この作品は、統合失調症研究のための国民の同盟とうつ病（NARSAD）若手研究者賞と米国立衛生研究所のAVにR01NS073635を助成金によってサポートされていました。

1。試薬および溶液の調製の<ol><li> 35mm培養皿のコーティング：コラーゲン1型溶液を、20mM酢酸（〜100mgのタンパク質/バイアル）中の水溶液として供給される。滅菌組織培養グレードの水を用いて0.01％の使用濃度にコラーゲン溶液の適切な容量に希釈する。 2〜8℃で、室温（RT）又は37℃で3-4時間、コラーゲン溶液1ml、または一晩でコートディッシュコー​​トディッシュから余分な溶液を除去し、それを一晩乾燥させます。メディアを追加する前に、組織培養グレードの水またはPBSでお皿を洗浄します。被覆皿1ヶ月間4℃で保存することができる。 </li><li>完全ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）を準備します。 （;吸油量1 mlの1×濃度）を、10％FBSおよび抗生物質 - 抗真菌溶液でDMEM（500ml）に補う。完全DMEM 2ヶ月間4℃で保存することができる。 </li><li>アリコートをDNアーゼI（0.001 mg / ml）を有するDMEM（50 ml）を調製し、（Dと称されるMEM-DNアーゼI）。 </li><li>コラゲナーゼおよびディスパーゼ（DMEM-collagenase/dispaseと呼ぶ）（1 mg / ml）を含むDMEMの別のアリコート（10ml）に調製する。 </li><li> EGF（5μg）を、ECGS（100mg）および抗生物質 - 抗真菌溶液5μlを加えた内皮細胞培養培地（ECCM、500ミリリットル）を、準備します。 ECCM 2ヶ月間4℃で保存することができる。 </li><li>使用前にすべてのメディアを予熱し。 </li><li> 0.5％BSAおよび2mM EDTAを含むPBS、pHが7.2：精製緩衝液を準備します。冷緩衝を維持（2〜8℃）。 </li></ol> 2。終脳の胚および解剖の除去実験動物を用いて、全ての実験は、マクリーン病院の動物のケアと使用委員会によって承認され、実験動物の管理と使用に関するNI​​Hガイドラインに準拠している。 <ol><li>時限妊娠CD1マウス（胎生15日目）を使用します。膣栓の発見の日は、胎生0（E0）と考えられている。 CD1ダムは一般的に大規模なリットルを生産するため、10月12日胚Sは妊娠ダムから期待されている。 </li><li>子宮切開のために、ケタミン（100 mg / kgの）/キシラジン（5 mg / kg）を腹腔内注射で妊娠マウスを麻酔。マウス約20〜30 gで、10ミリリットル/キログラムケタミン/キシラジン麻酔液の0.3ミリリットルを提供し、その痛みや苦痛は麻酔薬の腹腔内注射時に最小限であることを確認してください。注射のために手の拘束を使用してください。 </li><li>足指のピンチで深麻酔をチェックしてください。深く麻酔したマウスから胚を取り出します。母親から除去すると、すぐに各胚を首を切る。氷冷PBS中の滅菌ペトリ皿に胚ヘッドを配置します。 </li><li> 2013版：麻酔薬の過剰投与（130 mg / kgのペントバルビタール、IP）、動物の安楽死のためのAVMAガイドラインと一致して安楽死させる方法、とすぐに安楽死により子宮摘出に従ってください。 </li><li>実体顕微鏡下で、細かいマイクロチップはさみや細かい鉗子で頭から脳を削除します。注：高品質の解剖イオンが正常胚の脳から軟膜膜を除去することが不可欠である。これは実施によって達成される。細かい鉗子とマイクロチップのはさみはまた、良好な解剖を取得するための重要なツールです。 </li><li>軟膜膜を剥がすために、脳やマイクロチップのはさみをしっかりグリップを得るために鉗子を使用してください。中脳と後脳を取り出して、終脳を分離します。氷の中の2ミリリットルPBSで35mm培養皿にすべての胚から軟膜フリー終脳を転送します。 </li></ol> 3。細胞単離<ol><li>メスの刃との1〜2mmの断片に終脳をミンチし、完全DMEM 2ミリリットルを含む15ミリリットルファルコンチューブ内の組織を収集します。 </li><li>塊が消え、乳白色の懸濁液が達成されるまで、1ミリリットルピペットで静かに徹底的に組織を解離する。 </li><li>遠心分離機は、室温で5分間800〜1,000×gで細胞を解離し。 </li><li>慎重にゆっくりとCEの関連付けを解除したDMEM-DNアーゼIの上清を再懸濁ペレットを削除LLS再度RTで5分間、800〜1,000×gでで1 mlピペット及び遠心分離機を用いて。 </li><li>暖かい完全DMEMにペレットを再懸濁。無菌70μmのナイロンメッシュを通してフィルタセル。フィルタリング細胞を収集し、氷中に保管してください。 </li><li>細胞部分がメッシュ上に保持され、RTで1〜2分間DMEM-collagenase/dispase（2ml）でさらに消化集める。室温で5分間800〜1,000×gの遠心分離によって、DMEM-DNアーゼIにセル3回洗浄します。ステップ3.5で収集フィルタリング細胞とこれらの細胞をプール。完全DMEMで一度全細胞を洗浄します。細胞数および磁気標識ステップを決定するために進んでください。注：これは、磁気標識の前に単一細胞懸濁液を得ることが重要である。 </li></ol> 4。磁気標識<ol><li>このプロトコルは、10 7個の細胞の磁気標識を示す。 10 7以上の細胞数が低いため、同じ試薬量および10 7を超える細胞数のために使うと、試薬容量と総容量のスケールアップこのため（ 例えば、2×10 7全細胞のために、すべての示された試薬の二倍のボリュームを使用します）。氷の中のすべての試薬および細胞を維持する。 </li><li>血球計数器で細胞数を決定します。 </li><li>室温で10分間300×gで遠心細胞懸濁​​液。完全に上清を吸引し。 </li><li> CD31マイクロビーズを10μlに続く細胞ペレットに精製緩衝液の90μl/107セルを追加。製造業者によって提供されるマイクロビーズ、抗マウスCD31のモノクローナル抗体をコンジュゲートされる。 </li><li>よく混ぜ、冷蔵庫で15分間インキュベートする。注：磁気標識の間より高い温度および/またはより長いインキュベーション時間は、非特異的結合をもたらし得る。 </li><li> 10分間300×gで精製緩衝遠心1-2エルフテックス7細胞を追加することで細胞を洗浄。上清を除去し、精製緩衝液500μl中に細胞を再懸濁。磁気分離または精製ステップに進みます。 </li></ol> 5。 PUrification <ol><li> MACSセパレーターの磁場中でMSカラムに配置します。 </li><li>精製緩衝液500μlでカラムを洗浄します。 </li><li>カラムに細胞懸濁液を適用します。高い細胞数が列を詰まらせる可能性があるMSカラムに適切な数の細胞をロードします。注意：各MSカラムは、2×10 7セルの最大数を収容することができ、より高い細胞数を、より多くの列を使用しています。 </li><li>収集および非標識細胞を含むフロースルーを捨てる。 </li><li>精製緩衝液500μlで3回カラムを洗浄。洗浄工程の間に、列のリザーバは、その後の精製緩衝液の一定分量を追加する前に空であることを確認してください。 </li><li> MACS分離器から列を削除し、15ミリリットルファルコンチューブの上に置きます。 </li><li>プランジ​​ャは、MSカラムと共に供給される。 MSのカラムにピペット精製緩衝液の1ミリリットル、すぐにしっかりと列にプランジャーを押すことにより、磁気的に標識した細胞を洗い流す。 </li><li>プレートCEL35mm培養皿上のlsは、コラーゲンタイプ1でプレコートし、95％O 2および5％CO 2、37℃に設定したインキュベーター中ECCM中の細胞を成長させる。 </li><li> 4日ごとに培地を変更します。料理がコンフルエントのとき10〜12日後に実験やサブカルチャーのためのPVECsを使用してください。 </li></ol> 6。 PV ECのサブカルチャー<ol><li> ECCMを取り外し、滅菌PBS、1〜2 mlのPVECSの単層をすすぎます。 </li><li>穏やかに細胞単層を覆うように、0.25％トリプシン-EDTA溶液1.5mlを加える。 </li><li>インキュベーターに料理を返します。 5-7分以内に、細胞は、皿の表面から剥離します。 </li><li>細胞が剥離した後、直ちにトリプシンインヒビター等量のを追加し、数回粉砕する。 </li><li>無菌15ミリリットルファルコンチューブに細胞を移す。 5分間500×gでチューブを遠心分離する。 </li><li>上清を除去し、予め温めECCMの1ミリリットル中にペレットを再懸濁します。 </li><li>文化、IMを拡大するために細胞を播種老化または他のアッセイ。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shen, Q., S, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cells+stimulate+self-renewal+and+expand+neurogenesis+of+neural+stem+cells.">Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells.</a> Science. 304, 1338-1340 (2004).</li><li>Milner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+three-dimensional+system+to+study+interactions+between+endothelial+cells+and+neural+cells+of+the+developing+central+nervous+system.">A novel three-dimensional system to study interactions between endothelial cells and neural cells of the developing central nervous system.</a> BMC Neurosci. 8, 3 (2007).</li><li>Rauch, M. F., Michaud, M., Xu, H., Madri, J. A., Lavik, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-culture+of+primary+neural+progenitor+and+endothelial+cells+in+a+macroporous+gel+promotes+stable+vascular+networks+in+vivo.">Co-culture of primary neural progenitor and endothelial cells in a macroporous gel promotes stable vascular networks in vivo.</a> 19, 1469-1485 (2008).</li><li>Vasudevan, A., Long, J. E., Crandall, J. E., Rubenstein, J. L., Bhide, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartment-specific+transcription+factors+orchestrate+angiogenesis+gradients+in+the+embryonic+brain.">Compartment-specific transcription factors orchestrate angiogenesis gradients in the embryonic brain.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 11, 429-439 (2008).</li><li>Vasudevan, A., Bhide, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+in+the+embryonic+CNS:+a+new+twist+on+an+old+tale.">Angiogenesis in the embryonic CNS: a new twist on an old tale.</a> Cell Adh. Migr. 2, 167-169 (2008).</li><li>Won, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+vascular+networks+synchronize+GABA+neuron+migration+in+the+embryonic+forebrain.">Autonomous vascular networks synchronize GABA neuron migration in the embryonic forebrain.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2149-2162 (2013).</li><li>Dong, Q. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+strategy+for+isolation+of+endothelial+cells+from+murine+tissues.+Characterization+of+two+endothelial+cell+lines+from+the+murine+lung+and+subcutaneous+sponge+implants.">A general strategy for isolation of endothelial cells from murine tissues. Characterization of two endothelial cell lines from the murine lung and subcutaneous sponge implants.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 1599-1604 (1997).</li><li>Erblich, B., Zhu, L., Etgen, A. M., Dobrenis, K., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+colony+stimulation+factor-1+receptor+results+in+loss+of+microglia,+disrupted+brain+development+and+olfactory+deficits.">Absence of colony stimulation factor-1 receptor results in loss of microglia, disrupted brain development and olfactory deficits.</a> PLoS One. 6, (2011).</li><li>Wichterle, H., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Herrera, D. G., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Young+neurons+from+medial+ganglionic+eminence+disperse+in+adult+and+embryonic+brain.">Young neurons from medial ganglionic eminence disperse in adult and embryonic brain.</a> 2, 461-466 (1999).</li><li>Snapyan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vasculature+guides+migrating+neuronal+precursors+in+the+adult+mammalian+forebrain+via+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+signaling.">Vasculature guides migrating neuronal precursors in the adult mammalian forebrain via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 4172-4188 (2009).</li><li>Whitman, M. C., Fan, W., Rela, L., Rodriguez-Gil, D. J., Greer, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+form+a+migratory+scaffold+in+the+rostral+migratory+stream.">Blood vessels form a migratory scaffold in the rostral migratory stream.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 516, 94-104 (2009).</li></ol>

利害の対立が宣言されていません。

PVEC年代は、より生理学的に関連する神経血管の相互作用に焦点を当てた研究のための他の組織源からの大人の脳内皮細胞とのECよりもあり、また治療の可能性を持っている。 PVECの準備のためには、死んだ細胞は、CD31マイクロビーズに非特異的に結合することができるので、優れた実行可能性を達成するために、高速動作するように郭清を伴う重要な始まりです。単一細胞懸濁液は、従来の...

血管新生、神経発生および神経細胞移動は、中枢神経系（CNS）の開発、修復および再生における重要な事象である。いくつかのエレガントな研究は、内皮細胞が可溶性因子の放出を介して直接接触することによりニューロンの増殖およびその逆を刺激することが示されている。我々はそれが好奇心これらの研究1-3の大部分であることが見出さ神経前駆細胞/神経幹細胞は、胚の脳から単離されている間、それらは成人の脳、他の成体組織源から、または内皮細胞株と内皮細胞と共培養される。これは、部分的には、胚の脳から内皮細胞の純粋な集団を単離し、培養に関連する技術的な問題が原因である可能性があります。しかし、血管形成、神経発生、および神経細胞の移行は、より堅牢な胚の脳の正常な成人の脳に比べて桁違いに生じる同時イベントです。 embryoniの脳室周囲血管網Cの前脳（終脳）は、大脳基底核の原基内にある容器から発信され、胎生11（E11）4,5で終脳背側腹側からの整然とした勾配の形で開発しています。脳室周囲血管網の血管のこの神経叢は起源、解剖学的位置、成長パターン、および発生調節4,5に基づき、軟膜血管とは異なります。脳室周囲の血管新生勾配の伝播方向は、終脳の横断神経遺伝勾配と一致します。終脳内では、脳室周囲の血管新生勾配及び移行のGABAニューロンの勾配は接線方向にも空間的に6に重なる。タイミングに関しては、血管新生勾配は、約日までに神経遺伝勾配及びGABAニューロン勾配の進んでいる。したがって、内皮細胞は、脳室周囲空間的および時間的によく終脳の神経発生をサポートするために重要な手がかりを提供するように配置され、ニューロン移動4,6。したがって、神経前駆細胞及び/又はニューロンと共培養実験において、胚性脳室周囲の内皮細胞の使用は、神経血管の相互作用を研究し、神経変性疾患または虚血性/外傷性脳損傷の治療のための新規な手段を開発するためのより良好なモデルを提供するであろう。 我々は、上皮細胞の混入を制限することなく、分子的および脳室周囲血管網4,6（軟膜のECと区別するPVECs称される）の内皮細胞からの機能的に区別される軟膜血管内皮細胞を分離するだけでなく、軟膜膜を除去することの重要性を強調。ここでは、私たちが日常的にPVECsの豊かで純粋な収量を得るために、我々の研究室で使用する方法について説明します。これらの内皮細胞は、単一の時限妊娠マウスから単離された胚性前脳から調製される。これらは、膨張継代培養し、将来の使用のために正常に凍結することができる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="768">
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		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">D-4527</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagen, Type 1 solution from rat tail </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS</td>
			<td>Quality Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">114057-131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M4055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MS column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CD31 microbeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-097-418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACS multi stand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell strainer 70 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibiotic and antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase/Dispase</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10269638001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">DMEM </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35 mm culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 ml falcon tube </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 ml falcon tube</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">ECCM kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">355054</td>
			<td>Kit Includes Endothelial cell growth supplement, EGF and Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RBECGM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Cell applications </td>
			<td style="width:147px;">R819-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM F12 </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10565-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">305050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">tissue culture grade water</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15230162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">0.25% Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Soyabean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">5425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qtracker 655 Cell Labeling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Q25021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">CellLight Plasma Membrane-RFP, BacMam 2.0</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C10608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Biotinylated Isolectin B4 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">L2140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Anti-Von Willebrand factor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">F3520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Anti-CD31/PECAM-1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">550274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Vectashield Hardset Mounting media with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">H-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Butler Schein Animal Health Supply</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">44028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Motic</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SMZ-168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">267110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus CK-40</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CK-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Flouroscent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus FSX-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FSX-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roboz surgical instrument</td>
			<td>7 inox</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Fine microtip scissors</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roboz surgical instrument</td>
			<td>RS5611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain

胚の脳内皮細胞は、血管新生および神経血管の発達との相互作用の研究における重要なツールとして機能することができる。胚前脳、軟膜および脳室周囲の2血管網は、空間的に独特であり、異なる起源と成長パターンを持っている。軟膜および脳室周囲血管網から​​の内皮細胞は、固有の遺伝子発現プロフィールおよび機能を有している。ここでは、胚前脳（終脳）の脳室周囲血管網（PVECs）からの内皮細胞の純粋な集団の単離、文化、および検証のためのステップバイステップのプロトコルを提示する。このアプローチでは、胎齢15日のマウスから得た軟膜膜を欠く終脳は、みじん切りされたコラゲナーゼ/ディスパーゼを用いて消化し、単一細胞懸濁液中に機械的に分散した。 PVECsは強い磁場を使用してマイクロビーズに結合させanti-CD-31/PECAM-1抗体で陽性選択を用いて細胞懸濁液から精製される分離方法。コンフルエントとなるまで、さらに継代培養細胞は、精製された内皮細胞培養培地中のコラーゲン1コーティングした培養皿上で培養される。位相差光学顕微鏡、蛍光顕微鏡で可視化されるようPVECsは、このプロトコルの展示石畳と紡錘形の表現型を用いて得られる。 PVEC培養の純度は、内皮細胞のマーカーで設立されました。私たちの手では、この方法では、確実にかつ一貫してPVECsの純粋な集団が得られます。このプロトコルは、前脳の血管新生への機械論的な洞察を得るPVEC相互作用、および神経細胞の種類とのクロストークを理解し、治療的血管形成のための途方もない可能性を秘めていることを目的とした研究の利益になる。

1-12日目からPVECsの表現型の特徴は、位相差光学顕微鏡検査（ 図2）によって示されている。細胞分裂（ 図2A）の1日目を表示形態学特性上皿に付着した細胞。 5-8日の間、石畳からPVECs遷移は、内皮細胞およびそのin vivoの状態（ 図2Bおよび2C）により類似の典型的な形の形態をスピンドルます。 12日目までにPVEC文化が完全な合流点（ <stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

このビデオでは、10〜12日以内に、胚前脳からの内皮細胞の純粋培養を調製するための簡単​​で信頼性の高い戦略を示し、脳血管新生のさまざまな側面に焦点を当てた研究のために有用であろう。

胚前脳からの内皮細胞の単離および培養

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

isolation-culture-endothelial-cells-from-embryonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.3K ビュー.  Harvard Medical School. このビデオでは、10〜12日以内に、胚前脳からの内皮細胞の純粋培養を調製するための簡単​​で信頼性の高い戦略を示し、脳血管新生のさまざまな側面に焦点を当てた研究のために有用であろう。 

ビデオ: Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

胚の脊髄から交連ニューロンの解剖と文化

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

神経科学

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

人間の毛包から神経堤幹細胞の単離および培養

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

マウス胚の運動ニューロンのレクチンに基づく分離と文化

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

胎児マウスから海馬ニューロンの単離および培養

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied successfully to the isolation of mouse and human primary neurons and neural progenitors. Dissociated neurons are maintained in serum-free medium up to several weeks. These cultures can be used for nucleofection, immunocytochemistry, nucleic acids preparation, as well as electrophysiology. Older neuronal cultures can also be transfected with a good efficiency rate by lentiviral transduction and, less efficiently, with calcium phosphate or lipid-based methods such as lipofectamine.

We describe a rapid methodology to isolate and culture hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos. This protocol allows us to perform experiments in which nearly pure neuronal cultures are required.

ラット胚神経細胞の分離と文化：クイックプロトコル

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

胎児マウス神経管から神経堤細胞の単離および培養

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional complex of tight and adherens junctions. Together with other cell-types such as astrocytes or pericytes, they form the neurovascular unit (NVU), which specifically regulates the interchange of fluids, molecules and cells between the peripheral blood and the CNS. Through this complex and dynamic system BMECs are involved in various processes maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. A dysfunction of the BBB is observed as an essential step in the pathogenesis of many severe CNS diseases. However, specific and targeted therapies are very limited, as the underlying mechanisms are still far from being understood. 
Animal and in vitro models have been extensively used to gain in-depth understanding of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. By reduction and simplification it is possible to focus the investigation on the subject of interest and to exclude a variety of confounding factors. However, comparability and transferability are also reduced in model systems, which have to be taken into account for evaluation. The most common animal models are based on mice, among other reasons, mainly due to the constantly increasing possibilities of methodology. In vitro studies of isolated murine BMECs might enable an in-depth analysis of their properties and of the blood-brain-barrier under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further insights into the complex mechanisms at the BBB potentially provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies.
This protocol describes a method to isolate primary murine microvascular endothelial cells by a sequence of physical and chemical purification steps. Special considerations for purity and cultivation of MBMECs as well as quality control, potential applications and limitations are discussed.

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) are interconnected by specific junctional proteins forming a highly regulated barrier separating blood and the central nervous system (CNS), the so-called blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The isolation of primary murine brain microvascular endothelial cells, as discussed in this protocol, enables detailed in vitro studies of the BBB.

初代マウス脳微小血管内皮細胞の単離

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

胚性齧歯類の脳から単離、プライマリ脳ドーパミンニューロンの文化と長期メンテナンス

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

マウス梁下ゾーンから成体神経幹細胞の単離および培養

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.