MPNは、財政支援のためのディレクターズフェローシッププログラムに感謝しています。 MPNは、太陽電池の処理のためのプロトコルの開発を支援するためゆう志Tsengさんに感謝したいと考えています。この作品は、ナノスケール材料センター、米国エネルギー省、科学局、契約番号DE-AC02-06CH11357下の基礎エネルギー科学ユーザー施設の事務所で行われました。

1。信号収集<ol class="lalpha"><li>ナノスコープ-Vのコントローラを備えた市販のマルチモードAFM（Veeco社、サンタバーバラ、カリフォルニア州）に試料を（PC 61 BM）：PSS/P3HT陰極なしポリマー太陽電池（ITO / PEDOT）をインストールします。 </li><li>マルチモードAFMプローブホルダーに導電性AFM探針を取り付けます。 </li><li> AFM探針、試料と電圧源との間の電気的な接続を作成します。 </li><li>ルート電流アンプの出力（電流信号）、マルチモードのAFM偏向出力（力信号）、デジタル·アクイジション·カードにマルチモードAFMの試料高出力（距離信号）（NI PCI-6115 DAQ）。フェムトDLPCA-200電流アンプのゲインは、50 kHzの帯域幅で1 NA / Vです。 </li><li> AFMプローブとITO電極との間に6Vのバイアスを印加する。 </li><li>トポグラフィ信号を収集PeakForceTMモードでマルチモードAFMを実行：30 NN、300nmのサポート発振振幅、2 kHzの支持発振周波数は1Hzのスキャン速度、およびresolutiのピーク力設定ポイント512ピクセル×512の上に。 </li><li>同時にトポグラフィ信号の取得（工程e）でLabVIEW / MATLABの制御により、セクションDに記載されている信号を収集します。 </li></ol> 2。データ解析ステップ1：プルオフフォース、接触剛性、および現在のマップの生成<ol class="lalpha"><li> MATLABにタイムスタンプ付きの電流、力と距離信号を読み取る。 </li><li>距離、力 - - 最初の走査線の電流曲線2000力を作成します。曲線の数は、サポート発振周波数とスキャン速度の関数です。 </li><li>各勢力から-距離曲線、AFMプローブ（ 図1）の撤退中に剛性とプルオフ接触力を決定します。 </li><li>各勢力から- AFMプローブ（ 図1）は、撤退中に表面と接触している間に電流曲線、平均電流を決定します。 </li><li>補間する2000個の等間隔接触剛性、プルオフ力、分解能に一致するように512点で現在のポイントトポグラフィ信号のる。接触剛性、プルオフ力は、現在のマップの最初の走査線が行われます。 </li><li>電子512回通って手順bを繰り返して剛性、プルオフ力は、現在のマップを作成し連絡。結果を図2に示します。 </li></ol> 3。データ解析手順2：非接触領域のアーチファクトの除去<ol class="lalpha"><li>式を使用して、（1）と（2）スキャンの各ポイントで、材料のヤング率（E 材 ）と抵抗（ρ）を得るために：20 <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2.853in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50293/50293eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50293/50293eq1.jpg" /> 使用してF ADH = F PULL - 8 NN（AFMと表面の間に水のメニスカスに起因する接着）、20接触剛性（k）と電流（I）のマップ、プロービング電圧（V）、膜厚（L）とを接着エネルギー（ ワット =γ プローブ +γ マテリアの L - γ プローブ - 材料は、γ プローブ -プローブ材料の表面エネルギーは、γ 材質 -表面の試料物質のエネルギー、γ、PROBE-材質 -試料物質とプローブ材料の界面エネルギー） 20 </li></ol>

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特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

高スループットの遵守と低コスト製造プロセス4と連携して有機太陽電池（OPV）セルの電力変換効率の最近のブレークスルー（PCE）（細胞レベルで10％を押す）3としてOPVの技術にスポットライトを持ってきた大面積太陽電池の安価な製造への挑戦のために可能な解決策。 OPVの材料は、ナノメートルスケールで本質的に不均一である。 OPVの材料と光起電力デバイスの性能のナノスケールの不均質性は密接に接続されています。したがって、組成物中の不均一性と同様にOPVの材料の電気的特性を理解することが楽しみにOPVの技術を移動するための最重要課題である。原子間力顕微鏡（AFM）は、1986年以来表面地形の高分解能測定のためのツールとして開発されました。今日5、材料特性（ヤング率、6月10日仕事関数、11の行動のためのテクニックivity、電気機械技術12、13-15等）の測定値が増加し、注目を集めています。 OPVの材料の場合には、地元の相組成と電気特性との相関は、有機太陽電池の内部の仕組みの理解を明らかにするための可能性を秘めています。1、16-17、AFMベースの技術は、同様に高分解能の位相属性8が可能である等の高分子材料にマッピング電気的特性。従って、原理的には、ポリマー相組成（機械測定による）18と電気的特性の相関は、AFMベースの技術を使用することで可能です。材料の機械的および電気的特性の測定のため、多くのAFMベースの技術は、AFM探針と表面間の接触面積の一定の仮定を使用しています。この仮定はしばしば表面トポグラフィーおよび電気的/機械的特性の間には強い相関関係、その結果、失敗します。のため最近では、新しいAFMベースの技術機械的性質（PeakForce）19の高スループット測定が導入されました。 PeakForceマグロ（PeakForce法のバリエーション）は、サンプルの機械的および電気的特性の同時測定のためのプラットフォームを提供します。しかし、Pea​​kForceマグロメソッドは、通常、強くあるため測定中の接触の行方変動の相関関係にある機械的および電気的特性マップを生成します。本稿では、AFMを用いて機械的および電気的特性の正確な測定を維持しながら、接触半径を変化させることに関連付けられている相関を除去するための実験プロトコルを提示。材料の抵抗及びヤング率の定量的測定におけるプロトコル結果の実装。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬/材料の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> 注釈 </td></tr><tr><td> Plextronicsインク</td><td> Plexcore </td><td> PV 1000年</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ITO被覆ガラス基板</td><td>デルタ·テクノロジーズ株式会社</td><td></td><td> 25オーム/□ </td></tr><tr><td> 30 MHzの合成されたファンクションジェネレータ</td><td> Stanfor研究システム</td><td> DS345 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>電流増幅器</td><td>フェムト</td><td> DLPCA-200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マルチモードAFM </td><td> Veeco社は、カリフォルニア州サンタバーバラ</td><td></td><td>ナノスコープ-Vのコントローラを装備</td></tr><tr><td> DAQカード</td><td>ナショナルインスツルメンツ</td><td> NI PCI-6115 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>金属のPtプローブ</td><td> RMNano </td><td> 12Pt3008 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MATLABソフトウェア</td><td> Mathworks社</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LabVIEWソフトウェア</td><td>ナショナルインスツルメンツ</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

concurrent quantitative conductivity and mechanical properties measurements of organic photovoltaic materials using afm

有機太陽電池（OPV）材料は、ナノメートルスケールで本質的に不均一である。 OPVの材料のナノスケールの不均質性は、光電子デバイスのパフォーマンスに影響を与えます。したがって、組成の空間的変動だけでなく、OPVの材料の電気的特性の理解と、前方のPV技術を移動するための最重要課題である。本稿では1,2、我々はサブでのOPV材料の電気的および機械的性質の定量的測定のためのプロトコルを記述する-100 nmの分解能。現時点では、材料特性の測定は、一般的に定性的な情報を提供する市販のAFMベースの技術（PeakForce、導電性AFM）を用いて行った。抵抗だけでなく、ヤング率が原型ITO / PEDOTに我々の方法を用いて測定値：PSS/P3HT：PC 61 BMのシステムは、文献データとよく対応しています。 P3HT：PC 61 BMのブレンドは、61、BM-リッチとP3HT-リッチdomai PC上に分離NS。 PC 61 BM -金持ちとP3HTリッチドメインの機械的性質は、膜の表面にドメインの帰属が可能になる、とは異なります。重要なのは、機械的および電気的データを組み合わせることで、フィルムの厚さを通して測定された電気特性のばらつきを持つ膜の表面にドメイン構造の相関を可能にします。

ヤング率と抵抗率マップ（ 図3）は、上記の測定値の存在する典型的な結果。 ITO / PEDOTの機械的および電気的特性：PSS/P3HT：PC 61 BMのスタックが負（-10 V）と正（6 V）のAFMプローブに印加される電圧で測定した。 AFM探針と試料との間の静電相互作用に関連付けられている画像アーチファクトは、AFMを用いた機能的特性の定量的測定のための共通の問題です。異なる電圧で測...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM at JoVE.com

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

有機太陽電池（OPV）材料は、ナノメートルスケールで本質的に不均一である。 OPVの材料のナノスケールの不均質性は、光電子デバイスのパフォーマンスに影響を与えます。本稿では、100nm以下の分解能でのOPV材料の電気的および機械的性質の定量的測定のためのプロトコルを記述します。

同時定量伝導率およびAFMを用いた有機太陽電池材料の機械的特性の測定

Organic photovoltaic  (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale  inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance ...

concurrent-quantitative-conductivity-mechanical-properties

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.6K ビュー.  Argonne National Laboratory. 有機太陽電池（OPV）材料は、ナノメートルスケールで本質的に不均一である。 OPVの材料のナノスケールの不均質性は、光電子デバイスのパフォーマンスに影響を与えます。本稿では、100nm以下の分解能でのOPV材料の電気的および機械的性質の定量的測定のためのプロトコルを記述します。

ビデオ: Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

水中での超分子ポリマーのサイズ、形状と安定性を制御する

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

工学

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new attention as a unique mechanism for pattern transformation. Nature is full of such examples where a wealth of exotic patterns are formed through mechanical instability2-5. Inspired by this elegant mechanism, many studies have demonstrated creation and transformation of patterns using soft materials such as elastomers and hydrogels6-11. Swelling gels are of particular interest because they can spontaneously trigger mechanical instability to create various patterns without the need of external force6-10. Recently, we have reported demonstration of full control over buckling pattern of micro-scaled tubular gels using projection micro-stereolithography (P&mu;SL), a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology capable of rapidly converting computer generated 3D models into physical objects at high resolution12,13. Here we present a simple method to build up a simplified P&mu;SL system using a commercially available digital data projector to study swelling-induced buckling instability for controlled pattern transformation.
A simple desktop 3D printer is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector and simple optical components such as a convex lens and a mirror14. Cross-sectional images extracted from a 3D solid model is projected on the photosensitive resin surface in sequence, polymerizing liquid resin into a desired 3D solid structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. Even with this simple configuration and easy process, arbitrary 3D objects can be readily fabricated with sub-100 &mu;m resolution.
This desktop 3D printer holds potential in the study of soft material mechanics by offering a great opportunity to explore various 3D geometries. We use this system to fabricate tubular shaped hydrogel structure with different dimensions. Fixed on the bottom to the substrate, the tubular gel develops inhomogeneous stress during swelling, which gives rise to buckling instability. Various wavy patterns appear along the circumference of the tube when the gel structures undergo buckling. Experiment shows that circumferential buckling of desired mode can be created in a controlled manner. Pattern transformation of three-dimensionally structured tubular gels has significant implication not only in mechanics and material science, but also in many other emerging fields such as tunable matamaterials.

We demonstrate controlled pattern transformation of swelling gel tubes by elastic instability. A simple projection micro stereo-lithography setup is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector to fabricate three-dimensional polymeric structures in a layer-by-layer fashion. Swelling hydrogel tubes under mechanical constraint display various circumferential buckling modes depending on dimension.

デジタルプロジェクターとソフトマテリアル力学の研究への応用を用いたマイクロ3Dプリント

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

中性子スピンエコーを使用して放牧発生率散乱を解決し、有機太陽電池材料を調査する

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including conductive, semi-conductive or nonconductive one-dimensional structures. This technique broadens the measurement scope of materials (conductive and nonconductive) and improves the accuracy and stability. If the sample (especially biomaterials, such as human head hair, spider silk, and silkworm silk) is not conductive, it will be coated with a gold layer to make it electronically conductive. The effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses on the thermal diffusivity can be subtracted during data processing. Then the real thermal conductivity can be calculated with the given value of volume-based specific heat (&#961;cp), which can be obtained from calibration, noncontact photo-thermal technique or measuring the density and specific heat separately. In this work, human head hair samples are used to show how to set up the experiment, process the experimental data, and subtract the effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses.

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials.

一次元固体材料の熱輸送のキャラクタリゼーション

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including ...

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). In this article we will describe the methods for constructing and characterizing macroscopic disordered photonic structures using microwaves. The microwave regime offers the most convenient experimental sample size to build and test PBG media. Easily manipulated dielectric lattice components extend flexibility in building various 2D structures on top of pre-printed plastic templates. Once built, the structures could be quickly modified with point and line defects to make freeform waveguides and filters. Testing is done using a widely available Vector Network Analyzer and pairs of microwave horn antennas. Due to the scale invariance property of electromagnetic fields, the results we obtained in the microwave region can be directly applied to infrared and optical regions. Our approach is simple but delivers exciting new insight into the nature of light and disordered matter interaction.

Our representative results include the first experimental demonstration of the existence of a complete and isotropic PBG in a two-dimensional (2D) hyperuniform disordered dielectric structure. Additionally we demonstrate experimentally the ability of this novel photonic structure to guide electromagnetic waves (EM) through freeform waveguides of arbitrary shape.

Disordered structures offer new mechanisms for forming photonic bandgaps and unprecedented freedom in functional-defect designs. To circumvent the computational challenges of disordered systems, we construct modular macroscopic samples of the new class of PBG materials and use microwaves to characterize their scale-invariant photonic properties, in an easy and inexpensive manner.

乱れたフォトニックバンドギャップ材料のフォトニック特性を研究するためにマイクロ波誘電体固体の巨視的サンプルの使用

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low friction at the interface. Nevertheless, these systems can be sensitive to wear due to interdigitation of the opposing brushes. In a recent publication, we have shown via molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy experiments, that using an immiscible polymer brush system terminating the substrate and the slider surfaces, respectively, can eliminate such interdigitation. As a consequence, wear in the contacts is reduced. Moreover, the friction force is two orders of magnitude lower compared to traditional miscible polymer brush systems. This newly proposed system therefore holds great potential for application in industry. Here, the methodology to construct an immiscible polymer brush system of two different brushes each solvated by their own preferred solvent is presented. The procedure how to graft poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) from a flat surface and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from an atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe is described. PNIPAM is solvated in water and PMMA in acetophenone. Via friction force AFM measurements, it is shown that the friction for this system is indeed reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the miscible system of PMMA on PMMA solvated in acetophenone.

The methodology to perform friction force microscopy experiments for contacting brushes is presented: Two polymer brushes that are grafted from (a) substrates and (b) colloidal probes are slid to show that, by using two contacting immiscible brush systems, friction in sliding contacts is reduced compared to miscible brush systems.

ポリマーブラシに反対非混和性の調製と摩擦力顕微鏡の測定、

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low ...

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs and condition-based maintenance. These materials are adopted in a wide range of engineering applications, from aircraft and ship structures, to bridges, wind turbine blades, biomaterials and biomedical implants. Polymers are viscoelastic materials, and their response may be highly nonlinear and thus make it challenging to predict and monitor their in-service performance. The laboratory-scale testing platform presented herein assists the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical loadings and environmental conditions on these materials. The platform was designed to be low-cost and user-friendly. Its chemically resistant materials make the platform adaptable to studies of chemical degradation due to in-service exposure to fluids. An example of experiment was conducted at RT on closed-cell polyurethane foam samples loaded with a weight corresponding to ~50% of their ultimate static and dry load. Results show that the testing apparatus is appropriate for these studies. Results also highlight the larger vulnerability of the polymer under concurrent loading, based on the higher mid-point displacements and lower residual failure loads. Recommendations are made for additional improvements to the testing apparatus.

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

同時Hygrothermo-機械的刺激下でのポリマーおよび繊維強化ポリマー複合材料の耐久性研究のための試験プラットホーム

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

In this work, a combination of amplitude-modulated non-contact atomic force microscopy and atomic force spectroscopy is applied for instrumented hardness measurements on an Au(111) surface with atomistic resolution of single plasticity events. A careful experimental procedure is described that includes the force sensor selection, its calibration, the calibration of the cantilever deflection detection system, and the minimization of instrumental drift for accurate and reproducible force-distance measurements. Also, a method for the data analysis is presented that allows the extraction of force-penetration curves from recorded force-distance curves. A typical curve displays a clear elastic deformation regime up to the first plasticity event, or pop-in, with a length in the range of one to two Burger's vectors. Later plasticity events exhibit the same magnitude. The work of plasticity is further extracted from the measurements. Finally, the hardness is determined in combination with the indentation curve using non-contact atomic force microscopy images of the remaining indents.

This experimental protocol describes how atomic force microscopy can be used to measure hardness at the true nanometer scale and to detect single atomistic plasticity events.

計装AFMインデンテーションによる定量硬度測定

In this work, a combination of amplitude-modulated non-contact atomic force microscopy and atomic force spectroscopy is applied for instrumented hardness ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

時間分解マイクロ波伝導を介して、薄膜太陽電池材料での再結合ダイナミクス

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

巨視的揺動運動の光によって誘起される液晶ネットワークの準備

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...