著者は、ローズトビアス、Younghee安、とDavid N.ラスキンによって提供される技術や物流支援と専門知識に感謝しています。ここで説明する作業は、アルバータ州の小児病院財団とアルバータ州の小児病院研究所によって資金を供給された。

すべての手順は、カナダ動物管理委員会に合わせて行われ、カルガリー大学の動物実験委員会によって承認された。 1。動物の準備<ol><li> （12時間）、試験前に一晩、マウスを分離します。これを行うには、自分自身、試験の前の日でケージで実験的分析に必要BTBRのすべてとB6マウス（P35-P40）を配置します。 </li><li>動物が新しい環境に慣らすしめる行動分析室で、試験前に30分を分離したマウスを置きます。 </li></ol> 2。機器の準備<ol><li>試験室での取り外し可能な蓋付き30×30センチメートルプレキシガラスボックスを配置します。テーブルの上に箱を置いて、下から45°の角度にビデオカメラを配置。カメラのこの場所は、エンクロージャとマウスのフロア全体の可視化を可能にする。の壁からまぶしさを最小限に抑えるために赤外線ライトを使用ボックス。 </li><li>低ルクス環境下での撮影を最適化するために、赤外線機能を備えた高ズーム機能を有するビデオカメラを使用してください。マウスをボックス全体を通して可視化されるように画像を拡大囲いの上にカメラの焦点を合わせる。 </li><li>おがくず寝具（約1インチの深さでなければなりません）と箱のフロア全体をカバーしています。 </li></ol> 3試験手順<ol><li>テストエンクロージャ内 - マウスの株内のペア（BTBRまたはB6-B6 BTBR）を配置します。 </li><li>試験室の照明をオフにします。 </li><li>部屋を記録し、終了するには、ビデオカメラを起動します。これは、マウスの挙動に実験者の影響を防ぐことができます。 11分間の活動を記録する。 </li><li>録音が完了したら、試験室を再入力し、元のホームケージにマウスを返す。 </li><li> 、おがくずのベッドを処分70％エタノールで全試験ボックスを洗って、テストの底に新しいおがくずのベッドを配置しますエンクロージャ。 </li><li>内染色のペアの残りの手順全体を繰り返し、元のケージにマウスを返す。 </li></ol>注意：inchwormingデータの信頼性を確認するには、手順が異なるBTBR-BTBRとB6-B6対の組み合わせで、その後の日に繰り返すことができる。これは観察された挙動は、エンクロージャ内の特定のパートナーに依存しませんが、inchworming個々のことが保証されます。 4。データ解析<ol><li> Inchwormingを効果的にベッドを変位1内側にして、共起その後の外側への移動を最小限に抑えて、動物の前後とHind-フィートの同期内向きと外向きの運動として定義されています。手動で10分のビデオで尺取虫する合計時間、周波数、および待ち時間を確認するために二回（一回各マウス用）各ビデオを見て、スコア。期間、頻度、およびレイテンシをinchwormingの手動採点は以下に基づいている必要がありますINGの定義： Inchworming時間は各マウスinchworming行動に従事するに費やす総時間として定義されます。 inchwormingのこの側面を獲得するために、開始および停止することができ、タイマーを使用しています。マウスはマウスがinchwormingを停止したときにタイマーをインチワームおよび停止し始めたタイミングを開始します。マウスは、再び再スタートを尺取虫、タイマーを再停止を開始するとしている場合。マウスinchwormsたびに10分の観察期間の間、タイマの開始と停止を繰り返します。これは午後12時と10時分の間にあるinchworming期間スコアを生成します。 Inchworming周波数は ：マウスが10分の観察期間中inchworming行動に従事した回数として定義されます。シングルカウントは毎回マウスが開始され、停止しinchwormingを授与されている。 inchworming頻度スコアは0と∞の間の数になります。 尺取虫の待ち時間は ：時間THとして定義されているinchwormingの最初の発症前のパスで。ビデオの開始時に、これは時間が午後12時であること、そしてときにマウスinchworms初めてタイマーを停止し、タイマーを起動します。マウスがinchworming振る舞いが表示されない場合は尺取虫する待ち時間が10時になります。尺取虫するレイテンシを分析する際に、午前0時01分〜10:00分の間のスコアが得られるであろう。試験期間の間、尺取虫に失敗するマウスは、結果がinchworming挙動を示すマウスの集団に関連していることを確認するためにサンプル集団から除去されるべきである。 </li> <li>ビデオで各マウスについてinchwormingの合計頻度と持続時間を計算します。マウスの特定のペアに対して尺取虫するレイテンシ尺取虫するペアの最初のマウスに必要な時間を計算します。これらのパラメータは、マウス6における反復掘削行動に関連する先行方法論的作業に基づいています。 </li><li>平均期間を計算、周波数、および分析の各実験群（ すなわち BTBR対B6の）のために掘るの待ち時間。株/実験群との間でデータを比較するためにANOVAまたはt検定を使用してください。 注：手順は二日目に完了すると、後続の試行の効果やペアリングの影響がなかったことを確認するために、反復測定分散分析を使用しています。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>McFarlane, H. G., Kusek, G. K., Yan, M., Phoenix, J. L., Bolivar, V. J., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autism-like+behavioral+phenotypes+in+BTBR+T+tf/J+mice.">Autism-like behavioral phenotypes in BTBR T+tf/J mice.</a> Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 7, 152-163 (2008).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+mouse+behavioral+tasks+relevant+to+autistic-like+behaviors.">Designing mouse behavioral tasks relevant to autistic-like behaviors.</a> Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 10 (4), 248-258 (2004).</li><li>Deacon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digging+and+marble+burying+in+mice:+simple+methods+for+in+vivo+identification+of+biological+impacts.">Digging and marble burying in mice: simple methods for in vivo identification of biological impacts.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 122-124 (2006).</li><li>Thomas, A., Burant, A., Bui, N., Graham, D., Yuva-Paylor, L. A., Paylor, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marble+burying+reflects+a+repetitive+and+perseverative+behavior+more+than+novelty-induced+anxiety.">Marble burying reflects a repetitive and perseverative behavior more than novelty-induced anxiety.</a> Psychopharmacology. 204, 361-373 (2009).</li><li>Dudek, B. C., Adams, N., Boice, R., Abbott, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+influences+on+digging+behaviours+in+mice+(Mus+musculus)+in+laboratory+and+seminatural+settings.">Genetic influences on digging behaviours in mice (Mus musculus) in laboratory and seminatural settings.</a> Journal of Comparative Psychology. 97 (3), 249-259 (1983).</li><li>Webster, D., Williams, M. H., Owens, R., Geiger, V., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digging+behavior+in+12+taxa+of+muriod+rodents.">Digging behavior in 12 taxa of muriod rodents.</a> Animal Learning and Behavior. 9 (2), 173-177 (1981).</li><li>Pobbe, R. H., Pearson, B. L., Defensor, E., Bolivar, V. J., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+social+behaviours+of+C57BL/6J+versus+BTBR+inbred+mouse+strains+in+the+visible+burrow+system.">Expression of social behaviours of C57BL/6J versus BTBR inbred mouse strains in the visible burrow system.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 214, 443-449 (2010).</li><li>Lewis, M. H., Tanimura, Y., Lee, L., Bodfish, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+restricted+repetitive+behavior+in+autism.">Animal models of restricted repetitive behavior in autism.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 176, 66-74 (2007).</li><li>Silverman, J. L., Yang, M., Lord, C., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+phenotyping+assays+for+mouse+models+of+autism.">Behavioural phenotyping assays for mouse models of autism.</a> Nature Reviews. 11, 490-502 (2010).</li><li>Deacon, R., Rawlins, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+lesions,+species-typical+behaviours+and+anxiety+in+mice.">Hippocampal lesions, species-typical behaviours and anxiety in mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 156, 241-249 (2005).</li><li>Pearson, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+and+cognitive+sterotypies+in+the+BTBR+T+tf/J+mouse+model+of+autism.">Motor and cognitive sterotypies in the BTBR T+tf/J mouse model of autism.</a> Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 10, 228-235 (2011).</li><li>Pobbe, R. H., Defensor, E., Pearson, B. L., Bolivar, V. J., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+and+social+anxiety+in+the+BTBR+T++tf/J+mouse+strain.">General and social anxiety in the BTBR T+ tf/J mouse strain.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 216 (1), 446-451 (2011).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

Inchwormingは、ASDなどの常を示す多くの疾患を研究するために使用することができる反復的な行動の新規尺度である。修正された少年の社会的相互作用プロトコルから信頼性の高いinchwormingデータを生成する極めて重要である4つのステップがあります：1）拡張隔離期間がinchwormingテストに不可欠であり、プロトコルから削除又は短縮すべきではありません。この要件は、ここで説明するペアでi...

異常な社会的相互性、コミュニケーションにおける障害、および反復的な/常同行動1：自閉症スペクトラム障害（ASD）の病態生理は不明のままであるが、診断は大きく3つの症状カテゴリーの存在に依存する。ほとんどの齧歯類モデルは、同時に単一の動物に3つのすべての症状を再現することはできません。このようにして、確実に障害の一部またはすべての側面をシミュレートすることができますモデルは、効果的な予防と治療戦略の開発のための大きな価値を保持します。 ASDのすべての3つの側面が表示されない1つのモデルはBTBRマウス1,2である。 超音波発声および社会的アプローチアッセイと組み合わせて、若年社会的相互作用試験は、一般に小児ASDのマウスモデルを特徴付けるために使用され;これらのテストの測定値は、ASDのコアの特徴を表す異常な社会的行動を減少させます。若年社会的相互作用試験に加えて、他の多くの試験は、ASDの動物モデルにおいて常同行動を測定するために使用されてきた。例えば、オブジェクトを覆うように努力スナウトと前足を使用して寝具材料を変位させる、動物の傾向を調べ、ガラス玉覆い隠し試験は、3,4嫌悪刺激に応答して発生強迫常同行動を測定すると考えられている。したがって、掘削試験は、ASDの動物モデルおよびげっ歯類3,5-7の異なる種で、この反復的な行動を定量化するために実施されてきた。掘削動作は寝具材料を変位させるスナウトまたは足の明らかな指向の行動として定義され、反復的な運動行動4の敏感なパラメーターであると仮定されている。 ここで、我々は、マウスのBTBR株中で「inchwormingを」と呼ばれた、掘るの新しいタイプを報告します。この新規な挙動の特徴付けは、更に、valのために使用することができる反復運動行動のロバスト尺度を提供することができるこのようなASD、ハンチントン病や強迫行動8,9などの齧歯類モデルのidation。私たちは、内側に寝具材料の変位につながる外側に同期移動が続く前後と後肢の少なくとも1同期運動として「inchworming」を定義します。これは多くの点で、典型的な掘削動作とは異なります。まず、inchwormingの動作は通常のエピソードとの組み合わせではなく、単一の孤立イベントとして観測される。これとは対照的に、掘削は、後肢または前部足3のいずれか一つの協調運動として発生する可能性があります。また、inchworming動きが行動を掘るの特徴である静止位置とは対照的に、エンクロージャの床の上を水平方向に発生する傾向がある。典型的な掘削行動がマウスのB6およびBTBR株で共通しているのに対し、最終的には、以下に述べるinchworming動作がマウスのBTBR近交系で頻繁に発生しますが、まれにB6の対照株で識別されていない<sup&gt; 10。この研究で概説inchworming試験手順は、標準的な若年社会的相互作用プロトコル1の変形例を示す。 ガラス玉覆い隠し、掘る、そして少年の遊びは、ASDのマウスモデルで異常な行動を測定するための値が確立されていることを考えると、inchwormingの動作では、常同行動のこれらの以前に定義された測定値を補完します。特に、inchworming動作は一般的に、ASD 8,11で識別され、下位運動常の有用な尺度を提供しています。さらに、この新しいinchworming手順は、例えば、ASDなどの発達障害に関連する反復的な運動行動の分析のための追加の貴重なツールを研究者に提供することができる。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Material Name </td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>30 cm X 30 cm Plexiglas box with lid</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Can be constructed </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>IR Camera </td>
 <td>Survshop (Calgary, Alberta)</td>
 <td>Sony CCD Camera DP955V- 30' Infrared Armor Dome </td>
 <td>Find a camera with high-resolution and zoom capabilities</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DVR</td>
 <td>Supercircuits (Austin, Texas)</td>
 <td>BLACK Enterprise-Class 4-Channel H.264 security DVR with DVD Burner</td>
 <td>High data capacity</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sawdust</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Same as bedding material </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

inchworming: a novel motor stereotypy in the btbr t+ itpr3tf/j mouse model of autism

自閉症スペクトラム障害（ASD）は、制限された興味を持って減少した相互の社会的相互作用、通信異常、および反復行動によって特徴づけられる行動定義されている神経発達障害である。診断は臨床基準に基づいているため、この不均一性障害のいずれかの関連する可能性の齧歯類モデルは、理想的には、これらの多様な行動特性を再現する必要があります。 BTBR T + Itpr3 TF / J（BTBR）マウスなどの増加グルーミングだけでなく、認知硬直などの反復行動を表示する、ASDの確立された動物モデルである。社会的相互作用および目的に関して、若年プレイテストは、ASDの複数のげっ歯類モデルにおいて有効に用いられている。ここでは、BTBRマウスをおがくずのベッドを含む少年社会的相互作用の筐体でテストしたとき、彼らは繰り返し同期掘削の動きを表示することを示している。と称されるこの反復的な運動行動、「inchworming」は、命名された床の上を水平に移動しながら、マウスが示す動きのステレオタイプな性質のため。 Inchwormingマウスは、内向きと外向きの1運動1以上を実行する、ベッドを移動させるために同期して、その前後と後肢を使用する必要があります。 BTBRとC56BL/6J（B6）マウスの両方がこの挙動を示すが、BTBRマウスは有意に高い期間と頻度inchwormingのとベッドのエンクロージャ内に置かれたときinchworming開始まで低下し、待ち時間を示しています。我々は、この新たに説明した動作を容易にASDの動物モデルにおいて測定することができる反復運動常の尺度を提供すると結論付けている。

ここで説明する少年再生テストの修正版は、反復的な掘削挙動がinchwormingと呼ばれる小説を観察し、分析することができる。 InchwormingはB6​​コントロールよりBTBRマウスで遠くがより一層発揮される。典型的な10分のセッションでは、BTBRマウスは約5分、または観察期間の半分（おがくずのベッドを移動させるための努力に足の同期内向きと外向きの運動）の異なるinchwormingの動作を表示しま?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism at JoVE.com

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchwormingは十分なおがくずのベッドでのテストケージに入れたときBTBR T + Itpr 3TF / J（BTBR）マウスで表示される反復性の高い同期掘削運動である。手順は、少年の社会的相互作用プロトコルの変形例であり、自閉症スペクトラム障害に関連した反復運動常を評価するためにここで使用されます。

Inchworming：BTBRにおける新規モーター常<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自閉症の&gt; / Jマウスモデル

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

inchworming-novel-motor-stereotypy-btbr-t-itpr3tfj-mouse-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

11.5K ビュー.  University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine.  Inchwormingは十分なおがくずのベッドでのテストケージに入れたときBTBR T + Itpr 3TF / J（BTBR）マウスで表示される反復性の高い同期掘削運動である。手順は、少年の社会的相互作用プロトコルの変形例であり、自閉症スペクトラム障害に関連した反復運動常を評価するためにここで使用されます。 

ビデオ: Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

運動行動上のトップダウン視覚プロセスの影響を探索する方法

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

行動学

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪嗜好：摂食行動の新規モデルラットにおける

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

代償四肢使用および虚血性脳卒中のマウスモデルにおける感覚皮質損傷後の運動技能の学習の行動評価

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

自閉症スペクトラム障害児の感覚と多感覚機能のテスト

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

ポウ·ドラッグ：小説、マウスシリンダー試験の感度分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

電気生理学的運動単位数の推定（MUNE）マウス後肢の筋肉に複合筋活動電位（CMAP）の測定

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

Hemiparkinsonianラットにおける脳深部刺激効果のモーターの成果を評価するための新しいアプローチ：階段室とシリンダーテスト

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

マウスにおける高次反復行動のための電位アッセイとして新規物体探査

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

暗黙的なモーターで「モーター」シーケンス学習: 足ステップのシリアル反応時間のタスク

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

トラッキング システムは、単純なすぐに利用できるソフトウェアを使用して新規の単一の動物の運動機能

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...