作品は、NIH臨床科学開発賞K08NS002083、Shervertフレイジャー研究所グラント、そしてエドガー·A.ビュトナーにNARSAD若手研究者賞によってサポートされていました。

1。発達遅延/致死アッセイ：野生型（N2）と2つの突然変異（MUT1とMUT2）株を12ウェルプレートに三クロザピン濃度で試験されています<ol><li> 1日目に、（直径2cmの各ウェル）を12ウェルプレートの各ウェルに2ミリリットルNGM培地10を入れ、一晩、室温（RT）にてベンチ上で硬化することを可能にする。同じ日、一晩220 rpmで回転で50ミリリットルのLB液のボトルに感染、 大腸菌 OP50細菌のコロニーを採取し、37℃のシェーカーで培養し、それを。 </li><li> 2日目に、各ウェルNGMの中心に20μLOP50細菌培養を転送します。 37℃のインキュベーターで培養するか、細菌ローンを厚く成長させるために室温で一晩置いておく。 </li><li> DMSO（ジメチルスルホキシド）溶媒中にクロザピンを溶解させて80 mMのクロザピン原液を作る。その後、1.7 mMの酢酸Bで希釈した原液を80μLワーキング溶液を作る表1にバイアスさ。 注 ：興味のある特定の薬剤のための実用的なソリューションは、変異体からの野生型を区別するために最も適切な濃度を見つけるために予備的な濃度の一連のテストを行うことによって決定されなければならない。 </li><li>よくシードされたNGMプレート上に溶液をワーキング転送80μlのクロザピン、溶液が表面に均等に分配することができるように、プレートを旋回。プレートが乾燥するのを待ちます。同じ日にアッセイプレートを使用するか、次の日に使用されるように20℃のインキュベーターに入れてください。 注意 ：ワーキングソリューションは、特に高濃度で、原因クロザピンの溶解度が低いため、薬物懸濁液である。従って、薬物濃度が正確であることを保証するために、薬物プレートに溶液を移す前に、チューブをボルテックス。 </li><li> M9緩衝液を用いて、多くの妊娠成人を含む3.5センチメートルプレートをワームを洗い流した後、15ミリリットルチューブでそれらをスピンダウン1分間2,000 rpmで。 </li><li>上清を吸引除去する。 5ミリリットル漂白液（：次亜塩素酸：NaOHを4時01分05秒でのddH 2 O）を加え、穏やかにチューブを反転させて線虫を混乱させる。 </li><li>そのうちの半分は、約5分で溶解するまで動物を観察します。 1分間2,000 rpmで卵をスピンダウン。 </li><li>上清を吸引し、急速に14ミリリットルのM9バッファーを追加します。 </li><li> 1分間2000 rpmで卵をスピンダウンし、上清を吸引し、約100μlのソリューションを残す。卵を中断する渦。 </li><li>転送され、どのように多くの卵をテストするために定期的なNGMプレートにM9に懸濁2μlの卵を移す。約30〜35卵は各転送であることを保証するために中断した卵の音量を調整します。アッセイプレートの各ウェルに30〜35卵を移し、次いで24時間20℃のインキュベーター中でインキュベートする。 </li><li>アッセイの初日に、孵化した卵の数をスコア。 pickiで25/wellする斜線の動物の合計数を調整します必要に応じて追加のワームをオフngの。 </li><li>次の日には、動物を観察し、それらを24時間毎に得点。発生段階は、動物の大きさおよび外陰部11の形状に基づいて採点される。実験は、通常、第三または第四日目に見た最も強力な効果が5-6日間続きます。 </li><li> Excelファイルに入力データを、実験の日々のために各発達段階での動物の割合を計算します。メニュー &#39;&#39;2次元欄の&#39;関数&#39;100％積み上げ縦棒でグラフを生成します。 </li></ol> 2。咽頭ポンピングアッセイ：野生型および変異株のためのヤングアダルト動物はクロ​​ザピンアッセイプレート上で採点される<ol><li>アッセイプレートを、発育遅延/致死性アッセイに使用したのと同じプロトコルに従って行われる。 </li><li>アッセイの前にシードされたNGMプレートに各菌株を24時間50 L4動物を選択し、20℃でワームをインキュベート</li><li> ASSAに10匹の動物を選ぶYは、ウェルプレート。そして、次のウェルごとに15〜20分に10匹の動物を選ぶ。 </li><li>最初のウェル中の動物は、30分間、薬物に曝露された後、解剖顕微鏡下咽頭ポンピングを観察することによってアッセイを開始し、20秒9のポンプのスコア。咽頭ポンピングが採点されると、プレートからワームを選ぶ。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Donohoe, D. R., Jarvis, R. A., Weeks, K., Aamodt, E. J., Dwyer, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+adaptation+in+C.+elegans+produced+by+antipsychotic+drugs+requires+serotonin+and+is+associated+with+calcium+signaling+and+calcineurin+inhibition.">Behavioral adaptation in C. elegans produced by antipsychotic drugs requires serotonin and is associated with calcium signaling and calcineurin inhibition.</a> Neurosci. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antipsychotic+drugs+disrupt+normal+development+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+via+additional+mechanisms+besides+dopamine+and+serotonin+receptors.">Antipsychotic drugs disrupt normal development in Caenorhabditis elegans via additional mechanisms besides dopamine and serotonin receptors.</a> Pharmacol. 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著者は、関係する利害の衝突がないことを宣言します。

ここでは、C.の開発および動作上のAPDの効果を試験するための方法を記載虫 。薬物は水に比較的不溶性であるため、DMSO又はエタノール、クロザピンを溶解するために使用される。溶媒は、C.に影響を与えることが報告されているので、 エレガンス生物 12は 、DMSO単独またはエタノール単独の対照群は、必須である。私たちのアッセイで使用のDMSOの最?...

線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）は、大規模、順方向および逆方向遺伝子スクリーニング、化学遺伝学的スクリーニングを受けやすいシンプルな遺伝的生物である。C.エレガンスは、生物活性化合物の広いスペクトルに敏感であり、したがってそのような化合物の種々の作用メカニズムを定義するために首尾よく使用されている。例えば、生物活性化合物は、アセチルコリン受容体アゴニスト（ 例えばレバミゾール、ニコチン、モランテル、およびピランテル）、麻酔薬（ 例えばハロタン）、カフェイン、コリンエステラーゼ阻害剤（ 例えばアルジカルブ、lannate、およびトリクロルホン）、フッ化物、GABA関連を含むワームの薬理遺伝学を用いて研究化合物（ 例えば 、GABAおよびムシモール）、イベルメクチン、パラコート、ホルボールエステル、およびセロトニン関連薬（ 例えばセロトニンおよびimiprimine）3。さらに、C.エレガンスは、新規生物活性化合物の発見を可能にする、大規模な小分子のスクリーニングに使用されているSおよび新規の遺伝子標的4の識別。 C.エレガンスゲノムは、神経伝達物質合成およびシナプスの構造および機能5に必要なタンパク質をコードする遺伝子を含む潜在的な抗精神病薬（APD）は、ヒトにおいて保存ターゲットを含む。このように、C.虫の神経遺伝とのAPDの新しい作用の分子メカニズムを発見するための神経生物学の提供方法。線虫では、APDの露出は開発の初期段階で発育遅延、および高濃度で、致死2,6を生成します。成人期のAPDの暴露は、行動の表現型を生成します。例えば、クロザピン露出が移動し、咽頭ポンプを阻害し、1,2,7産卵を強化します。 APD誘発性発達遅延と致死は、大規模な化学遺伝学的スクリーニングのための強力な表現型である。これらの表現は、これまでのところ、彼らはおそらく、複数の細胞および遺伝バシを持っているように複雑でS。したがって、このような遺伝子スクリーニングは、間接薬物標的の様々もたらすことが期待される。しかし、私たちの研究室では、候補遺伝子の画面およびAPD誘発性発達遅延と致死性の抑制のためのゲノムワイドなRNAiスクリーニングを実施しており、成功しそうドーパミン、インスリン、およびニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体2,8を含む直接の標的をコードする遺伝子を回復しました。成人におけるAPD誘発の行動に基づいた遺伝子スクリーニングはまた、新規のAPD標的の同定につながっている、と我々は今、哺乳類7の発達と行動の両方の画面からターゲットを検証する。このように、APDの作用の新たな分子メカニズムを発見する無脊椎動物の化学遺伝学的ア ​​プローチは、5,8実現可能であるように思われる。 C.エレガンスの咽頭20ニューロン、20筋細胞および基底膜により包まれた20アクセサリー細胞を含む器官である。哺乳類の心臓と同様に、咽頭、自律AですND絶えず外部環境から9に食べ物を圧送する。レート妥協食品摂取をポンピング咽頭の阻害、したがって、咽頭ポンプを阻害変異または薬は発達遅延が発生したり、9を逮捕。 APDは、開発および生存率1,2に対する効果についての部分で占め、咽頭ポンピング速度を阻害する。ここでは、線虫の開発および咽頭ポンピングするための薬物アッセイを実証する例として、非定型のAPDクロザピンを使用しています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="406">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td>Clozapine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6305</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Acetic acid (HAC)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP2401</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Sodium hydroxide(NaOH)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SX0590-13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Hypochlorite</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">425044</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:236px;">Centrifuge 5810</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">5810 000.017</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:236px;">Incubator shaker</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">M1246-0006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:236px;">Low temperature incubator 815</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Precision Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">J1790-1B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:236px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">SZX12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:236px;">Petri dish 35 x 10 mm</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">NC9434271</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:236px;">12-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">REF 353043</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for studying the mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs in caenorhabditis elegans

線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）は、前方、大規模に従順と遺伝子スクリーニング、化学遺伝学的スクリーニングを逆に単純な遺伝的生物である。 C.エレガンスゲノムは、神経伝達物質合成およびシナプスの構造および機能に必要なタンパク質をコードする遺伝子を含む潜在的な抗精神病薬（APD）は、ヒトにおいて保存ターゲットを含む。 APD露光は、濃度依存的に、線虫において発達遅延および/または致死性を生じる。これらの表現型は、咽頭のポンピング1,2のAPD誘導阻害によって部分的に引き起こされる。このため、発生表現型は神経遮断薬の薬理遺伝学的研究のためには有用なものに、神経筋基盤を持っています。ここでは、線虫の開発および咽頭ポンプ上のAPDの影響をテストするための詳細な手順を示しています。発達のアッセイのために、同期化された胚は、線虫の成長培地のAPDを含有する（NGM）プレート、および肛門の開発段階に配置されているMALSは、その後毎日採点されます。咽頭ポンピング速度アッセイのために、若い成人の動物はAPDのを含むNGMプレート上でテストされて上演した。単位時間当たりの咽頭ポンプの数が記録され、ポンピング速度を算出する。これらのアッセイは、小分子または大分子であっても他の多くのタイプを研究するために使用することができる。

1。発達遅延/致死アッセイ結果発達遅延/致死性アッセイのための典型的な結果を図1aおよび1bに示されている。対照群の野生型動物が妊娠成体段階（ 図1a）まで成長したら、クロザピンに露出野生型動物は死んだ（ 図1b）。図1c、比較の代表的な結果を示している若い幼虫期に残っているか、あるサプレッサー変異体（MU...

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Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）における抗精神病薬（APDの）の影響をテストするためのアプローチが実証されています。アッセイを開発および生存に咽頭のポンピング速度に対する薬物の効果を試験するために記載されている。これらの方法は、APDの以外の薬剤クラスと薬理遺伝学的実験に適用可能である。

抗精神病薬の作用のメカニズムを研究するための方法<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple genetic organism amenable to  large-scale forward and reverse genetic screens and chemical genetic screens. The C.  ...

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Neuroscience

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

11.4K ビュー.  Harvard Medical School.  線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）における抗精神病薬（APDの）の影響をテストするためのアプローチが実証されています。アッセイを開発および生存に咽頭のポンピング速度に対する薬物の効果を試験するために記載されている。これらの方法は、APDの以外の薬剤クラスと薬理遺伝学的実験に適用可能である。 

ビデオ: Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

マウス子宮内でエレクトロポレーション：制御時空間遺伝子導入

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

神経科学

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses specifically on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), though the techniques shown in the video here can also be used to deliver a plethora of other drugs to the CNS. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the capability to knockdown sequence-specific targets 1 as well as shift isoform ratios of specific genes 2. To achieve widespread gene knockdown or splicing in the CNS of mice, the ASOs can be delivered into the brain using two separate routes of administration, both of which we demonstrate in the video.
The first uses Alzet osmotic pumps, connected to a catheter that is surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle. This allows the ASOs to be continuously infused into the CNS for a designated period of time. The second involves a single bolus injection of a high concentration of ASO into the right lateral ventricle. Both methods use the mouse cerebral ventricular system to deliver the ASO to the entire brain and spinal cord, though depending on the needs of the study, one method may be preferred over the other.

We describe a method to target drugs to the central nervous system by either implanting a catheter or performing a bolus injection into the right lateral ventricle in mice. We focus specifically on the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. This technique is readily adaptable to other drugs and to rats.

齧歯中枢神経系への薬物の直接脳室内デリバリー

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is found in Lewy body dementia, inclusion body myositis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1-4. Amylopathies progressively develop with time. For this reason simple organisms with short lifespans may help to elucidate molecular aspects of these conditions. Here, we describe experimental protocols to study A&beta;-mediated neurodegeneration using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, we construct transgenic worms by injecting DNA encoding human A&beta;42 into the syncytial gonads of adult hermaphrodites. Transformant lines are stabilized by a mutagenesis-induced integration. Nematodes are age synchronized by collecting and seeding their eggs. The function of neurons expressing A&beta;42 is tested in opportune behavioral assays (chemotaxis assays). Primary neuronal cultures obtained from embryos are used to complement behavioral data and to test the neuroprotective effects of anti-apoptotic compounds.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

We describe methods to study aspects of amylopathies in the worm C. elegans. We show how to construct worms expressing human A&beta;42 in neurons and how to test their function in behavioral assays. We further show how to obtain primary neuronal cultures that can be used for pharmacological testing.

A<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</emAmylopathyの研究のための&gt;モデルシステム

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

における嗅覚受容ニューロンのホールマウント免疫標識<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;アンテナ

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

の歩行速度に対するエタノールの効果を測定するためのアッセイ<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure the activity of neurons during various behaviors. To correlate neural activity with behavior, the animal should not be immobilized but should be able to move. Many behavioral changes occur during long time scales and require recording over many hours of behavior. This also makes it necessary to culture the worms in the presence of food. How can worms be cultured and their neural activity imaged over long time scales? Agarose Microchamber Imaging (AMI) was previously developed to culture and observe small larvae and has now been adapted to study all life stages from early L1 until the adult stage of C. elegans. AMI can be performed on various life stages of C. elegans. Long-term calcium imaging is achieved without immobilizing the animals by using short externally triggered exposures combined with an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera recording. Zooming out or scanning can scale up this method to image up to 40 worms in parallel. Thus, a method is described to image behavior and neural activity over long time scales in all life stages of C. elegans.

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Imaging behavior and neural activity over long time scales without immobilization of the animal is a prerequisite to understand behavior. Agarose microfluidic chambers imaging (AMI) can be used to image neural activity and behavior for all life stages of Caenorhabditis elegans.

の長期カルシウムイメージングのためのアガロースマイクロチャンバー<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure ...

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Dissecting the signaling pathways that control the alteration of morphogenic processes during embryonic development requires robust and sensitive metrics. Embryonic elongation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a late developmental stage consisting of the elongation of the embryo along its longitudinal axis. This developmental stage is controlled by intercellular communication between hypodermal cells and underlying body-wall muscles. These signaling mechanisms control the morphology of hypodermal cells by remodeling the cytoskeleton and the cell-cell junctions. Measurement of embryonic lethality and developmental arrest at larval stages as well as alteration of cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion structures in hypodermal and muscle cells are classical phenotypes that have been used for more than 25 years to dissect these signaling pathways. Recent studies required the development of novel metrics specifically targeting either early or late elongation and characterizing morphogenic defects along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo. Here, we provide detailed protocols enabling the accurate measurement of the length and the width of the elongating embryos as well as the length of synchronized larvae. These methods constitute useful tools to identify genes controlling elongation, to assess whether these genes control both early and late phases of this stage and are required evenly along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo.

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Here we detail protocols specifically designed to monitor morphogenic defects that occur during early and late phases of embryonic elongation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ultimately, these protocols are designed to identify genes that regulate these phases and to characterize their differential requirements along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo.

新規メトリックは、線虫の胚伸びを特徴づけるために、<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Dissecting the signaling pathways that control the alteration of morphogenic processes during embryonic development requires robust and sensitive metrics. ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

A<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt;栄養状態ベースの銅回避アッセイ

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

線虫の行動で個々 のニューロンのレシオ メトリック カルシウム イメージング

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

Imaging Dendritic Spines in Caenorhabditis elegans

Dendritic spines are specialized sites of synaptic innervation modulated by activity and serve as substrates for learning and memory. Recently, dendritic spines have been described for DD GABAergic neurons as the input sites from presynaptic cholinergic neurons in the motor circuit of Caenorhabditis elegans. This synaptic circuit can now serve as a powerful new in vivo model of spine morphogenesis and function that exploits the facile genetics and ready accessibility of C. elegans to live-cell imaging. 
This protocol describes experimental strategies for assessing DD spine structure and function. In this approach, a super-resolution imaging strategy is used to visualize the intricate shapes of actin-rich dendritic spines. To evaluate the DD spine function, the light-activated opsin, Chrimson, stimulates the presynaptic cholinergic neurons, and the calcium indicator, GCaMP, reports the evoked calcium transients in postsynaptic DD spines. Together, these methods comprise powerful approaches for identifying genetic determinants of dendritic spines in C. elegans that could also direct spine morphogenesis and function in the brain.

Imaging Dendritic Spines in Caenorhabditis elegans

Dendritic spines are important cellular features of the nervous system. Here live imaging methods are described for assessing the structure and function of dendritic spines in C. elegans.&#160;These approaches support the development of mutant screens for genes that define dendritic spine shape or function.

カエノラブディティス・エレガンスにおける樹状突起棘のイメージング

Dendritic spines are specialized sites of synaptic innervation modulated by activity and serve as substrates for learning and memory. Recently, dendritic ...