この研究活動は、受賞番号DE-SC0001058下基礎エネルギー科学局は、米国エネルギー省によって資金を供給原子レベルのCatalystデザイン、エネルギーフロンティア研究センターセンター、科学のOfficeの一部としてサポートされており、また、取締役会によってサポートされている助成金の下でリージェンツ賞番号LEQSF（2009から14） - EFRCマッチとLEDSF-EPS（2012）-OPT-IN-15。 MRCAT操作は、エネルギー省とMRCATのメンバー機関によってサポートされています。 ANLでの光量子源の使用は、契約番号DE-AC02-06CH11357の下、科学、基礎エネルギー科学局の事務所、米国エネルギー省によってサポートされています。 JTMのための財政支援は、Atomの効率化学変換研究所（IACT）、米国エネルギー省によって資金を供給エネルギーフロンティア研究センター、科学局、基礎エネルギー科学のOfficeの一部として提供されていました。

セットアップMillifluidicsさ 2mm（W）の寸法を有する蛇行チャネルを有するMicroplumbers Microsciences LLCから（ポリエステルテレフタレートポリマーからなる）ミリ流体チップ購入：0.15ミリメートル（H）が220ミリメートル（L）×X。ポンプにチップを接続するため、ODで1月16日、内径0.25 mmの寸法のFEPチューブを使用してください。 2つの異なる実験のために二つの異なるポンプを使用してください。最初の実験（銅ナノ粒子）と第二の実験（金ナノ粒子）のためのミリ流体デバイスに使用P-ポンプ。 、チャネル内の気泡の問題を最小限にするために新たに調製されたのNaBH 4溶液は気泡が溶液から逃れるように、チップ内に圧送する前に10〜15分〜放置し開いたままにした。このステップは、我々の実験のすべてに従った。 1。超小型の銅ナノクラスターの合成（UCNCs） <ol><li> 必要な化学物質：入手した銅（II）ニトラteの水和物、水素化ホウ素ナトリウム、水酸化ナトリウムペレットとO-[2 - （3 - mercaptopropionylamino）エチル]-O&#39;-メチルポリエチレングリコール（MW = 5000）[MPEG]、さらに精製することなく、すべての化学薬品を使用。実験のためにナノ純水（18.2MΩ-CM）を使用します。 </li><li>実験のための窒素圧力の下で規制さPポンプを使用してください。対応するフロー·レート（ML /時）と相関することが実験前に異なる圧力で、溶媒として水を用いてポンプをテストします。実験開始前に脱イオン水でミリ流体原子炉や配管を洗浄します。 </li><li> O-の銅の174ミリグラム（0.95ミリモル）（II）硝酸610 mgの（0.122ミリモル）を溶​​解 - ナノ純水の28ミリリットル中の[2 - （3 - mercaptopropionylamino）エチル]-O&#39;-メチルポリエチレングリコールおよびそれらを保つ一方の入力チャネルに接続されるバイアル</li><li>別のバイアル中で、別の水素化ホウ素ナトリウム111mgの溶液（2.93ミリモル）及び102mgの（2.78ミリモル）を28ミリリットル中の水酸化ナトリウム（pH約13）を保持し、それを接続する他の入力チャンネル。 </li><li>異なるフローレート（以下に示す）でミリ流体リアクター内で同時に両方のソリューションを流れ、ガラスバイアル中の出口で生じたUCNCsを収集します。窒素で溶液をパージし、窒素下で保管。 </li><li>の合成室温で異なる定数50ミリバール（6.81ミリリットル/時）の圧力、100ミリバール（14.31ミリリットル/時）、200ミリバール（32.7ミリリットル/時）と300ミリバール（51.4ミリリットル/時）の下でポンプを運転異なるフローレートでUCNCs。 </li></ol>合成手順は、P-ミリ流体ポンプとセットアップを使用して実証されたが、それはまた、Millifluidicaからハンドヘルドミリ流体装置を用いて行うことができる。 2。時間は金ナノ粒子形成にその場動力学的研究では解決された<ol><li> 必要な化学物質：塩化金酸（。のHAuCl 4·3H 2 O）、メソ-2,3 -ジメルカプトコハク酸（DMSA）および水素化ホウ素ナトリウム＆＃を取得する160であり、更に精製せずにすべての化学物質を使用しています。実験のためにナノ純水（18.2MΩ-CM）を使用します。 </li><li>完全に自動化され、脈動無料のシリンジポンプは、チップ内の液体を流すことが、高い精度を使用しています。必要な流量を最適化するために、実験の前に別のフローレートで、溶媒として水を用いてポンプをテストします。 </li><li>ナノ純水酸化ナトリウム（pHが12）を50mgとは、（i）のHAuCl 4·3H 2 O（10ミリモル、118.2 mg/30 ml）および（ii）のDMSA（20ミリモル、109.2 mg/30 ml）中の標準溶液を調製する水。 </li><li>自動化されたポンプを使用して10ミリリットル/時の一定の流速でミリ流体チップに2別個のシリンジを介して2つのソリューションを養う。 </li><li>カップルXYZ方向の動きへのアクセス権を持っているし、解決策をチップに圧送されたように、チップ上の異なるゾーンでXASデータを収集金属ステージを使用したシンクロトロンのビームラインにミリ流体チップ。 </li></ol>ながら&lt;em&gt;のin situ分析手順はPポンプを有するミリ流体セットアップを用いて実証し、それはまた、ハンドヘルドミリ流体装置を用いて行うことができる。 3。連続フローゴールド触媒この手順は、ハンドヘルドミリ流体デバイスを用いて実証した。 <ol><li> 必要な化学物質は：塩化金酸（。のHAuCl 4·3H 2 O）、メソ-2,3 -ジメルカプトコハク酸（DMSA）、水素化ホウ素ナトリウム、4 -ニトロフェノール、4 -アミノフェノールを入手し、さらに精製することなくすべての化学薬品を使用。実験のためにナノ純水（18.2MΩ-CM）を使用します。 </li><li> 触媒調製：。のHAuCl 4の標準溶液を調製3H 2 Oナノピュア中（10ミリモル、118.2 mg/30ミリリットル）、DMSA（20ミリモル、109.2 mg/30 ml）とのNaBH 4（10ミリモル、11.34 mg/30ミリリットル）水。 </li><li> 2別々のバイアルにのHAuCl 4とDMSAソリューションの10ミリリットルをそれぞれ取り、目の流れ45分間、12ミリリットル/時の均一な流量でハンドヘルドミリ流体デバイスを用いてチップ内の全角。 </li><li>のAu（0）へのAu（I）を減少させるために15分間、12ミリリットル/時間の流速でチップ内に10ミリモルのNaBH 4を流す。 </li><li>最後に、触媒実験を行う前に、同じ流速で30分間、ナノピュア水でチップを洗浄する。 </li><li> 触媒反応：下記として金触媒（上記で調製）の中に4 -アミノフェノール（4-AP）中に4 -ニトロフェノールの化学変換反応（還元）（4-NP）を実行は、ミリ流体チャネルを被覆した。 </li><li> 4 -ニトロフェノラートイオン（4 - NPI）を形成するために0.65モルのNaBH 4溶液3.3 mlの4-NPの9×10 -5モル溶液15mlを混合する。 </li><li>触媒活性を評価するための5ミリリットル/時の一定の流速でチップ内に堆積金触媒上で、得られた溶液を渡します。 250-50の波長範囲内で収集された生成物のUV-Visスペクトルを分析する0 nmの4-NPの変換を確認する。 </li><li> 4-NPIの検量線を得ることによって、反応の触媒活性を推定する。較正曲線は、異なる標準濃度で4-NPIの実験的に観察された吸収強度（I）をプロットすることによって取得することができる。 （399 nmで）ピーク高さのためのUV-Vis吸収曲線は吸収強度（I）の値を表し、ランベルト·ベールの法則によると、ピークの高さの値の変化は、その濃度に対応する変化を示すであろう。したがって、較正曲線からの反応の初期および最終濃度の差を求めることにより触媒活性を推定する。ピーク高さは1単位（ 図6）である場合、それは（較正プロットに基づいて）90％の触媒変換に対応する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Song, Y., Hormes, J., Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+Synthesis+of+Nanomaterials.">Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanomaterials.</a> Small. 4 (6), 698-711 (2008).</li><li>Huebner, A., Sharma, S., Srisa-Art, M., Hollfelder, F., Edel, J. B., DeMello, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microdroplets:+a+sea+of+applications.">Microdroplets: a sea of applications.</a> Lab Chip. 8, 1244-1254 (2008).</li><li>Helen, S., Delai, L. C., Rustem, F. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactions+in+Droplets+in+Microfluidic+Channels.">Reactions in Droplets in Microfluidic Channels.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 7336-7356 (2006).</li><li>Marre, S., Jensen, K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+nanostructures+in+microfluidic+systems.">Synthesis of nanostructures in microfluidic systems.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 1183-1202 (2010).</li><li>Theberge, A. B., Courtois, F., Schaerli, Y., Fischlechner, M., Abell, C., Hollfelder, F., Huck, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microdroplets+in+microfluidics:+an+evolving+platform+for+discoveries+in+chemistry+and+biology.">Microdroplets in microfluidics: an evolving platform for discoveries in chemistry and biology.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (34), 5846-5868 (2010).</li><li>Nicolas, L., Flavie, S., Pierre, G., Pascal, P., Annie, C., Bertrand, P., Cindy, H., Patrick, M., Samuel, M., Thomas, D., Cyril, A., Pascale, S., Laurent, P., Christopher, G., Emmanuel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+recent+advances+in+the+design+and+the+use+of+miniaturized+droplet-based+continuous+process:+Applications+in+chemistry+and+high-pressure+microflows.">Some recent advances in the design and the use of miniaturized droplet-based continuous process: Applications in chemistry and high-pressure microflows.</a> Lab Chip. 11, 779 (2011).</li><li>Biswas, S., Miller, J. T., Li, Y., Nandakumar, K., Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+Millifluidic+Platform+for+Synthesis+of+Ultra-small+Nanoclusters+(UNCs):+Ultra-small+Copper+Nanoclusters+(UCNCs)+as+a+Case+Study.">Developing Millifluidic Platform for Synthesis of Ultra-small Nanoclusters (UNCs): Ultra-small Copper Nanoclusters (UCNCs) as a Case Study.</a> Small. 8 (5), 688-698 (2012).</li><li>Li, Y., Sanampudi, A., Reddy, V. R., Biswas, S., Nandakumar, K., Yamane, D. G., Goettert, J. S., Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+Evolution+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+in+a+Millifluidic+Reactor.">Size Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles in a Millifluidic Reactor.</a> Phys. Chem. Phys. 13 (1), 177-182 (2012).</li><li>Li, Y., Yamane, D. G., Li, S., Biswas, S., Reddy, R., Goettert, J. S., Nandakumar, K., Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geometric+Optimization+of+Liquid-Liquid+Slug+Flow+in+a+Flow-focusing+Millifluidic+Device+for+Synthesis+of+Nanomaterials.">Geometric Optimization of Liquid-Liquid Slug Flow in a Flow-focusing Millifluidic Device for Synthesis of Nanomaterials.</a> Chem. Eng. J. 217, 447-459 (2013).</li><li>Zinoveva, S., De Silva, R., Louis, R. D., Datta, P., Kumar, C. S. S. R., Goettert, J., Hormes, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+wet+chemical+synthesis+of+Co+nanoparticles+in+a+microreactor+system:+A+time-resolved+investigation+by+X-ray+absorption+spectroscopy.">The wet chemical synthesis of Co nanoparticles in a microreactor system: A time-resolved investigation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.</a> Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A. 582, 239-241 (2007).</li><li>Krishna, K. S., Navin, C. V., Biswas, S., Singh, V., Ham, K., Bovenkamp, G. L., Theegala, C. S., Miller, J. T., Spivey, J., Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Millifluidics+for+Time-resolved+Mapping+of+the+Growth+of+Gold+Nanostructures.">Millifluidics for Time-resolved Mapping of the Growth of Gold Nanostructures.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (14), 5450-5456 (2013).</li><li>Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microfluidic Devices in nanotechnology-Fundamental Concepts. , (2010).</li><li>Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microfluidic Devices in nanotechnology-Fundamental Concepts. , (2010).</li><li>Meille, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+on+Methods+to+Deposit+Catalysts+on+Structured+Surfaces.">Review on Methods to Deposit Catalysts on Structured Surfaces.</a> Appl. Catal. A Gen. 315, 1-17 (2006).</li><li>Shin, W. C., McDonald, J. A., Zhao, S., Besser, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etching+Characteristics+of+a+Micromachined+Chemical+Reactor+Using+Inductively+Coupled+Plasma.">Etching Characteristics of a Micromachined Chemical Reactor Using Inductively Coupled Plasma.</a> , p357 (2002).</li><li>Abahmane, L., K&#246;hler, J. M., Gro&#223;, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold-nanoparticle-catalyzed+synthesis+of+propargylamines:+the+traditional+A3-multicomponent+reaction+performed+as+a+two-step+flow+process.">Gold-nanoparticle-catalyzed synthesis of propargylamines: the traditional A3-multicomponent reaction performed as a two-step flow process.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 17, 3005-3010 (2011).</li><li>Abahmane, L., Knauer, A., Ritter, U., K&#246;hler, J. M., Gro&#223;, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+Catalyzed+Pyridine+Synthesis+using+Montmorillionite+and+Nanoparticle-Impregnated+Alumina+in+a+Continuous+Micro+Flow+System.">Heterogeneous Catalyzed Pyridine Synthesis using Montmorillionite and Nanoparticle-Impregnated Alumina in a Continuous Micro Flow System.</a> Chem. Eng. Technol. 32, 1799-1805 (2009).</li><li>Abahmane, L., Knauer, A., K&#246;hler, J. M., Gro&#223;, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+polypyridine+derivatives+using+alumina+supported+gold+nanoparticles+under+micro+continuous+flow+conditions.">Synthesis of polypyridine derivatives using alumina supported gold nanoparticles under micro continuous flow conditions.</a> Chem. Eng. J. 167, 519-526 (2011).</li><li>Negishi, Y., Tsukuda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-Pot+Preparation+of+Subnanometer-Sized+Gold+Clusters+via+Reduction+and+Stabilization+by+meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic+Acid.">One-Pot Preparation of Subnanometer-Sized Gold Clusters via Reduction and Stabilization by meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4046-4047 (2003).</li><li>Abou-Hassan, A., Sandre, O., Cabuil, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+in+Inorganic+Chemistry.">Microfluidics in Inorganic Chemistry.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 6268-6286 (2010).</li><li>Jiang, D., Walter, M., Dai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+Sulfide+Nanoclusters:+A+Unique+Core-In-Cage+Structure.">Gold Sulfide Nanoclusters: A Unique Core-In-Cage Structure.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 16, 4999-5003 (2010).</li><li>Kuroda, K., Ishida, T., Haruta, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+4-nitrophenol+to+4-aminophenol+over+Au+nanoparticles+deposited+on+PMMA.">Reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol over Au nanoparticles deposited on PMMA.</a> J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 298, 7-11 (2009).</li><li>Navin, C. V., Krishna, K. S., Theegala, C. S., Kumar, C. S. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lab-on-a-chip+devices+for+gold+nanoparticle+synthesis+and+their+role+as+a+catalyst+support+for+continuous+flow+catalysis.">Lab-on-a-chip devices for gold nanoparticle synthesis and their role as a catalyst support for continuous flow catalysis.</a> Nanotech. Rev. , (2013).</li><li>Shahbazali, E., Hessel, V., No&#235;l, T., Wang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metallic+nanoparticles+made+in+flow+and+their+catalytic+applications+in+organic+synthesis.">Metallic nanoparticles made in flow and their catalytic applications in organic synthesis.</a> Nanotech. Rev. , (2013).</li></ol>

CSSRクマー以外のすべての著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。 C。SSRクマールは、会社Millifluidica LLCの創設者である。

-O&#39;-メチルポリエチレングリコール（MW = 5000）[MPEG] - UCNCsは、高分子キャッピング剤O-[（3 - Mercaptopropionylamino）エチル]の存在下で水素化ホウ素ナトリウムと硝酸銅の還元反応により形成した。反応は、6.8ミリリットル/時、14.3ミリリットル/時、32.7ミリリットル/時、形成されたUCNCs上のフロー·レートの影響を研究するための51.4ミリリットル/時で、異なるフローレートでミリ流体チップ?...

化学合成のためのラボオンチップ（LOC）デバイスは、増大した質量および熱移動、優れた反応制御、高いスループットと、より安全な動作環境の1点で有意な利点を示した。これらのデバイスは、広範に、チップベースの流体工学及びnonchip基づいて流体装置に分類することができる。チップベース流体工学の中では、マイクロフルイディクスは、よく研究されており、ここでは、文献2-5でよくカバーした。 NonchipベースLOCシステムは、管状反応器6を使用しています。従来、マイクロ流体システムは、幾何学的にサブミリスケールに制約される流体の正確な制御及び操作のために使用される。我々は最近、（幅または奥行きまたはチャネルの両方のサイズは、少なくともミリメートルである）7-9ミリメートルスケールのチャネル内の流体の操作に使用することができるチップベースmillifluidics、という概念を導入しています。また、ミリ流体チップは、WHIのを製作するのが比較的容易であるルフローレートおよび試薬の操作上の同様の制御を提供しています。これらのチップはまた、狭いサイズ分布を有するナノ粒子の制御された合成のスケールアップの可能性を提供し、それによって、小さな滞留時間の作成、高い流量速度で動作させることができる。一例として、我々は最近、超小型の銅ナノクラスターの合成を実証し、 その場 X線吸収分光法と同様に、TEM で使用してそれらを特徴としている。銅ナノクラスター7の安定なコロイドを形成するための非常に効率的なPEG化された二座の安定化剤であるMPEG、の使用と組み合わせてミリ流体チャネル内小滞留時間を得る能力。 化学物質やナノ材料の合成に加えて、millifluidicsは、プローブエリアでより高いボリュームと濃度、より一般化され、効率的な時間分解速度論的研究のためにもachieである合成プラットフォームに、提供することができマイクロ流体システム7,10よりもノイズ比に優れた信号をVES。私たちは、5ミリ秒11と小さい時間分解能でその場 XAS に用いて、溶液からの金のナノ構造の成長の時間分解解析のための一例として、ミリ流体チップを使用することを示しています。 また、触媒用途のための今日までに開発されたマイクロリアクターの大部分がシリコン12,13に基づいている。生成された小容量に加えて、それらの高価な製造は、大規模な製造には適さないことができます。ナノ触媒を有するチャネルを被覆するための2つの一般的な方法-多くの場合、シリコンコーティング手順と呼ばれる化学的および物理的には、流行14,15に入っている。高価な微細加工に加えて、チャネルの目詰まりは、マイクロ反応器触媒は大規模製造には不向きであり得ることができる。マイクロリアクタは、マイクロ連続フロースループロセスのearliに不均一系触媒のために使用されてきたが16-18小胞体、寸法を制御する能力、および連続流路内に埋め込 ​​まれた金ナノ触媒の形態は、以前に調査されなかった。我々は最近、Au触媒を有するミリ流体チャネルをコーティングするための技術を開発したナノ形態および寸法（ 図5）11 を制御した、工業的に重要な化学反応の触媒作用を行うため。一例として、我々は、ミリ流体チャネル内に被覆されたナノ構造金によって触媒4 - アミノ-4 - ニトロフェノールへの変換を実証した。シングルミリ流体リアクターチップ50〜60ミリリットル/時間、7ハイスループットおよび化学物質の制御された合成の流れレートを生成することができますことを考慮すると、連続フロー操作または並列処理により可能である。 millifluidicsが提供する可能性を活用するためには、上記のように説明したいくつかの例で、我々はまた、ユーザーフレンドリー性を実証ポータブルであり、そのような統合ミリ流体チップ、マニホールド、流量制御装置、ポンプ、電気的接続などの必要なすべてのコンポーネントを持っているミリ流体デバイス。このようなミリ流体デバイスは、 図7に示すように、現在、同社Millifluidica LLC（から提供されています<a href="http://www.millifluidica.com" target="_blank">www.millifluidica.com</a> ）。原稿はまた、ナノ材料、反応機構および連続流触媒の時間分解解析の制御された合成については、後述するように、ハンドヘルドミリ流体デバイスを使用してプロトコルを提供する。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (II) nitrate hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>13778-31-9</td>
			<td>99.999% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-[2-(3-mercaptopropionylamino)ethyl]-O&#8242;-methylpolyethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401916-61-8&#160;</td>
			<td>MW=5,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HAuCl4.3H2O (Chloroauric acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>27988-77-8&#160;</td>
			<td>99.999% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>304-55-2</td>
			<td>~98% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Nitrophenol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>100-02-7&#160;</td>
			<td>spectrophotometric grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Aminophenol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>123-30-8&#160;</td>
			<td>&#62;99% pure (HPLC grade)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>16940-66-2&#160;</td>
			<td>98% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide pellets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1310-73-2&#160;</td>
			<td>99.99% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millifluidic Chips</td>
			<td>Microplumbers Microsciences LLC</td>
			<td>SDC-01</td>
			<td>Made from polyester terephthalate polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Pump</td>
			<td>Mitos P-Pump, Dolomite</td>
			<td>3200016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Cetoni Automation and Microsystems, GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Syringe pump neMESYS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-3600 UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-held Millifluidic Device</td>
			<td>Millifluidica</td>
			<td>SCMD-1008</td>
			<td>Figure 7</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

millifluidics for chemical synthesis and time-resolved mechanistic studies

化学合成および時間分解機構の研究のためのミリ流体デバイスを利用する手順は3つの例を挙げて説明されている。第一の形態では、超小型の銅ナノクラスターの合成が記載されている。第二の例は、 その場 X線吸収分光法で使用した金ナノ粒子の形成を解析することにより、化学反応の時間分解動態を調査するためのそれらの有用性を提供します。最後の例では、ナノ構造の触媒でコーティングされたミリ流体流路内の反応の連続的な流れの触媒作用を示しています。

よく分散および狭いサイズ分布を有する均一なサイズの銅ナノクラスターは、ミリ流体チップのセットアップ（図1a）を用いて得た。合成に使用される様々なフローレートがクラスタのサイズに大きな影響を持っていませんでした。それにもかかわらず、流量の増加に伴って、粒度分布を狭く観測改善があった。最高の狭いサイズ分布を有するUCNCsは32.7ミリリットル/時間の流速で得た。 32.7?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies at JoVE.com

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

ミリ流体デバイスは、ナノ材料、反応機構および連続流触媒の時間分解解析の制御された合成のために利用される。

化学合成時間分解機構の研究のためのMillifluidics

Procedures utilizing millifluidic devices for chemical synthesis and time-resolved mechanistic studies are described by taking three examples. In the ...

millifluidics-for-chemical-synthesis-time-resolved-mechanistic

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Physics

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Work and Kinetic Energy

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.1K ビュー.  Louisiana State University. ミリ流体デバイスは、ナノ材料、反応機構および連続流触媒の時間分解解析の制御された合成のために利用される。 

ビデオ: Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with conventional one-sample-at-a-time synthesis techniques, a more recent high-throughput approach has been developed enabling the synthesis and testing of large libraries of polyanhydrides1. This will facilitate more efficient optimization and design process of these biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery applications. The method in this work describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries. In this robotically operated method (Figure 1), linear actuators and syringe pumps are controlled by LabVIEW, which enables a hands-free automated protocol, eliminating user error. Furthermore, this method enables the rapid fabrication of micro-scale polymer libraries, reducing the batch size while resulting in the creation of multivariant polymer systems. This combinatorial approach to polymer synthesis facilitates the synthesis of up to 15 different polymers in an equivalent amount of time it would take to synthesize one polymer conventionally. In addition, the combinatorial polymer library can be fabricated into blank or protein-loaded geometries including films or nanoparticles upon dissolution of the polymer library in a solvent and precipitation into a non-solvent (for nanoparticles) or by vacuum drying (for films). Upon loading a fluorochrome-conjugated protein into the polymer libraries, protein release kinetics can be assessed at high-throughput using a fluorescence-based detection method (Figures 2 and 3) as described previously1. This combinatorial platform has been validated with conventional methods2 and the polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries have been characterized with 1H NMR and FTIR. The libraries have been screened for protein release kinetics, stability and antigenicity; in vitro cellular toxicity, cytokine production, surface marker expression, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation; and in vivo biodistribution and mucoadhesion1-11. The combinatorial method developed herein enables high-throughput polymer synthesis and fabrication of protein-loaded nanoparticle and film libraries, which can, in turn, be screened in vitro and in vivo for optimization of biomaterial performance.

This method describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries.

組合せの合成と高分子膜とナノ粒子のライブラリからのハイスループットタンパクリリース

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with ...

生物工学

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12.
The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices.
The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17.
Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).

In this article, a high throughput method is presented for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and their attachment to the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles for further use in targeting specific receptors on antigen presenting cells.

無水物ナノ粒子のハイスループット糖鎖の合成と機能化

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design ...

Microfabrication of Nanoporous Gold Patterns for Cell-material Interaction Studies

Nanostructured materials with feature sizes in tens of nanometers have enhanced the performance of several technologies, including fuel cells, biosensors, biomedical device coatings, and drug delivery tools. Nanoporous gold (np-Au), produced by a nano-scale self-assembly process, is a relatively new material that exhibits large effective surface area, high electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity. These properties have made np-Au an attractive material to scientific community. Most studies on np-Au employ macro-scale specimens and focus on fundamental science of the material and its catalytic and sensor applications. The macro-scale specimens limit np-Au's potential in miniaturized systems, including biomedical devices. In order to address these issues, we initially describe two different methods to micropattern np-Au thin films on rigid substrates. The first method employs manually-produced stencil masks for creating millimeter-scale np-Au patterns, while the second method uses lift-off photolithography to pattern sub-millimeter-scale patterns. As the np-Au thin films are obtained by sputter-deposition process, they are compatible with conventional microfabrication techniques, thereby amenable to facile integration into microsystems. These systems include electrically-addressable biosensor platforms that benefit from high effective surface area, electrical conductivity, and gold-thiol-based surface bioconjugation. We describe cell culture, immunostaining, and image processing techniques to quantify np-Au's interaction with mammalian cells, which is an important performance parameter for some biosensors. We expect that the techniques illustrated here will assist the integration of np-Au in platforms at various length-scales and in numerous applications, including biosensors, energy storage systems, and catalysts.

We report on techniques to micropattern nanoporous gold thin films via stencil printing and photolithography, as well as methods to culture cells on the microfabricated patterns. In addition, we describe image analysis methods to characterize morphology of the material and the cultured cells using scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy techniques.

物質 - 細胞相互作用研究ナノポーラス金パターンの微細加工

Nanostructured materials with feature sizes in tens of nanometers have enhanced the performance of several technologies, including fuel cells, biosensors, ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein block-copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. A highly hydrophilic random coil is inserted into one of the block-copolymers for water retention. Mixing of the two protein block copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit with crosslinkers at either end that rapidly self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is very stable under both acidic and basic conditions, at temperatures up to 50 &#176;C, and in organic solvents. The hydrogel rapidly reforms after shear-induced rupture. Incorporation of a &#34;docking station peptide&#34; into the hydrogel building block enables convenient incorporation of &#34;docking protein&#34;-tagged target proteins. The hydrogel is compatible with tissue culture growth media, supports the diffusion of 20 kDa molecules, and enables the immobilization of bioactive globular proteins. The application of the intein-mediated protein hydrogel as an organic-solvent-compatible biocatalyst was demonstrated by encapsulating the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and corroborating its activity.

We present the synthesis of a split-intein-mediated protein hydrogel. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. Mixing of the two protein copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit that self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is highly pH- and temperature-stable, compatible with organic solvents, and easily incorporates functional globular proteins.

インテイン媒介人工タンパク質ヒドロゲルの合成

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

医工学のためのケラチンベースのナノファイバーの合成

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and functionalize polymer chains with compounds that are able to improve biocompatibility, mechanical properties, or cell viability allows the design of novel materials to meet new challenges in the biomedical field. With the polymer functionalization strategies, click chemistry is a powerful tool to improve cell-compatibility and drug delivery properties of polymeric devices. Similarly, the fundamental need of biomedicine to use sterile tools to avoid potential adverse-side effects, such as toxicity or contamination of the biological environment, gives rise to increasing interest in the microwave-assisted strategy.
The combination of click chemistry and the microwave-assisted method is suitable to produce biocompatible hydrogels with desired functionalities and improved performances in biomedical applications. This work aims to synthesize RGD-functionalized hydrogels. RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) is a tripeptide that can mimic cell adhesion proteins and bind to cell-surface receptors, creating a hospitable microenvironment for cells within the 3D polymeric network of the hydrogels. RGD functionalization occurs through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Some PAA carboxyl groups are modified with an alkyne moiety, whereas RGD is functionalized with azido acid as the terminal residue of the peptide sequence. Finally, both products are used in a copper catalyzed click reaction to permanently link the peptide to PAA. This modified polymer is used with carbomer, agarose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to synthesize a hydrogel matrix. The 3D structure is formed due to an esterification reaction involving carboxyl groups from PAA and carbomer and hydroxyl groups from agarose and PEG through microwave-assisted polycondensation. The efficiency of the gelation mechanism ensures a high degree of RGD functionalization. In addition, the procedure to load therapeutic compounds or biological tools within this functionalized network is very simple and reproducible.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated.

治療用途のためのツールとしてのRGD官能ヒドロゲルの合成

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

Polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate Microfluidic Devices for Cell Migration Studies Under Perpendicular Chemical and Oxygen Gradients

This paper reports a microfluidic device made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with an embedded polycarbonate (PC) thin film to study cell migration under combinations of chemical and oxygen gradients. Both chemical and oxygen gradients can greatly affect cell migration in vivo; however, due to technical limitations, very little research has been performed to investigate their effects in vitro. The device developed in this research takes advantage of a series of serpentine-shaped channels to generate the desired chemical gradients and exploits a spatially confined chemical reaction method for oxygen gradient generation. The directions of the chemical and oxygen gradients are perpendicular to each other to enable straightforward migration result interpretation. In order to efficiently generate the oxygen gradients with minimal chemical consumption, the embedded PC thin film is utilized as a gas diffusion barrier. The developed microfluidic device can be actuated by syringe pumps and placed into a conventional cell incubator during cell migration experiments to allow for setup simplification and optimized cell culture conditions. In cell experiments, we used the device to study migrations of adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells, A549, under combinations of chemokine (stromal cell-derived factor, SDF-1&#945;) and oxygen gradients. The experimental results show that the device can stably generate perpendicular chemokine and oxygen gradients and is compatible with cells. The migration study results indicate that oxygen gradients may play an essential role in guiding cell migration, and cellular behavior under combinations of gradients cannot be predicted from those under single gradients. The device provides a powerful and practical tool for researchers to study interactions between chemical and oxygen gradients in cell culture, which can promote better cell migration studies in more in vivo-like microenvironments.

The control of chemical and oxygen gradients is essential for cell cultures. This paper reports a polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate (PDMS-PC) microfluidic device capable of reliably generating combinations of chemical and oxygen gradients for cell migration studies, which can be practically utilized in biological labs without sophisticated instrumentation.

垂直化学的酸素勾配の下で細胞移動研究のためのポリジメチルシロキサン - ポリカーボネートマイクロ流体デバイス

This paper reports a microfluidic device made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with an embedded polycarbonate (PC) thin film to study cell migration under ...

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and thus achieving stable water permeability through membranes over time. Here, we report a facile method to prepare hydrogels based on zwitterions for membrane applications. Freestanding films can be prepared from sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) with a crosslinker of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) via photopolymerization. The hydrogels can also be prepared by impregnation into hydrophobic porous supports to enhance the mechanical strength. These films can be characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the degree of conversion of the (meth)acrylate groups, using goniometers for hydrophilicity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for polymer chain dynamics. We also report protocols to determine the water permeability in dead-end filtration systems and the effect of foulants (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on membrane performance.

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

水質浄化のための膜のような防汚特性を持つハイドロゲルの合成

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by the use of an ammonia selective absorbent. The process can be driven with wind energy, available locally in areas requiring ammonia for synthetic fertilizer. Such wind energy is often called &#34;stranded,&#34; because it is only available far from population centers where it can be directly used.
In the proposed low pressure process, nitrogen is made from air using pressure swing absorption, and hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water. While these gases can react at approximately 400 &#176;C in the presence of a promoted conventional catalyst, the conversion is often limited by the reverse reaction, which makes this reaction only feasible at high pressures. This limitation can be removed by absorption on an ammine-like calcium or magnesium chloride. Such alkaline metal halides can effectively remove ammonia, thus suppressing the equilibrium constraints of the reaction. In the proposed absorption-enhanced ammonia synthesis process, the rate of reaction may then be controlled not by the chemical kinetics nor the absorption rates, but by the rate of the recycle of unreacted gases. The results compare favorably with ammonia made from a conventional small scale Haber-Bosch process.

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by using a conventional catalyst and an ammonia selective absorbent.

低圧でのアンモニア合成

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by the use of an ammonia selective absorbent. The process can be driven with wind energy, available locally in ...

Synthesis of Functionalized 10-nm Polymer-coated Gold Particles for Endothelium Targeting and Drug Delivery

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used extensively in medical research due to their size, biocompatibility, and modifiable surface. Specific targeting and drug delivery are some of the applications of these AuNPs, but endothelial extracellular matrices&#39; defensive properties hamper particle uptake. To address this issue, we describe a synthesis method for ultrasmall gold nanoparticles to improve vascular delivery, with customizable functional groups and polymer lengths for further adjustments. The protocol yields 2.5 nm AuNPs that are capped with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC). The replacement of THPC with hetero-functional polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the surface of the AuNP increases the hydrodynamic radius to 10.5 nm while providing various functional groups on the surface. The last part of the protocol includes an optional addition of a fluorophore to allow the AuNPs to be visualized under fluorescence to track nanoparticle uptake. Dialysis and lyophilization were used to purify and isolate the AuNPs. These fluorescent nanoparticles can be visualized in both in vitro and in vivo experiments due to the biocompatible PEG coating and fluorescent probes. Additionally, the size range of these nanoparticles render them an ideal candidate for probing the glycocalyx without disrupting normal vasculature function, which may lead to improved delivery and therapeutics.

We describe a method of synthesizing biocompatible 10-nm gold nanoparticles, functionalized by coating poly-ethylene glycol onto the surface. These particles can be used in vitro and in vivo for delivering therapeutics to nanoscale cellular and extracellular spaces that are difficult to access with conventional nanoparticle sizes.

粒子の合成機能 10 nm ポリマー コーティング金対象化、血管内皮細胞とドラッグデリバリー

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used extensively in medical research due to their size, biocompatibility, and modifiable surface. Specific targeting ...