に、静脈造影バルーンカテーテルとそれぞれ心の中冠状静脈洞（CS）静脈カニューレを挿入。直接可視化やビデオスコープの使用下でいずれかの優れたまたは下大静脈を通じてCSへのアクセスを取得します。 </li><li>一度場所で、CSでカテーテルを固定するために、この静脈造影カテーテルのバルーンを膨らませる。 </li><li>ように設計されているスポンジの上に封止可能なポリマー容器内の各心を置き心臓はそのattitudinally正しい解剖学的位置に座ることができます。 </li></ol> 2。コンピュータ断層撮影スキャン<ol><li>患者は仰臥位とスキャナの最初の頭を横たわっていたかのように、CTスキャナのベッドの上で与えられた心を置きます。 </li><li>対照用と生理食塩水のために1：2注入シリンジが含まれているインジェクタに静脈造影カテーテルの近位端を接続します。 </li><li>自動的に5ミリリットル/秒で心臓の静脈系に造影40mlのを注入する。 </li><li>造影剤注入が開始された後は、心臓CT 8秒をスキャンする。 0.6ミリメートルのスライス厚で512×512ピクセルの解像度のCTスキャンを設定します。 </li><li>自動的にコントラストを洗い流すために、5ミリリットル/秒で心臓の静脈系への生理食塩水を40mlを注入。 </li><li>外付けハードドライブにCT DICOM画像をエクスポートします。 </li></ol> 3。復興と測定<ol><li>模倣ソフトウェアにCT DICOM画像をアップロードします。 </li><li> CT IMAGのためのマスクを生成します唯一の心の内に存在する唯一のコントラストを強調するために、高いハウンズフィールド単位のピクセルが含まれていたES。 </li><li>マスクは唯一の主要な心臓の静脈内コントラストが含まれるようにチャンバーまたは組織に拡散に漏れたコントラストを削除します。 </li><li>手動でフレームによって与え静脈フレーム内のエアポケットを埋める。 </li><li>結果として得られるマスクから3Dオブジェクトを生成します。 </li><li>粗いジオメトリを排除するためにこのオブジェクトを滑らかにし、ラップします。ビデオ1は、空間内で回転し、これらの3Dモデルのいずれかを提示します。 </li><li>それぞれ作成した3Dモデルの中心線を生成します。 </li><li>これらの中心線を使用して、それぞれの心にそれぞれの主要な血管に対して弧の長さ、分岐角度、屈曲度（弧の長さ/直線距離）と、直径を測定します。当社の採用解剖学的命名法を図2に表示されます。 </li></ol>

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特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

当研究室では、様々な解剖学的調査研究のための灌流固定心臓標本のライブラリを開発しています。これまでに、我々は240以上の保存標本を持っている。我々はこれらの試料を調製するために使用されている具体的な方法は、以前3に記載されている。本研究は、ヒトの心臓の静脈系をマッピングするための血管内で使用して心臓デバイスの設計を使用することができる解剖学的デー?...

anatomical reconstructions of the human cardiac venous system using contrast-computed tomography of perfusion-fixed specimens

人間の心臓の静脈系内で相対的な複雑さとばらつきの詳細な理解は、これらの血管へのアクセスを必要とする心臓のデバイスの開発のために重要である。例えば、心臓脈解剖学的構造は心臓再同期療法（CRT）従って1の適切な送達のための重要な制限の1つであることが知られている、人間の心臓の静脈システムのための解剖学的パラメータのデータベースの開発は、CRT送達の設計を助けることができるこのような限界を克服するデバイス。本研究プロジェクトでは、解剖学的パラメータはコントラストコンピュータ断層撮影（CT）イメージングとモデリングソフトウェア（マテリア、ルーヴェン、ベルギー）を使用して、静脈系の3次元再構成から得られた。アーク長、屈曲度、分岐角度、冠状静脈洞口までの距離、及び血管径：以下のパラメータが各静脈を評価した。 CRTはパチのための潜在的な治療法です電気不全とエント。心不全患者の約10〜20％がCRT 2から利益を得ることができる。電気機械同期不全は心筋の活性化や契約の部分が前または後、心臓の正常な伝導経路よりことを意味します。 CRTで、心筋のdyssynchronous領域が電気刺激で治療される。 CRTペーシングは通常より多くの再同期化リズムを生成する右心房（RA）、右心室（RV）、左心室（LV）を刺激するペーシングリードを伴います。 LVリードは通常、最新の心筋の活性化のサイトの中でそれをオーバーレイすることを目的として、心臓静脈内に注入される。 私たちは、モデルが得られていることを信じて、分析はその患者、学生、臨床医、医療機器の設計者のための解剖学教育を推進していきます。ここで用いられる方法論はまた、我々人間の心臓標本の他の解剖学的特徴などを研究するために利用することができる冠状動脈。さらに本研究の教育的価値を促進するため、我々は私達の自由なアクセスのウェブサイトに静脈モデルを共有している： <a href="http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas" target="_blank">www.vhlab.umn.edu /アトラス</a> 。

表2は、42の人間の心臓標本のための主要な心臓静脈ごとの平均的な解剖学的パラメータを提示します。すべての心臓標本は1後室間静脈（PIV）と前室間静脈（AIV）を含んでいた。他の心は一つ以上を持っていないかもしれないが、いくつかの標本は、LV（PVLV）、後外側静脈（PLV）、左横静脈（LLV）、および/または前側方静脈（ALV）の複数の後部静脈が含まれていた現在、これら?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens at JoVE.com

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

本研究の目的は、再作成した後、造影コンピュータ断層撮影スキャンから生成された3次元再構成を用いたヒト心臓静脈系の解剖にアクセスすることです。

灌流固定標本のコントラストコンピュータ断層撮影を用いた人間の心臓静脈系の解剖学的再建

A detailed  understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human  cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac ...

anatomical-reconstructions-human-cardiac-venous-system-using-contrast

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.7K ビュー.  University of Minnesota. 本研究の目的は、再作成した後、造影コンピュータ断層撮影スキャンから生成された3次元再構成を用いたヒト心臓静脈系の解剖にアクセスすることです。

ビデオ: Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

Bacterial Detection &amp; Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Electrochemical sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of analytes. Electrochemical sensors operate by transducing a biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal. Signal transduction occurs by coupling the activity of a redox enzyme to an amperometric electrode. Sensor specificity is either an inherent characteristic of the enzyme, glucose oxidase in the case of a glucose sensor, or a product of linkage between the enzyme and an antibody or probe.
Here, we describe an electrochemical sensor assay method to directly detect and identify bacteria. In every case, the probes described here are DNA oligonucleotides. This method is based on sandwich hybridization of capture and detector probes with target ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The capture probe is anchored to the sensor surface, while the detector probe is linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). When a substrate such as 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is added to an electrode with capture-target-detector complexes bound to its surface, the substrate is oxidized by HRP and reduced by the working electrode. This redox cycle results in shuttling of electrons by the substrate from the electrode to HRP, producing current flow in the electrode.

We describe an electrochemical sensor assay method for rapid bacterial detection and identification. The assay involves a sensor array functionalized with DNA oligonucleotide capture probes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) species-specific sequences. Sandwich hybridization of target rRNA with the capture probe and a horseradish peroxidase-linked DNA oligonucleotide detector probe produces a measurable amperometric current.

電気化学センサを用いた細菌検出＆識別

Electrochemical  sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and  can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of ...

生物工学

Culturing Mouse Cardiac Valves in the Miniature Tissue Culture System

Heart valve disease is a major burden in the Western world and no effective treatment is available. This is mainly due to a lack of knowledge of the molecular, cellular and mechanical mechanisms underlying the maintenance and/or loss of the valvular structure. 
Current models used to study valvular biology include in vitro cultures of valvular endothelial and interstitial cells. Although, in vitro culturing models provide both cellular and molecular mechanisms, the mechanisms involved in the 3D-organization of the valve remain unclear. While in vivo models have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying valvular development, insight into adult valvular biology is still elusive. 
In order to be able to study the regulation of the valvular 3D-organization on tissue, cellular and molecular levels, we have developed the Miniature Tissue Culture System. In this ex vivo flow model the mitral or the aortic valve is cultured in its natural position in the heart. The natural configuration and composition of the leaflet are maintained allowing the most natural response of the valvular cells to stimuli. The valves remain viable and are responsive to changing environmental conditions. This MTCS may provide advantages on studying questions including but not limited to, how does the 3D organization affect valvular biology, what factors affect 3D organization of the valve, and which network of signaling pathways regulates the 3D organization of the valve.

Here, we present an ex vivo flow model in which murine cardiac valves can be cultured allowing the study of the biology of the valve.

ミニチュア組織培養系でマウス心臓弁の培養

Heart valve disease is a major burden in the Western world and no effective treatment is available. This is mainly due to a lack of knowledge of the ...

Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions

A strict management of protein expression is not only essential to every organism alive, but also an important strategy to investigate protein functions in cellular models. Therefore, recent research invented different tools to target protein expression in mammalian cell lines or even animal models, including RNA and antibody interference. While the first strategy has gathered much attention during the past two decades, peptides &#160;mediating a translocation of antibody cargos across cellular membranes and into cells, obtained much less interest. In this publication, we provide a detailed protocol how to utilize a peptide carrier named Chariot in human embryonic kidney cells as well as in primary hippocampal neurons to perform antibody interference experiments and further illustrate the application of three-dimensional reconstructions in analyzing protein function. Our findings suggest that Chariot is, probably due to its nuclear localization signal, particularly well-suited to target proteins residing in the soma and the nucleus. Remarkably, when applying Chariot to primary hippocampal cultures, the reagent turned out to be surprisingly well accepted by dissociated neurons.

Controlling protein expression is not only essential to every organism alive, but also an important strategy to investigate protein functions in cellular models. The protocol presented shows the application of antibody interference in mammalian cells including primary hippocampal neurons and demonstrates the use of three-dimensional reconstructions in studying protein function.

タンパク質機能および抗体干渉によるタンパク質発現の変化の役割と三次元再構成を学びます

A strict management of protein expression is not only essential to every organism alive, but also an important strategy to investigate protein functions ...

Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Therapy

Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery through the development of new species-specific screening systems that replicate the biofidelity of three-dimensional native human myocardium, while also enabling a controlled level of biological complexity, and allowing non-destructive longitudinal monitoring of tissue contractile function. Initially, human engineered cardiac tissues (hECT) were created using the entire cell population obtained from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, which typically yielded less than 50% cardiomyocytes. However, to create reliable predictive models of human myocardium, and to elucidate mechanisms of heterocellular interaction, it is essential to accurately control the biological composition in engineered tissues. 
To address this limitation, we utilize live cell sorting for the cardiac surface marker SIRP&#945; and the fibroblast marker CD90 to create tissues containing a 3:1 ratio of these cell types, respectively, that are then mixed together and added to a collagen-based matrix solution. Resulting hECTs are, thus, completely defined in both their cellular and extracellular matrix composition.
Here we describe the construction of defined hECTs as a model system to understand mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in cell therapies, using an example of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) that are currently being used in human clinical trials. The defined tissue composition is imperative to understand how the hMSCs may be interacting with the endogenous cardiac cell types to enhance tissue function. A bioreactor system is also described that simultaneously cultures six hECTs in parallel, permitting more efficient use of the cells after sorting.

This manuscript describes the creation of defined engineered cardiac tissues using surface marker expression and cell sorting. The defined tissues can then be used in a multi-tissue bioreactor to investigate mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy in order to provide a functional, yet controlled, model system of the human heart.

心臓細胞療法のメカニズムを研究するために定義されたヒューマン・エンジニア心臓組織の構築

Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery through the development of new species-specific screening systems that ...

In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography

The use of Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) for in vivo studies of small animals as models of human disease has risen tremendously due to the fact that MicroCT provides quantitative high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) anatomical data non-destructively and longitudinally. Most importantly, with the development of a novel preclinical iodinated contrast agent called eXIA160, functional and metabolic assessment of the heart became possible. However, prior to the advent of commercial MicroCT scanners equipped with X-ray flat-panel detector technology and easy-to-use cardio-respiratory gating, preclinical studies of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in small animals required a MicroCT technologist with advanced skills, and thus were impractical for widespread implementation. The goal of this work is to provide a practical guide to the use of the high-speed Quantum FX MicroCT system for comprehensive determination of myocardial global and regional function along with assessment of myocardial perfusion, metabolism and viability in healthy mice and in a cardiac ischemia mouse model induced by permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).

In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography

This method outlines the use of Quantum Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) to assess cardiac morphology, function, perfusion, metabolism and viability with iodinated contrast agent in mice with experimentally-induced myocardial ischemia. The technique can be applied for non-destructive high-throughput longitudinal in vivo imaging of various animal models of human heart disease.

心筋の構造、機能の in vivo定量的評価では 、灌流および生存率は、心臓マイクロコンピュータ断層撮影法を使用しました

The use of Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) for in vivo studies of small animals as models of human disease has risen tremendously due to the fact that ...

Using Extraordinary Optical Transmission to Quantify Cardiac Biomarkers in Human Serum

For a biosensing platform to have clinical relevance in point-of-care (POC) settings, assay sensitivity, reproducibility, and ability to reliably monitor analytes against the background of human serum are crucial.
Nanoimprinting lithography (NIL) was used to fabricate, at a low cost, sensing areas as large as 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. The sensing surface was made of high-fidelity arrays of nanoholes, each with an area of about 140 nm2. The great reproducibility of NIL made it possible to employ a one-chip, one-measurement strategy on 12 individually manufactured surfaces, with minimal chip-to-chip variation. These nanoimprinted localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) chips were extensively tested on their ability to reliably measure a bioanalyte at concentrations varying from 2.5 to 75 ng/mL amidst the background of a complex biofluid-in this case, human serum. The high fidelity of NIL enables the generation of large sensing areas, which in turn eliminates the need for a microscope, as this biosensor can be easily interfaced with a commonly available laboratory light source. These biosensors can detect cardiac troponin in serum with a high sensitivity, at a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.55 ng/mL, which is clinically relevant. They also show low chip-to-chip variance (due to the high quality of the fabrication process). The results are commensurable with widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assays, but the technique retains the advantages of an LSPR-based sensing platform (i.e., amenability to miniaturization and multiplexing, making it more feasible for POC applications).

This work describes a nanoimprinting lithography method to fabricate high-quality sensing arrays that work on the principle of extraordinary optical transmission. The biosensor is low-cost, robust, easy to use, and can detect cardiac troponin I in serum at clinically relevant concentrations (99th percentile cutoff &#8764;10-400 pg/mL, depending on the assay).

ひと血清における心筋バイオ マーカーを定量化する臨時の光伝送を使用してください。

For a biosensing platform to have clinical relevance in point-of-care (POC) settings, assay sensitivity, reproducibility, and ability to reliably monitor ...

Efficient Generation and Editing of Feeder-free IPSCs from Human Pancreatic Cells Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted for research in regenerative medicine and are currently in clinical trials for eye diseases, diabetes, heart diseases, and other disorders. The potential to differentiate into specialized cell types coupled with the recent advances in genome editing technologies including the CRISPR/Cas system have provided additional opportunities for tailoring the genome of iPSC for varied applications including disease modeling, gene therapy, and biasing pathways of differentiation, to name a few. Among the available editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes has emerged as a tool of choice for site-specific editing of the eukaryotic genome. The CRISPRs are easily accessible, inexpensive, and highly efficient in engineering targeted edits. The system requires a Cas9 nuclease and a guide sequence (20-mer) specific to the genomic target abutting a 3-nucleotide &#34;NGG&#34; protospacer-adjacent-motif (PAM) for targeting Cas9 to the desired genomic locus, alongside a universal Cas9 binding tracer RNA (together called single guide RNA or sgRNA). Here we present a step-by-step protocol for efficient generation of feeder-independent and footprint-free iPSC and describe methodologies for genome editing of iPSC using the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The genome editing protocol is effective and can be easily multiplexed by pre-complexing sgRNAs for more than one target with the Cas9 protein and simultaneously delivering into the cells. Finally, we describe a simplified approach for identification and characterization of iPSCs with desired edits. Taken together, the outlined strategies are expected to streamline generation and editing of iPSC for manifold applications.

This protocol describes in detail the generation of footprint-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human pancreatic cells in feeder-free conditions, followed by editing using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and characterization of the modified single-cell clones.

効率的な生成および CRISPR Cas9 システムを用いた人間の膵臓細胞から Ips をフィーダー フリーの編集

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted ...

A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are isolated and used to generate a cell suspension with 70% iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs, and 15% HUVECs. They are co-cultured in an ultra-low attachment "hanging drop" system, which contains micropores for condensing hundreds of spheroids at one time. The cells aggregate and spontaneously form beating spheroids after 3 days of co-culture. The spheroids are harvested, seeded into a novel mold cavity, and cultured on a shaker in the incubator. The spheroids become a mature functional tissue approximately 7 days after seeding. The resultant multilayered tissues consist of fused spheroids with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior. This new method has promising potential as a reproducible and cost-effective method to create engineered tissues for the treatment of heart failure in the future.

This protocol describes a net mold-based method to create three-dimensional scaffold-free cardiac tissues with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior.

スキャフォールド フリー三次元心筋組織構築純金型ベース方式

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. ...

Rigid Embedding of Fixed and Stained, Whole, Millimeter-Scale Specimens for Section-free 3D Histology by Micro-Computed Tomography

For over a hundred years, the histological study of tissues has been the gold standard for medical diagnosis because histology allows all cell types in every tissue to be identified and characterized. Our laboratory is actively working to make technological advances in X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) that will bring the diagnostic power of histology to the study of full tissue volumes at cellular resolution (i.e., an X-ray Histo-tomography modality). Toward this end, we have made targeted improvements to the sample preparation pipeline. One key optimization, and the focus of the present work, is a straightforward method for rigid embedding of fixed and stained millimeter-scale samples. Many of the published methods for sample immobilization and correlative micro-CT imaging rely on placing the samples in paraffin wax, agarose, or liquids such as alcohol. Our approach extends this work with custom procedures and the design of a 3-dimensional printable apparatus to embed the samples in an acrylic resin directly into polyimide tubing, which is relatively transparent to X-rays. Herein, sample preparation procedures are described for the samples from 0.5 to 10 mm in diameter, which would be suitable for whole zebrafish larvae and juveniles, or other animals and tissue samples of similar dimensions. As proof of concept, we have embedded the specimens from Danio, Drosophila, Daphnia, and a mouse embryo; representative images from 3-dimensional scans for three of these samples are shown. Importantly, our methodology leads to multiple benefits including rigid immobilization, long-term preservation of laboriously-created resources, and the ability to re-interrogate samples.

We developed protocols and designed a custom apparatus to enable embedding of millimeter-scale specimens. We present sample preparation procedures with an emphasis on embedding in acrylic resin and polyimide tubing to achieve rigid immobilization and long-term storage of specimens for the interrogation of tissue architecture and cell morphology by micro-CT.

剛体の埋め込み固定し、ステンド グラス、全体、マイクロ コンピューター断層撮影によってセクション-無料の 3 D の組織学のためのミリ波スケール標本

For over a hundred years, the histological study of tissues has been the gold standard for medical diagnosis because histology allows all cell types in ...

Intra-cardiac Side-Firing Light Catheter for Monitoring Cellular Metabolism using Transmural Absorbance Spectroscopy of Perfused Mammalian Hearts

Absorbance spectroscopy of cardiac muscle provides non-destructive assessment of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxygenation via myoglobin and cytochrome absorbance respectively. In addition, numerous aspects of the mitochondrial metabolic status such as membrane potential and substrate entry can also be estimated. To perform cardiac wall transmission optical spectroscopy, a commercially available side-firing optical fiber catheter is placed in the left ventricle of the isolated perfused heart as a light source. Light passing through the heart wall is collected with an external optical fiber to perform optical spectroscopy of the heart in near real- time. The transmission approach avoids numerous surface scattering interference occurring in widely used reflection approaches. Changes in transmural absorbance spectra were deconvolved using a library of chromophore reference spectra, providing quantitative measures of all the known cardiac chromophores simultaneously. This spectral deconvolution approach eliminated intrinsic errors that may result from using common dual wavelength methods applied to overlapping absorbance spectra, as well as provided a quantitative evaluation of the goodness of fit. A custom program was designed for data acquisition and analysis, which permitted the investigator to monitor the metabolic state of the preparation during the experiment. These relatively simple additions to the standard heart perfusion system provide a unique insight into the metabolic state of the heart wall in addition to conventional measures of contraction, perfusion, and substrate/oxygen extraction.

Here we introduce a method for using an intra-ventricle optical catheter in perfused hearts to perform absorbance spectroscopy across the heart wall. The data obtained provides robust information on tissue oxygen tension as well as substrate utilization and membrane potential simultaneously with cardiac performance measures in this ubiquitous preparation.

浸透哺乳動物の心臓のトランスムラル吸光分光法を用いた細胞代謝モニタリングのための心臓内側発射光カテーテル

Absorbance spectroscopy of cardiac muscle provides non-destructive assessment of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxygenation via myoglobin and cytochrome ...