バイオメカニクスのアメリカ人と国際社会からの資金調達は、この研究のために提供されていました。

<ol>
	<li>Chandler, R. F., Clauser, C. E., McConville, J. T., Reynolds, H. M., Young, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+inertial+properties+of+the+human+body.">Investigation of the inertial properties of the human body.</a> Pamphlets DOT HS-801 430 and AMRL. , (1975).</li><li>Clauser, C. E., McConville, J. T., Young, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Weight, Volume, and Center of Mass of Segments of the Human Body. AMRL Technical Report. , 60-70 (1969).</li><li>Dempster, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Space+requirements+of+the+seated+operator.">Space requirements of the seated operator.</a> , 55-159 (1955).</li><li>Hinrichs, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regression+equations+to+predict+segmental+moments+of+inertia+from+anthropometric+measurements:+an+extension+of+the+data+of+Chandler+et.">Regression equations to predict segmental moments of inertia from anthropometric measurements: an extension of the data of Chandler et.</a> J Biomech. 18, 621-624 (1985).</li><li>Hinrichs, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjustments+to+the+segment+center+of+mass+proportions+of+Clauser+et+al.">Adjustments to the segment center of mass proportions of Clauser et al.</a> J Biomech. 23, 949-951 (1990).</li><li>Hanavan Jr, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mathematical+model+of+the+human+body+Amrl-Tr-64-102.">A mathematical model of the human body Amrl-Tr-64-102.</a> AMRL Technical Report. 18, 1-149 (1964).</li><li>Hatze, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mathematical+model+for+the+computational+determination+of+parameter+values+of+anthropomorphic+segments.">A mathematical model for the computational determination of parameter values of anthropomorphic segments.</a> J Biomech. 13, 833-843 (1980).</li><li>Leva, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjustments+to+Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's+segment+inertia+parameters.">Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters.</a> J Biomech. 29, 1223-1230 (1996).</li><li>Durkin, J. L., Dowling, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+body+segment+parameter+differences+between+four+human+populations+and+the+estimation+errors+of+four+popular+mathematical+models.">Analysis of body segment parameter differences between four human populations and the estimation errors of four popular mathematical models.</a> J Biomech Eng. 125, 515-522 (2003).</li><li>Durkin, J. L., Dowling, J. J., Andrews, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+measurement+of+body+segment+inertial+parameters+using+dual+energy+X-ray+absorptiometry.">The measurement of body segment inertial parameters using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.</a> J Biomech. 35, 1575-1580 (2002).</li><li>Jensen, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+the+biomechanical+properties+of+three+body+types+using+a+photogrammetric+method.">Estimation of the biomechanical properties of three body types using a photogrammetric method.</a> J Biomech. 11, 349-358 (1978).</li><li>Martin, P. E., Mungiole, M., Marzke, M. W., Longhill, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+magnetic+resonance+imaging+for+measuring+segment+inertial+properties.">The use of magnetic resonance imaging for measuring segment inertial properties.</a> J Biomech. 22, 367-376 (1989).</li><li>Mungiole, M., Martin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+segment+inertial+properties:+comparison+of+magnetic+resonance+imaging+with+existing+methods.">Estimating segment inertial properties: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with existing methods.</a> J Biomech. 23, 1039-1046 (1990).</li><li>Zatsiorsky, V. M., Seluyanov, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mass+and+inertia+characteristics+of+the+main+segments+of+the+human+body.">The mass and inertia characteristics of the main segments of the human body.</a> Biomechanics VIII-B. , 1152-1159 (1983).</li><li>Zatsiorsky, V. M., Seluyanov, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanics+IX-B.">Biomechanics IX-B.</a> Human Kinetics. , (1985).</li><li>Challis, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+of+the+Estimation+of+Human+Limb+Inertial+Parameters.">Precision of the Estimation of Human Limb Inertial Parameters.</a> Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 15, 418-428 (1999).</li><li>Challis, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+Human+Limb+Moment+of+Inertia+Estimations+and+Their+Influence+on+Resultant+Joint+Moments.">Accuracy of Human Limb Moment of Inertia Estimations and Their Influence on Resultant Joint Moments.</a> Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 12, 517-530 (1996).</li><li>Challis, J. H., Kerwin, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+the+uncertainties+in+resultant+joint+moments+computed+in+a+dynamic+activity.">Quantification of the uncertainties in resultant joint moments computed in a dynamic activity.</a> J Sports Sci. 14, 219-231 (1996).</li><li>Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N., McNair, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segment-interaction+analysis+of+the+stance+limb+in+sprint+running.">Segment-interaction analysis of the stance limb in sprint running.</a> J Biomech. 37, 1439-1446 (2004).</li><li>Lin-Chan, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+added+prosthetic+mass+on+physiologic+responses+and+stride+frequency+during+multiple+speeds+of+walking+in+persons+with+transtibial+amputation.">The effects of added prosthetic mass on physiologic responses and stride frequency during multiple speeds of walking in persons with transtibial amputation.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 84, 1865-1871 (2003).</li><li>Mattes, S. J., Martin, P. E., Royer, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+symmetry+and+energy+cost+in+persons+with+unilateral+transtibial+amputations:+matching+prosthetic+and+intact+limb+inertial+properties.">Walking symmetry and energy cost in persons with unilateral transtibial amputations: matching prosthetic and intact limb inertial properties.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 81, 561-568 (2000).</li><li>Smith, J. D., Martin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+and+longer+term+changes+in+amputee+walking+patterns+due+to+increased+prosthesis+inertia.">Short and longer term changes in amputee walking patterns due to increased prosthesis inertia.</a> J Prosthet Orthot. 23, 114-123 (2011).</li><li>Smith, J. D., Martin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+prosthetic+mass+distribution+on+metabolic+costs+and+walking+symmetry.">Effects of prosthetic mass distribution on metabolic costs and walking symmetry.</a> J Appl Biomech. 29, 317-328 (2013).</li><li>Czerniecki, J. M., Gitter, A., Munro, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Joint+moment+and+muscle+power+output+characteristics+of+below+knee+amputees+during+running:+the+influence+of+energy+storing+prosthetic+feet.">Joint moment and muscle power output characteristics of below knee amputees during running: the influence of energy storing prosthetic feet.</a> J Biomech. 24, 63-75 (1991).</li><li>Miller, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resultant+lower+extremity+joint+moments+in+below-knee+amputees+during+running+stance.">Resultant lower extremity joint moments in below-knee amputees during running stance.</a> J Biomech. 20, 529-541 (1987).</li><li>Vanicek, N., Strike, S., McNaughton, L., Polman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+patterns+in+transtibial+amputee+fallers+vs.+non-fallers:+Biomechanical+differences+during+level+walking.">Gait patterns in transtibial amputee fallers vs. non-fallers: Biomechanical differences during level walking.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 29, 415-420 (2009).</li><li>Royer, T., Koenig, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Joint+loading+and+bone+mineral+density+in+persons+with+unilateral,+trans-tibial+amputation.">Joint loading and bone mineral density in persons with unilateral, trans-tibial amputation.</a> Clin Biomech. 20, 1119-1125 (2005).</li><li>Underwood, H. A., Tokuno, C. D., Eng, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+two+prosthetic+feet+on+the+multi-joint+and+multi-plane+kinetic+gait+compensations+in+individuals+with+a+unilateral+trans-tibial+amputation.">A comparison of two prosthetic feet on the multi-joint and multi-plane kinetic gait compensations in individuals with a unilateral trans-tibial amputation.</a> Clin Biomech. 19, 609-616 (2004).</li><li>Sjodahl, C., Jarnlo, G. B., Soderberg, B., Persson, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+and+kinetic+gait+analysis+in+the+sagittal+plane+of+trans-femoral+amputees+before+and+after+special+gait+re-education.">Kinematic and kinetic gait analysis in the sagittal plane of trans-femoral amputees before and after special gait re-education.</a> Prosthet Orthot Int. 26, 101-112 (2002).</li><li>Bateni, H., Olney, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+and+kinetic+variations+of+below-knee+amputee+gait.">Kinematic and kinetic variations of below-knee amputee gait.</a> Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics. 14, 2-12 (2002).</li><li>Buckley, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+adaptations+of+transtibial+amputee+sprinting+in+athletes+using+dedicated+prostheses.">Biomechanical adaptations of transtibial amputee sprinting in athletes using dedicated prostheses.</a> Clin Biomech. 15, 352-358 (2000).</li><li>Yack, H. J., Nielsen, D. H., Shurr, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+patterns+during+stair+ascent+in+patients+with+transtibial+amputations+using+three+different+prostheses.">Kinetic patterns during stair ascent in patients with transtibial amputations using three different prostheses.</a> Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics. 11, 57-62 (1999).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

経験的データを扱う際の移動中に生じた関節の力とモーメントを定量化するために、対象となるシステムの逆動力学モデルが必要とされている。下肢生体力学のため、逆動力学モデルは、典型的には、シャンクを足を表しており、剛体として腿。 A）運動運動、B）床反力、及びc）セグメントanthropometricsと慣性特性：これらのモデルのための入力は、3つの主要なソースから来る。動きデータは、動き解析の様々なシステムで収集されるが、すべてのシステムは、本質的に移動（位置、速度、加速度）の基本的な運動を提供する。床反力をフォースプレートを用いて収集し、足に作用する接触力を提供している。 Anthropometricsは定規、柔軟なテープ、および/またはキャリパーを使用して、本体から直接取得された測定値である。これらの身体測定は、逆dynamiで使用される身体セグメントの慣性特性を推定するために使用されるCSは分析しています。慣性特性は、セグメントCOMまたは近位または遠位ジョイントを介して軸に、セグメントの質量の質量中心（COM）の位置と慣性モーメント（MOI）が含まれています。動きと接地反力データを収集するために使用方法および装置は、研究グループ間で類似しているが、体節の慣性推定は、研究者がこれらの慣性特性を推定することを選択する方法に依存して研究者の間で広く変えることができる。 完全に無傷のヒトの体節の慣性特性を推定するための利用可能な様々な技術は、1）死体データ1-5、2）数学モデル（ すなわち 、幾何モデル）6,7、および3）スキャン＆イメージング技術に基づいた回帰式8月15日 。これらの技術の多くは、身体からの直接測定を必要とするが、それは、以前に、本体セグメントの精度に関係なく、推定方法が使用されていることが示されたこれらのメソッドに基づいてMENT慣性推定値が高い16です。それはまた、無傷の身体セグメントの慣性特性の推定値の誤差が17,18歩行時得られた関節モーメントの大きさに最小の影響を有することが示されている。関節モーメントは、床反力、圧力の位置、モーメントアームの長さ、セグメント17-19運動の中心により大きな程度まで影響を受ける。したがって、健常個人の使用時に、研究参加者は、これらの推定値の小さな誤差は、研究の成果にほとんど影響を持っている可能性があることを考えると、身体セグメントの慣性特性を推定するための方法は、文献間で大きく異なることは驚くべきことではない。 完全に無傷の身体セグメントのためのこれらの慣性推定の多くは、多くの場合、下肢切断者のためのプロテーゼの慣性特性を推定するために使用される。現代の下肢義肢は軽量素材を使用して製造しているresultiNG彼らは交換して手足よりもはるかに軽く、義肢中。これは義足とそのまま手足の間の慣性非対称性が生じる。典型的な完全なシャンクと足、膝下プロテーゼの質量と断端に比べて約35％少なく、膝関節20〜23への約35％近くに配置質量中心を持っています。義足の低い質量およびより近位の質量分布も無傷シャンクと足に比べ義肢用の膝関節に慣性に対してはるかに低い（〜60％）モーメントを生成する。研究者は24,25以前義足のために完全な慣性推定値を使用すると、関節運動の推定値にほとんど影響を及ぼさないことを示唆しているが、これらの比較は、床反力がで生産の瞬間を支配歩行立脚相中に生じた関節モーメントに焦点を当てた共同。スイング中、どこに床反力は、存在しないプロテーゼの減少慣性特性は、得られた関節モーメントの推定値に影響を与える可能性が高くなります。一部の研究者は、たとえばことを考えると、26〜32は、人工関節の慣性特性を表現するために完全なセグメント慣性特性を利用し、他の人はそれがプロテーゼの慣性特性を推定するために選択されたメソッドの影響を理解することが重要であり、直接、21〜23見積もり補綴慣性プロパティを、たとえば 。プロテーゼの慣性特性を測定するために必要な時間を最小化することは我々の技術の開発における重要な検討事項であった。ここで紹介する手法では、プロテーゼは、測定時間を短縮し、測定後の補綴物を再編成に関連した追加の時間を避けるために、すべての測定のために、完全に無傷のままである。 従って、本研究の目的は二重であった：1）のab慣性特性を推定するために直接使用することができる技術を実証elow - 人工膝関節、および2）提案手法の効果や一方的な、下腿切断者に歩行時の関節運動の推定値にそのまま手足の慣性プロパティを使用してのそれを対比。これは、無傷のシャンクと足の慣性特性はプロテーゼの慣性特性の直接測定と比較して、補綴用慣性推定値として使用されるときに関節運動の大きさが大きくなっていると仮定された。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Oscillation Rack &#38; Reaction Board</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Custom Built</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Outer cage made from 80/20 aluminum, inner cage from various thicknesses of solid of aluminum.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory scale</td>
			<td style="width:144px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">NI LabView</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Software for recording TTL pulses from infrared photocell.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">BNC-1050</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">BNC Breakout box with direct pin connections to the data acquisition card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Mathworks Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Software for processing oscillation and reaction board data to predict inertial properties of prosthesis.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

oscillation and reaction board techniques for estimating inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis

本研究の目的は、2倍であった：1）直接膝下プロテーゼの慣性特性を推定するために使用することができる技術を実証する、および2）提案手法の効果を対比し、無傷の肢の慣性特性を使用すること一方的な、下腿切断者に歩行時の関節運動の推定値に。振動と反応ボードシステムは、検証され、既知の幾何学的固体の慣性特性を測定するときに信頼性があることが示された。プロテーゼの慣性特性の直接測定はそのままシャンクと足に基づいて、慣性推定値と比較して、下肢の逆動力学モデリングに使用された場合には、股関節と膝関節の動態では、歩行の遊脚相の間に有意に低かった。姿勢時の関節の動態の差は、しかしながら、スイング中に観察されたものよりも小さかった。このため、歩行の遊脚期に焦点を当てた研究者はprosthesの影響を考慮すべきである研究成果に対する慣性特性の推定値です。スタンスのために、我々の研究で調査さ2慣性モデルのいずれか1は、おそらく逆動力学的評価と同様の結果をもたらすであろう。

膝義足の遠位の慣性特性はそのまま脚（ 表1）に比べて低かった。参加者全体で平均した、人工側質量が39％少なかった、ひざを通じて横軸の周りの慣性モーメントが52％以下であり、マス位置の中心はそのまま脚の値と比較して膝に24％近かった。 <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" fo:keep-together.within-page="always" width="553"><tbody><tr><td>テーマ</td><td>インタクト*質量（kg） </td><td>マス†長所（キログラム） </td><td> EST。質量差（キログラム） </td><td> ‡Iknee そのまま （キロ·メートル2） </td><td> Iknee 長所 （キロ·メートル2） </td><td>膝関節下の無傷のCM（M） </td><td>膝関節以下の長所のCM（M） </td></tr><tr><td> A </td><td> 6.03 </td><td> 4.27 </td><td> 1.76 </td><td> 0.604 </td><td> 0.325 </td><td> 0.268 </td><td> 0.215 </td></tr><tr><td> B </td><td> 6.07 </td><td> 3.39 </td><td> 2.68 </td><td> 0.400 </td><td> 0.196 </td><td> 0.215 </td><td> 0.177 </td></tr><tr><td> C言語</td><td> 5.80 </td><td> 3.12 </td><td> 2.68 </td><td> 0.575 </td><td> 0.194 </td><td> 0.264 </td><td> 0.198 </td></tr><tr><td> D </td><td> 5.72 </td><td> 3.17 </td><td> 2.55 </td><td> 0.559 </td><td> 0.317 </td><td> 0.265 </td><td> 0.191 </td></tr><tr><td> E </td><td> 7.14 </td><td> 4.65 </td><td> 2.49 </td><td> 0.742 </td><td> 0.325 </td><td> 0.276 </td><td> 0.200 </td></tr><tr><td> F </td><td> 6.23 </td><td> 4.22 </td><td> 2.01 </td><td> 0.585 </td><td> 0.287 </td><td> 0.260 </td><td> 0.192 </td></tr><tr><td> ±STDを意味する</td><td> 6.17±0.51 </td><td> 3.80±0.66 </td><td> 2.36±0.38 </td><td> 0.578±0.109 </td><td> 0.274±0.063 </td><td> 0.258＆＃177; 0.022 </td><td> 0.196±0.013 </td></tr></tbody></table> *無傷の組み合わせそのままシャンクと足の値を指します。 †長所を組み合わせ、プロテーゼと断端の値を指します。 膝を通して横軸の周りの慣性モーメント‡。 膝から下補綴とそのまま手足の間の慣性特性を表1の比較。 得られた関節力（ 図3）とモーメント足首（ 図4）、膝関節、股関節、逆動力学モデルで使用される慣性パラメータによって影響を受けた。人工関節の慣性直接措置がそのまま解剖学（に基づく回帰と比較して逆動力学の評価に使用した場合具体的には、関節の動力学は、スイング開始（〜歩行周期の65％）とスイング終了（〜歩行周期の95％）の間に減少した<strong&gt;表2）。効果の大きさは、スイング中のこれらの違いは（≥1.0）些細ではなかったが示唆された。そのまま慣性推定値が使用されたときだけでなく、関節の運動値は、人工関節の慣性特性の直接の尺度と比較して、スイングの開始と終了時に80％の平均で増加した。無傷の肢の慣性特性は、補綴側をモデル化するために使用された場合にこのように、スイング中補綴側の関節運動プロファイルは、より密接に（ 図3および図4を参照）無傷の肢のそれに似ていた。スタンスの間に、統計的な相違の数が観察された。スタンスの間に差の最大効果の大きさは、腰anterioposteriorられた関節力（ES = 0.86）が観察された。この効果の大きさが大きく、まだスタンスの一部と考えられているが、この措置のためのピーク値は、端末の姿勢（〜52％）中に発生した、または四肢は、スイングに移行したように。他のすべてのsignificaため効果の大きさNTスタンス中に観察された差異は、股関節られた関節反力で観察され、これらの値の大きい方に小さな影響と考えられるであろう、これ0.01から0.41の範囲であった。有意差はスタンス中に発見されたが、その差（ すなわち 、効果の大きさ）の大きさの点で考え、これらの違いは、これらの違いの意味性を疑問視するものを導く可能性があります。 <img alt="図3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50977/50977fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 図3。anterioposterior（左パネル）および垂直方向（右パネル）における足首、膝、股関節の結果関節反力。データは、プレゼンテーションのための科目間で平均化した。立脚相は、足のコンタクトと歩行周期の0％から始まり、つま先オフを有する歩行周期の約60％で終了。スイングは、Tの次の足の接触まで継続彼歩行周期の100％で同じ脚が。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50977/50977fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50977/50977fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 図4。足首、膝、股関節を通して、横軸（別名、内外方向軸）について結果として得られる関節モーメント。データは、プレゼンテーションのための科目間で平均化した。立脚相は、足のコンタクトと歩行周期の0％から始まり、つま先オフを有する歩行周期の約60％で終了。 Swingは歩行周期の100％で、同じ足の次の足の接触まで続く。 <img alt="表2" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50977/50977table2.jpg" width="600" /> 表2。ピークられた関節反力とモーメントは、人工側の関節の動力学の対象と2慣性モデル間の統計的比較を全体で平均注平均データは平均（SD）として提示されている。 ％歩行サイクルの列は、ピーク値がその変数に対して発生した対象者全体の平均パーセンテージを表す。P &lt;0.05に有意であると考え。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis at JoVE.com

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

身体分節慣性特性は、逆動力学モデリングのために必要とされる。振動及び反応基板技術を用いて、膝下プロテーゼの慣性特性を測定した。義足の逆動力学モデルにおける慣性補綴の直接的な尺度を使用すると、得られた関節力及びモーメントの大きさが下側になった。

膝下プロテーゼの推定慣性特性に関する振動及び反応ボードテクニック

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee ...

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16.7K ビュー.  University of Northern Colorado. 身体分節慣性特性は、逆動力学モデリングのために必要とされる。振動及び反応基板技術を用いて、膝下プロテーゼの慣性特性を測定した。義足の逆動力学モデルにおける慣性補綴の直接的な尺度を使用すると、得られた関節力及びモーメントの大きさが下側になった。 

ビデオ: Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Living Cells Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Mechanical properties of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in many biological processes including stem cell differentiation, tumor formation, and wound healing. Changes in stiffness of cells and ECM are often signs of changes in cell physiology or diseases in tissues. Hence, cell stiffness is an index to evaluate the status of cell cultures. Among the multitude of methods applied to measure the stiffness of cells and tissues, micro-indentation using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) provides a way to reliably measure the stiffness of living cells. This method has been widely applied to characterize the micro-scale stiffness for a variety of materials ranging from metal surfaces to soft biological tissues and cells. The basic principle of this method is to indent a cell with an AFM tip of selected geometry and measure the applied force from the bending of the AFM cantilever. Fitting the force-indentation curve to the Hertz model for the corresponding tip geometry can give quantitative measurements of material stiffness. This paper demonstrates the procedure to characterize the stiffness of living cells using AFM. Key steps including the process of AFM calibration, force-curve acquisition, and data analysis using a MATLAB routine are demonstrated. Limitations of this method are also discussed.

This paper demonstrates a protocol to characterize the mechanical properties of living cells by means of microindentation using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).

原子間力顕微鏡を用いた生細胞の機械的特性を測定する

Mechanical  properties of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in many  biological processes including stem cell differentiation, ...

生物工学

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

To enable intuitive operation of powered artificial legs, an interface between user and prosthesis that can recognize the user's movement intent is desired. A novel neural-machine interface (NMI) based on neuromuscular-mechanical fusion developed in our previous study has demonstrated a great potential to accurately identify the intended movement of transfemoral amputees. However, this interface has not yet been integrated with a powered prosthetic leg for true neural control. This study aimed to report (1) a flexible platform to implement and optimize neural control of powered lower limb prosthesis and (2) an experimental setup and protocol to evaluate neural prosthesis control on patients with lower limb amputations. First a platform based on a PC and a visual programming environment were developed to implement the prosthesis control algorithms, including NMI training algorithm, NMI online testing algorithm, and intrinsic control algorithm. To demonstrate the function of this platform, in this study the NMI based on neuromuscular-mechanical fusion was hierarchically integrated with intrinsic control of a prototypical transfemoral prosthesis. One patient with a unilateral transfemoral amputation was recruited to evaluate our implemented neural controller when performing activities, such as standing, level-ground walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent continuously in the laboratory. A novel experimental setup and protocol were developed in order to test the new prosthesis control safely and efficiently. The presented proof-of-concept platform and experimental setup and protocol could aid the future development and application of neurally-controlled powered artificial legs.

Neural-machine interfaces (NMI) have been developed to identify the user's locomotion mode. These NMIs are potentially useful for neural control of powered artificial legs, but have not been fully demonstrated. This paper presented (1) our designed engineering platform for easy implementation and development of neural control for powered lower limb prostheses and (2) an experimental setup and protocol in a laboratory environment to evaluate neurally-controlled artificial legs on patients with lower limb amputations safely and efficiently.

エンジニアリング·プラットフォームおよび神経的に制御されたパワードTransfemoral人工関節の設計と評価のための実験プロトコール

To enable intuitive operation of powered artificial legs, an interface between user and prosthesis that can recognize the user's movement intent is ...

Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

In this visualized experiment, protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with second harmonic generation nanoparticles (HNPs). The latter are a new family of probes recently introduced for labeling biological samples for multi-photon imaging. HNPs are capable of doubling the frequency of excitation light by the nonlinear optical process of second harmonic generation with no restriction on the excitation wavelength.
Multi-photon based methodologies for hESC differentiation into cardiac clusters (maintained as long term air-liquid cultures) are presented in detail. In particular, evidence on how to maximize the intense second harmonic (SH) emission of isolated HNPs during 3D monitoring of beating cardiac tissue in 3D is shown. The analysis of the resulting images to retrieve 3D displacement patterns is also detailed.

Protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling human embryonic stem cells with second harmonic generating nanoparticles. Methodologies for hESC investigation by multi-photon microscopy and their differentiation into cardiac clusters are also presented.

回生研究ハーモニックナノ粒子

In this visualized experiment, protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with second harmonic generation ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS serves as a physical and protective scaffold that houses the bacterial cells and consists of a variety of materials that includes proteins, exopolysaccharides and DNA. The composition of the EPS may change, which remodels the mechanic properties of the biofilm to further develop or support alternative biofilm structures, such as streamers, as a response to environmental cues. Despite this, there are little quantitative descriptions on how EPS components contribute to the mechanical properties and function of biofilms. Rheology, the study of the flow of matter, is of particular relevance to biofilms as many biofilms grow in flow conditions and are constantly exposed to shear stress. It also provides measurement and insight on the spreading of the biofilm on a surface. Here, particle-tracking microrheology is used to examine the viscoelasticity and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components in various parts of the biofilm during development. This approach allows researchers to measure mechanic properties of biofilms at the micro-scale, which might provide useful information for controlling and engineering biofilms.

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Particle-tracking microrheology investigates the viscoelasticity of materials. Here, the technique is used to determine the viscoelasticity, creep compliance and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components of a bacterial biofilm. The matrix consists of polymeric substances secreted by the bacteria and its components determine biofilm structure and mechanical properties.

粒子追跡マイクロレオロジーによりバイオフィルムの機械的特性のその場でのマッピング

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

Computed Tomography and Optical Imaging of Osteogenesis-angiogenesis Coupling to Assess Integration of Cranial Bone Autografts and Allografts

A major parameter determining the success of a bone-grafting procedure is vascularization of the area surrounding the graft. We hypothesized that implantation of a bone autograft would induce greater bone regeneration by abundant blood vessel formation. To investigate the effect of the graft on neovascularization at the defect site, we developed a micro&#8211;computed tomography (&#181;CT) approach to characterize newly forming blood vessels, which involves systemic perfusion of the animal with a polymerizing contrast agent. This method enables detailed vascular analysis of an organ in its entirety. Additionally, blood perfusion was assessed using fluorescence imaging (FLI) of a blood-borne fluorescent agent. Bone formation was quantified by FLI using a hydroxyapatite-targeted probe and &#181;CT analysis. Stem cell recruitment was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of transgenic mice that express luciferase under the control of the osteocalcin promoter. Here we describe and demonstrate preparation of the allograft, calvarial defect surgery, &#181;CT scanning protocols for the neovascularization study and bone formation analysis (including the in vivo perfusion of contrast agent), and the protocol for data analysis.
The 3D high-resolution analysis of vasculature demonstrated significantly greater angiogenesis in animals with implanted autografts, especially with respect to arteriole formation. Accordingly, blood perfusion was significantly higher in the autograft group by the 7th day after surgery. We observed superior bone mineralization and measured greater bone formation in animals that received autografts. Autograft implantation induced resident stem cell recruitment to the graft-host bone suture, where the cells differentiated into bone-forming cells between the 7th and 10th postoperative day. This finding means that enhanced bone formation may be attributed to the augmented vascular feeding that characterizes autograft implantation. The methods depicted may serve as an optimal tool to study bone regeneration in terms of tightly bounded bone formation and neovascularization.

Implantation of autologous and allogeneic bone grafts constitute accepted approaches to treat major craniofacial bone loss. Yet the effect of graft composition on the interplay among neovascularization, cell differentiation and bone formation is unclear. We present a multimodal imaging protocol aimed to elucidate the angiogenesis-osteogenesis interdependence at the graft proximity.

コンピュータ断層撮影法と頭蓋骨自家移植と同種移植片の統合を評価するために、骨形成、血管新生のカップリングの光イメージング

A major parameter determining the success of a bone-grafting procedure is vascularization of the area surrounding the graft. We hypothesized that ...

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme saccharification processes release sugars that can be fermented by yeast. Traditional industrial yeasts do not ferment xylose (comprising up to 40% of plant sugars) and are not able to function in concentrated hydrolyzates. Concentrated hydrolyzates are needed to support economical ethanol recovery, but they are laden with toxic byproducts generated during pretreatment. While detoxification methods can render hydrolyzates fermentable, they are costly and generate waste disposal liabilities. Here, adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of the native Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to efficiently convert hydrolyzates to economically recoverable ethanol despite adverse culture conditions. Improved individuals are enriched in an evolving population using multiple selection pressures reliant on natural genetic diversity of the S. stipitis population and mutations induced by exposures to two diverse hydrolyzates, ethanol or UV radiation. Final evolution cultures are dilution plated to harvest predominant isolates, while intermediate populations, frozen in glycerol at various stages of evolution, are enriched on selective media using appropriate stress gradients to recover most promising isolates through dilution plating. Isolates are screened on various hydrolyzate types and ranked using a novel procedure involving dimensionless relative performance index (RPI) transformations of the xylose uptake rate and ethanol yield data. Using the RPI statistical parameter, an overall relative performance average is calculated to rank isolates based on multiple factors, including culture conditions (varying in nutrients and inhibitors) and kinetic characteristics. Through application of these techniques, derivatives of the parent strain had the following improved features in enzyme saccharified hydrolyzates at pH 5-6: reduced initial lag phase preceding growth, reduced diauxic lag during glucose-xylose transition, significantly enhanced fermentation rates, improved ethanol tolerance and accumulation to 40 g/L.

Adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to rapidly consume hexose and pentose mixed sugars in enzyme saccharified undetoxified hydrolyzates and to accumulate over 40 g/L ethanol.

エタノールへのリグノセルロースの生物変換のための堅牢なペントース発酵酵母の進化のための技術

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme ...

Production of Metal Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser-ablation in Liquids: A Tool for Studying the Antibacterial Properties of Nanoparticles

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global clinical concern leading some to speculate about our return to a "pre-antibiotics" era of medicine. In addition to efforts to identify novel small-molecule antimicrobial drugs, there has been great interest in the use of metal nanoparticles as coatings for medical devices, wound dressings, and consumer packaging, due to their antimicrobial properties. The wide variety of methods available for nanoparticle synthesis results in a broad spectrum of chemical and physical properties which can affect antibacterial efficacy. This manuscript describes the pulsed laser-ablation in liquids (PLAL) method to create nanoparticles. This approach allows for the fine tuning of nanoparticle size, composition, and stability using post-irradiation methods as well as the addition of surfactants or volume excluders. By controlling particle size and composition, a large range of physical and chemical properties of metal nanoparticles can be explored which may contribute to their antimicrobial efficacy thereby opening new avenues for antibacterial development.

The antimicrobial properties of metals such as copper and silver have been recognized for centuries. This protocol describes pulsed laser-ablation in liquids, a method of synthesizing metal nanoparticles that provides the ability to fine tune the properties of these nanoparticles to optimize their antimicrobial effects.

液体中のパルスレーザアブレーションによる金属ナノ粒子の生成：ナノ粒子の抗菌特性を調べるためのツール

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global clinical concern leading some to speculate about our return to a "pre-antibiotics" era of ...

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and thus achieving stable water permeability through membranes over time. Here, we report a facile method to prepare hydrogels based on zwitterions for membrane applications. Freestanding films can be prepared from sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) with a crosslinker of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) via photopolymerization. The hydrogels can also be prepared by impregnation into hydrophobic porous supports to enhance the mechanical strength. These films can be characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the degree of conversion of the (meth)acrylate groups, using goniometers for hydrophilicity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for polymer chain dynamics. We also report protocols to determine the water permeability in dead-end filtration systems and the effect of foulants (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on membrane performance.

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

水質浄化のための膜のような防汚特性を持つハイドロゲルの合成

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are a common and clinically unmet need with increasing prevalence as the world population ages. Animal OVCF models are essential to the preclinical development of translational tissue engineering strategies. While a number of models currently exist, this protocol describes an optimized method for inducing multiple highly reproducible vertebral defects in a single nude rat. A novel longitudinal semiautomated microcomputed tomography (&#181;CT)-based quantitative structural analysis of the vertebral defects is also detailed. Briefly, rats were imaged at multiple time points post-op. The day 1 scan was reoriented to a standard position, and a standard volume of interest was defined. Subsequent &#181;CT scans of each rat were automatically registered to the day 1 scan so the same volume of interest was then analyzed to assess for new bone formation. This versatile approach can be adapted to a variety of other models where longitudinal imaging-based analysis could benefit from precise 3D semiautomated alignment. Taken together, this protocol describes a readily quantifiable and easily reproducible system for osteoporosis and bone research. The suggested protocol takes 4 months to induce osteoporosis in nude ovariectomized rats and between 2.7 and 4 h to generate, image, and analyze two vertebral defects, depending on tissue size and equipment.

The goal of this protocol is to generate a nude rat osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fracture model that can be longitudinally evaluated in vivo using a semiautomated microcomputed tomography-based quantitative structural analysis.

半自動縦マイクロ トモグラフィーを用いた定量的モデルの構造解析、裸ラット骨粗鬆症による椎体骨折

Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are a common and clinically unmet need with increasing prevalence as the world population ...

A Millimeter Scale Flexural Testing System for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Marine Sponge Spicules

Many load bearing biological structures (LBBSs)&#8212;such as feather rachises and spicules&#8212;are small (&#60;1 mm) but not microscopic. Measuring the flexural behavior of these LBBSs is important for understanding the origins of their remarkable mechanical functions.
We describe a protocol for performing three-point bending tests using a custom-built mechanical testing device that can measure forces ranging from 10-5 to 101 N and displacements ranging from 10-7 to 10-2 m. The primary advantage of this mechanical testing device is that the force and displacement capacities can be easily adjusted for different LBBSs. The device&#39;s operating principle is similar to that of an atomic force microscope. Namely, force is applied to the LBBS by a load point that is attached to the end of a cantilever. The load point displacement is measured by a fiber optic displacement sensor and converted into a force using the measured cantilever stiffness. The device&#39;s force range can be adjusted by using cantilevers of different stiffnesses.
The device&#39;s capabilities are demonstrated by performing three-point bending tests on the skeletal elements of the marine sponge Euplectella aspergillum. The skeletal elements&#8212;known as spicules&#8212;are silica fibers that are approximately 50 &#181;m in diameter. We describe the procedures for calibrating the mechanical testing device, mounting the spicules on a three-point bending fixture with a &#8776;1.3 mm span, and performing a bending test. The force applied to the spicule and its deflection at the location of the applied force are measured.

We present a protocol for performing three-point bending tests on sub-millimeter scale fibers using a custom-built mechanical testing device. The device can measure forces ranging from 20 &#181;N up to 10 N and can therefore accommodate a variety of fiber sizes.

海綿骨の機械的性質を測定するためミリ スケール曲げテスト システム

Many load bearing biological structures (LBBSs)&#8212;such as feather rachises and spicules&#8212;are small (&#60;1 mm) but not microscopic. Measuring the ...

膝下プロテーゼの推定慣性特性に関する振動及び反応ボードテクニック

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原子間力顕微鏡を用いた生細胞の機械的特性を測定する

エンジニアリング·プラットフォームおよび神経的に制御されたパワードTransfemoral人工関節の設計と評価のための実験プロトコール

回生研究ハーモニックナノ粒子

粒子追跡マイクロレオロジーによりバイオフィルムの機械的特性のその場でのマッピング

コンピュータ断層撮影法と頭蓋骨自家移植と同種移植片の統合を評価するために、骨形成、血管新生のカップリングの光イメージング

エタノールへのリグノセルロースの生物変換のための堅牢なペントース発酵酵母の進化のための技術

液体中のパルスレーザアブレーションによる金属ナノ粒子の生成：ナノ粒子の抗菌特性を調べるためのツール

水質浄化のための膜のような防汚特性を持つハイドロゲルの合成

半自動縦マイクロトモグラフィーを用いた定量的モデルの構造解析、裸ラット骨粗鬆症による椎体骨折

海綿骨の機械的性質を測定するためミリスケール曲げテストシステム

膝下プロテーゼの推定慣性特性に関する振動及び反応ボードテクニック

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原子間力顕微鏡を用いた生細胞の機械的特性を測定する

エンジニアリング·プラットフォームおよび神経的に制御されたパワードTransfemoral人工関節の設計と評価のための実験プロトコール

回生研究ハーモニックナノ粒子

粒子追跡マイクロレオロジーによりバイオフィルムの機械的特性のその場でのマッピング

コンピュータ断層撮影法と頭蓋骨自家移植と同種移植片の統合を評価するために、骨形成、血管新生のカップリングの光イメージング

エタノールへのリグノセルロースの生物変換のための堅牢なペントース発酵酵母の進化のための技術

液体中のパルスレーザアブレーションによる金属ナノ粒子の生成：ナノ粒子の抗菌特性を調べるためのツール

水質浄化のための膜のような防汚特性を持つハイドロゲルの合成

半自動縦マイクロ トモグラフィーを用いた定量的モデルの構造解析、裸ラット骨粗鬆症による椎体骨折

海綿骨の機械的性質を測定するためミリ スケール曲げテスト システム

半自動縦マイクロトモグラフィーを用いた定量的モデルの構造解析、裸ラット骨粗鬆症による椎体骨折

海綿骨の機械的性質を測定するためミリスケール曲げテストシステム