この作品は、フランスの筋ジストロフィー協会（AFM）によるADに健康補助金AR055686とAR060836およびポスドクの国立研究所によってサポートされていました。本研究で利用される細胞イメージング施設は、健康補助金HD040677の国立研究所によってサポートされています。

1。バルクを用いた撮像細胞膜修復（ガラスビーズ）創傷はこのプロトコルは、別々に負傷した細胞や治癒できないものをマークすることができます。 1：細胞のこれらの集団を定量化するには、次の3つの条件を使用する必要があります。試験（C1） -細胞のCa 2 +、2の存在下で修復させる。対照1（無損傷C2） -細胞のCa 2 +の存在下でインキュベートしたが、負傷していない、および3ている。コントロール2（なし修復C3） -細胞をCa 2 +の非存在下で修復することが許可されます。 <ol><li> 3無菌カバーガラス上で&gt; 50％コンフルエンスまで細胞を成長させ、シリコンO-リング上で37℃、転送カバーグラスPBSで37℃、およびC3で、CIMで二度C1とC2を洗う。 </li><li> C1とC2またはC3の上のPBS中のCIMにおける予め温めFITCデキストラン溶液100μlを加える。 </li><li>手動でバックカバースリップを傾けることによって穏やかに室温で、カバースリップ上に40mgのガラスビーズをロールC1およびC3上の形質膜を傷つけると30°の角度で前後6-8回。 注意：軽度の負傷のために、このように繰り返しの傷害を最小限に抑え、ガラスビーズが均一に分散していることを確認してください。サンプル間の損傷の再現性を向上させるために、同時に比較すべき異なるサンプルのガラスビーズ傷害を行う。 </li><li>ビーズのさらなる圧延を回避し、周囲のCO 2、37℃のインキュベーターにすべてカバースリップを転送し、修繕を5分間進行させる。 </li><li>ビーズが転動させることなく、37℃でCIM（C1及びC2）又はPBS（C3）で洗浄することによりガラスビーズおよびFITCデキストランを除去する</li><li>場所は、Oリングに戻ってカバースリップ、c3のC1とC2またはPBS中、CIM内の予め温めリジン固定可能TRITCデキストラン溶液100μlを加える。 </li><li>周囲CO 2で5分間37℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li>あらかじめ温めておいたCIMで二度カバース​​リップを洗浄し、室温で10分間、4％PFAで固定します。 </li><li> PBSで2回洗浄し、ヘキスト染料での室温で2分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>ウォッシュSAMPLエス回PBSで、落射蛍光顕微鏡を用いて実装培地および画像セルを用いてスライド上にマウントする。 </li><li>背景の赤と緑の染色強度を決定し、全ての試料（C1-C3）用の閾値赤と緑のチャンネルにこの値を使用するC2由来の細胞を使用する。 </li><li> A）グリーン（負傷し、修復さ）とb）の赤または赤と緑（負傷者の両方が、が、C1とC3のサンプルで）修復に失敗している細胞の総数を獲得。 </li><li>カウント&gt; 100緑の各条件や負傷者のすべてのセル（緑と赤）のパーセントとして、修復に失敗した細胞の割合を発現している細胞。 </li></ol> 2。レーザー損傷後の細胞膜修復の動態のライブイメージング<ol><li>あらかじめ温めておいCIMで細胞を洗浄した後、FM色素で、CIMにカバースリップを置く。 </li><li> 37℃に維持し、ステージトップインキュベーターでホルダーにカバースリップを配置</li><li>細胞膜1-2 mm 2の地域を選択し、のために照射&lt;;パルスレーザーで10ミリ秒。ピーク電力の40〜50％のソフトウェアを介してレーザパワーを減衰させる。最適な電力は、一貫性のことができますが、非致死傷害、これが使用されている個々の楽器や細胞株について、試行錯誤によって決定されなければならない。 </li><li>損傷前に開始し、エピ蛍光と明視野での修理、画像ごとに10秒を監視し、損傷後3〜5分間続行します。 注意：修理の制御のために、リピートをPBSで負傷した細胞は、FM色素を含有して2.1から2.4を繰り返します。 </li><li>修復の動態を定量するために、セルラFM色素の蛍光を測定し、画像化の過程強度（ΔF/F0）の変化をプロットする。このデータは、各条件で10年以上の細胞について平均し、必要に応じて、平均化したり、個々のセルの値としてプロットされるべきである。 </li></ol> 3。イメージング·バルク（ガラスビーズ）傷害誘導リソソームエキソサイトーシスサンプルは、&gt; 50％まで成長し、次の細胞が含まれる合流点：1。試験（C1） -のCa 2 +、2の存在下で修復させた細胞。対照1（C2、ノー損傷） - 細胞怪我もなく、一次抗体とインキュベートし、そして3もない。コントロール2（C;なし修復） - Ca 2 +の非存在下で修復することができた細胞。 <ol><li>洗浄は37℃でPBSを用いて37℃およびC3でCIMで二回C1及びC2をカバースリップシリコーンO-リング上に転送する。 </li><li> C3の上でC1とC2上のCIMにおける予め温めリジン固定可能TRITCデキストランのPBS中に100μlを加える。 </li><li>ステップ1.3のようにC1とC3に、細胞膜を傷つける。 </li><li>ビーズのさらなる圧延を回避し、周囲のCO 2、37℃のインキュベーターにすべてカバースリップを転送し、修繕を5分間進行させる。 </li><li>再び細胞にガラスビーズのないローリングを確保していない、冷たい増殖培地中でカバーグラスを洗浄することにより、ガラスビーズおよびTRITCデキストランを削除します。 </li><li>冷たい成長培地で2回カバースリップをすすぎ、Oリングに転送します。 </li><li> C1およびC3へコー​​ルド完全増殖培地中のラット抗マウスLAMP1抗体を100μlを加え、C2に寒さ、完全な増殖培地を追加します。 </li><li>抗体は4℃で30分間インキュベートしたカバーガラスを結合できるようにするには</li><li>冷たいCIMでカバーグラスを3回洗浄し、室温で10分間、4％PFAですべてカバースリップを修正して、CIMで3回すすいでください。 </li><li> RTで15分間溶液を遮断する100μlのすべてカバースリップをインキュベートする</li><li> 4℃でアレクサフルーア100μlの15分間488抗ラット抗体をすべてカバースリップをインキュベート</li><li> PBSで2回洗浄し、ヘキストでの室温で2分間インキュベートする。 </li><li> PBSで2回細胞を洗浄、エピ蛍光顕微鏡を用いた実装メディアやイメージを使用して、スライド上にマウントします。 </li><li> C2細胞の画像を用いて、赤色（TRITCデキストラン）で非特異的バックグラウンド染色を決定し、緑（アレクサフルーア488抗体）チャネルおよびスレッシュホールドに全てのサンプル（C1-C3）用の赤と緑のチャネルを、これらのバックグラウンド染色値を使用する。&lt;/李&gt; <li>負傷した細胞中のLAMP1染色（緑）の強度を測定するために、C1とC3から&gt; 100赤の標識された細胞を使用してください。成功した実験にはC3のセル内のランプ1染色はC1からの細胞よりも有意に低くなります。 </li></ol> 4。細胞膜損傷のライブイメージングは​​、細胞内の人身売買をトリガ<ol><li>蛍光標識 （リソソーム8用など CD63-GFP）または蛍光色素9を使用して、適切なレポーターをトランスフェクトすることにより、目的のコンパートメント。 </li><li>蛍光色素で標識リソソームについては、FITC-デキストランを含有する増殖培地中で50％コンフルエンスまで増殖させた細胞をインキュベート</li><li> CO 2インキュベーター中（目的の細胞株によるデキストランとの十分なエンドソーム標識に必要な以上）デキストランは2時間エンドサイトーシスすることができます。 </li><li>許可するように温めておいた増殖培地で細胞を洗浄して、CO 2インキュベーター内で2時間、その中に培養するすべてのリソソームに蓄積したデキストランをエンドサイトーシス。 </li><li>イメージングの前に、予め温め、CIM内のカバーガラスを洗浄し、37℃で、ステージトップインキュベーターにカバースリップホルダーに取り付ける</li><li> （細胞全体に動きのため）広視野またはTIRF（細胞表面およびエキソサイトーシスでの移動）イメージングを実施 - FITCデキストランラベルリソソームが混雑していない細胞は、個々のリソソームの動きとエキソサイトーシスを画像化するために理想的です。 </li><li>イメージング顕微鏡用TIRFレーザーを揃える：使用60Xまたは&gt; 1.45 NAの100X目標を。メーカーのアプローチを用いて入射全反射レーザー光に対する角度を設定します。 </li><li> 40〜50％の減衰でパルスレーザで、&lt;100ミリ秒のための小さい（1-2 mm 2）で領域を照射することにより、細胞膜を傷つける。 </li><li>目的の細胞におけるエキソサイトーシスの動態に応じて、少なくとも2分以上4-6フレーム/秒で負傷、画像セルをセルにリソソームの応答をモニターする。 </li></ol>

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インビボでの細胞膜傷害は、これらを模倣するために開発された生理学的ストレスおよびいくつかの実験的アプローチの種々発生する。これらの皿を、それらを掻き落としたり、狭い穴の注射器9,10を通じて継代することにより接着細胞の細胞膜を傷つけています。このような傷害後の細胞を懸濁液で治癒し、それらが正常組織中でそうであるように、細胞外マトリックスに接...

細胞膜は、細胞と細胞外環境との間の障壁を提供することで、細胞の完全性を維持します。正常な生理的しきい値だけでなく、侵入する病原体の存在を超えて、化学的、電気的、または機械的刺激は、細胞膜への傷害におけるそれぞれの結果とは、この傷害を修復するために、その後の細胞応答を誘発することができます。細胞膜へのこれらの損傷に耐えるために、細胞を修復するための効率的なメカニズムを有する。このメカニズムは、カルシウム依存性であり、他の中のようなアネキシンやMG53のようなタンパク質の細胞内輸送だけでなく、このような怪我を細胞膜1-7エンドソーム、リソソーム、ゴルジ派生小胞やミトコンドリアなどの細胞内区画を必要とする。しかし、損傷した細胞膜の修復に関与する分子および細胞内イベントのシーケンスの詳細はよくわかっていないままです。 細胞の修復応答は、耳の中に分離され得るLY及び後期応答。分の時間スケールに数秒以内に起こる初期の応答は、成功した細胞修復または細胞死に至る後期応答の性質を決定するのに途方もなく重要である。バルク生化学的および細胞分析に基づいて、エンドポイントアッセイは、修理中の分子や細胞プロセスの関与を確立に貢献している。しかし、原因細胞修復応答の不均一性及び迅速性のために、エンドポイントアッセイは、修理に至る一連の事象の運動および空間の詳細を提供することができない。細胞膜の制御された傷害を有効にして、細胞膜の修復と高い空間分解能と時間分解能で、関連する細胞内応答を監視できるようなアプローチは、理想的には、そのような研究に適しています。ここで、そのようなアプローチが提示されている。プロトコルの二つは、細胞膜修復のリアルタイム動態およびレーザinjの次の生細胞における修復過程に関連付けられている細胞内応答をモニターするためのアプローチを記載ユリィ。これらの生細胞イメージングに基づくアッセイを補完するものとして、エンドポイントアッセイはまた、個々の細胞および関連する細胞内応答のモニタリング修復のための集団ベースの測定を提供するが記載されている。これらのアプローチは、細胞膜の損傷に応答して輸送およびリソソームのエキソサイトーシスをモニターするために使用されているそれらの有用性を実証する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="814" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H1387</td>
			<td>Used to prepare CIM (HBSS/10 mM Hepes/2 mM Ca2+ pH 7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP410</td>
			<td>Used to prepare CIM (HBSS/10 mM Hepes/2 mM Ca2+ pH 7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC dextran (Lysine fixable)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1820</td>
			<td>2 mg/ml in CIM or PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC dextran (Lysine fixable)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1818</td>
			<td>2 mg/ml in CIM or PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA 16%</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>4% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td>1/10 000 in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FM dye</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3163</td>
			<td>1 &#181;g/&#181;l in CIM or PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>FD40S</td>
			<td>2 mg/ml in growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAMP1&#160;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-19992</td>
			<td>1/300 in growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 chicken anti-rat IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21470</td>
			<td>1/500 in blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting media</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-545-86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottom petridish</td>
			<td>MatTek corporation</td>
			<td>P35G-1.0-14-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone O ring</td>
			<td>Bellco</td>
			<td>1943-33315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip holder</td>
			<td>Bellco</td>
			<td>1943-11111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-7816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12001-566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>MP1400-500H</td>
			<td>Used for growth medium: 10% FBS, 1% P/S in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Sreptomycin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12001-350</td>
			<td>Used for growth medium: 10% FBS, 1% P/S in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5405</td>
			<td>5% chicken serum in CIM is used for blocking solution during immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Ca2+ and Mg2+ free)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12001-664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus America, PA</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TIRF illuminator&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus America, PA</td>
			<td>Cell^TIRF (IEC60825-1:2007)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescence illuminator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato CA</td>
			<td>Lambda DG-4 (DG-4 30)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics, Tucson, AZ</td>
			<td>Evolve 512 EMCCD&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image acquisition and anaysis software</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Inc. Denver, CO</td>
			<td>Slidebook 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulsed laser</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Inc. Denver, CO</td>
			<td>Ablate (3iL13)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage top incubator</td>
			<td>Tokaihit, Japan</td>
			<td>INUBG2ASFP-ZILCS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging cell membrane injury and subcellular processes involved in repair

癒すために傷ついた細胞の能力は、基本的な細胞プロセスですが、治癒損傷細胞に関与する細胞および分子メカニズムはほとんどわかっていない。ここでアッセイは、局所的な損傷後の培養細胞の治癒能力および速度を監視するために記載されている。第一のプロトコルは、同時に数百の細胞の細胞膜修復能を評価するためのエンドポイントベースの手法を記載している。第二のプロトコルは、パルスレーザによる局所的な損傷後の個々の細胞における細胞膜修復の動態をモニ​​ターするリアルタイム画像化のアプローチを記載する。治癒負傷した細胞が損傷部位に特異的なタンパク質と細胞内コンパートメントの輸送を伴うように、第3のプロトコルが同時に負傷した細胞の何百ものそのような人身売買のイベント（リソソームエキソサイトーシス）を評価するには、上記のエンドポイントベースのアプローチを使用し、最後のプロトコルについて説明TIRFのミクロスと共にパルスレーザー傷害の使用を記載高い空間分解能と時間分解能で負傷した細胞では、個々の細胞内コンパートメントのダイナミクスを監視するためのコピー。ここプロトコルは、培養筋細胞における細胞膜の修復およびリソソームのエキソサイトーシスの間のリンクを調べるため、これらのアプローチの使用を記載しているが、それらは、他の接着性の培養細胞と、選択した細胞内コンパートメントにそのまま適用することができる。

単一細胞イメージングのためにここで説明するプロトコルは、細胞膜修復（プロトコール1及び2）、修復中のリソソームの細胞内輸送および融合（プロトコル3および4）の能力および速度を監視することである。 プロトコル1は、すべての傷ついた細胞をマークし、修復に失敗したものが負傷細胞を同定することができますバルクアッセイを示す。無傷細胞（ 図1A）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair at JoVE.com

Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair

治癒損傷した細胞の処理は細胞膜の損傷部位に特異的なタンパク質および細胞内コンパートメントの輸送を伴う。このプロトコルは、これらのプロセスを監視するためのアッセイを説明しています。

イメージング細胞膜の損傷および修復に関与する細胞内プロセス

The ability of injured cells to heal is a fundamental cellular process, but cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in healing injured cells are poorly ...

imaging-cell-membrane-injury-subcellular-processes-involved

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K ビュー.  Children's National Medical Center. 治癒損傷した細胞の処理は細胞膜の損傷部位に特異的なタンパク質および細胞内コンパートメントの輸送を伴う。このプロトコルは、これらのプロセスを監視するためのアッセイを説明しています。 

ビデオ: Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair

Visualization of MG53-mediated Cell Membrane Repair Using in vivo and in vitro Systems

Repair of acute injury to the cell membrane is an elemental process of normal cellular physiology, and defective membrane repair has been linked to many degenerative human diseases. The recent discovery of MG53 as a key component of the membrane resealing machinery allows for a better molecular understanding of the basic biology of tissue repair, as well as for potential translational applications in regenerative medicine. Here we detail the experimental protocols for exploring the in vivo function of MG53 in repair of muscle injury using treadmill exercise protocols on mouse models, for testing the ex vivo membrane repair capacity by measuring dye entry into isolated muscle fibers, and for monitoring the dynamic process of MG53-mediated vesicle trafficking and cell membrane repair in cultured cells using live cell confocal microscopy.

Visualization of MG53-mediated Cell Membrane Repair Using in vivo and in vitro Systems

Described here are protocols used to visualize the dynamic process of MG53-mediated cell membrane repair in whole animals and at the cellular level. These methods can be applied to investigate the cell biology of plasma membrane resealing and regenerative medicine.

使用してMG53を介した細胞膜修復の可視化 in vivoでと in vitroでシステム

Repair of acute injury to the cell membrane is an elemental process of normal cellular physiology, and defective membrane repair has been linked to many ...

生物学

Rat Mesentery Exteriorization: A Model for Investigating the Cellular Dynamics Involved in Angiogenesis

Microvacular network growth and remodeling are critical aspects of wound healing, inflammation, diabetic retinopathy, tumor growth and other disease conditions1, 2. Network growth is commonly attributed to angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels. The angiogenic process is also directly linked to arteriogenesis, defined as the capillary acquisition of a perivascular cell coating and vessel enlargement. Needless to say, angiogenesis is complex and involves multiple players at the cellular and molecular level3. Understanding how a microvascular network grows requires identifying the spatial and temporal dynamics along the hierarchy of a network over the time course of angiogenesis. This information is critical for the development of therapies aimed at manipulating vessel growth.
The exteriorization model described in this article represents a simple, reproducible model for stimulating angiogenesis in the rat mesentery. It was adapted from wound-healing models in the rat mesentery4-7, and is an alternative to stimulate angiogenesis in the mesentery via i.p. injections of pro-angiogenic agents8, 9. The exteriorization model is attractive because it requires minimal surgical intervention and produces dramatic, reproducible increases in capillary sprouts, vascular area and vascular density over a relatively short time course in a tissue that allows for the two-dimensional visualization of entire microvascular networks down to single cell level. The stimulated growth reflects natural angiogenic responses in a physiological environment without interference of foreign angiogenic molecules. Using immunohistochemical labeling methods, this model has been proven extremely useful in identifying novel cellular events involved in angiogenesis. Investigators can readily correlate the angiogenic metrics during the time course of remodeling with time specific dynamics, such as cellular phenotypic changes or cellular interactions4, 5, 7, 10, 11.

This article describes a simple model for stimulating angiogenesis in the rat mesentery. The model produces dramatic increases in capillary sprouting, vascular area and vascular density over a relatively short time course in a tissue that allows en face visualization of entire microvascular networks down to the single cell level.

ラット腸間膜具象化：血管新生に関与する細胞のダイナミクスを調べるためのモデル

Microvacular network growth and remodeling are critical aspects of wound healing, inflammation, diabetic retinopathy, tumor growth and other disease ...

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event that triggers the repair of mechanical wounds on the plasma membrane within ~30 sec. Recent studies revealed that mammalian cells also reseal their plasma membrane after permeabilization with pore forming toxins in a Ca2+-dependent process that involves exocytosis of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase followed by pore endocytosis. Here, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate that the resealing of cells permeabilized by the toxin streptolysin O is also rapid and dependent on Ca2+ influx. The assay design allows synchronization of the injury event and a precise kinetic measurement of the ability of cells to restore plasma membrane integrity by imaging and quantifying the extent by which the liphophilic dye FM1-43 reaches intracellular membranes. This live assay also allows a sensitive assessment of the ability of exogenously added soluble factors such as sphingomyelinase to inhibit FM1-43 influx, reflecting the ability of cells to repair their plasma membrane. This assay allowed us to show for the first time that sphingomyelinase acts downstream of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, since extracellular addition of the enzyme promotes resealing of cells permeabilized in the absence of Ca2+.

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Live imaging of cells exposed to the lipophilic dye FM1-43 allows precise determination of the kinetics by which pore-forming toxins are removed from the plasma membrane. This is a sensitive assay that can be used to assess requirements for Ca2+, sphingomyelinase and other factors on plasma membrane repair.

カルシウムの役割を評価するためのイメージングアッセイを生きる<sup&gt; 2 +</sup孔形成毒素の傷の修復&gt;とスフィンゴミエリナーゼ

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event ...

Intravital Microscopy for Imaging Subcellular Structures in Live Mice Expressing Fluorescent Proteins

Here we describe a procedure to image subcellular structures in live rodents that is based on the use of confocal intravital microscopy. As a model organ, we use the salivary glands of live mice since they provide several advantages. First, they can be easily exposed to enable access to the optics, and stabilized to facilitate the reduction of the motion artifacts due to heartbeat and respiration. This significantly facilitates imaging and tracking small subcellular structures. Second, most of the cell populations of the salivary glands are accessible from the surface of the organ. This permits the use of confocal microscopy that has a higher spatial resolution than other techniques that have been used for in vivo imaging, such as two-photon microscopy. Finally, salivary glands can be easily manipulated pharmacologically and genetically, thus providing a robust system to investigate biological processes at a molecular level.
In this study we focus on a protocol designed to follow the kinetics of the exocytosis of secretory granules in acinar cells and the dynamics of the apical plasma membrane where the secretory granules fuse upon stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors. Specifically, we used a transgenic mouse that co-expresses cytosolic GFP and a membrane-targeted peptide fused with the fluorescent protein tandem-Tomato. However, the procedures that we used to stabilize and image the salivary glands can be extended to other mouse models and coupled to other approaches to label in vivo cellular components, enabling the visualization of various subcellular structures, such as endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the actin cytoskeleton.

Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that enables imaging various biological processes in live animals. In this article, we present a detailed method for imaging the dynamics of subcellular structures, such as the secretory granules, in the salivary glands of live mice.

蛍光タンパク質を発現する生きたマウスでのイメージング細胞内の構造物の生体顕微鏡

Here we describe a procedure to image subcellular structures in live rodents that is based on the use of confocal intravital microscopy. As a model organ, ...

Ground State Depletion Super-resolution Imaging in Mammalian Cells

Advances in fluorescent microscopy and cell biology are intimately correlated, with the enhanced ability to visualize cellular events often leading to dramatic leaps in our understanding of how cells function. The development and availability of super-resolution microscopy has considerably extended the limits of optical resolution from ~250-20 nm. Biologists are no longer limited to describing molecular interactions in terms of colocalization within a diffraction limited area, rather it is now possible to visualize the dynamic interactions of individual molecules. Here, we outline a protocol for the visualization and quantification of cellular proteins by ground-state depletion microscopy&#160;for fixed cell imaging. We provide examples from two different membrane proteins, an element of the endoplasmic reticulum translocon, sec61&#946;, and a plasma membrane-localized voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2). Discussed are the specific microscope parameters, fixation methods, photo-switching buffer formulation, and pitfalls and challenges of image processing.

This article outlines a protocol for the detection of one or more plasma and/or intracellular membrane proteins using Ground State Depletion (GSD) super-resolution microscopy in mammalian cells. Here, we discuss the benefits and considerations of using such approaches for the visualization and quantification of cellular proteins.

哺乳類細胞における地上州枯渇超解像イメージング

Advances in fluorescent microscopy and cell biology are intimately correlated, with the enhanced ability to visualize cellular events often leading to ...

Super-Resolution Live Cell Imaging of Subcellular Structures

There has long been a crucial tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolution in imaging. Imaging beyond the diffraction limit of light has traditionally been restricted to be used only on fixed samples or live cells outside of tissue labeled with strong fluorescent signal. Current super-resolution live cell imaging techniques require the use of special fluorescence probes, high illumination, multiple image acquisitions with post-acquisition processing, or often a combination of these processes. These prerequisites significantly limit the biological samples and contexts that this technique can be applied to.
Here we describe a method to perform super-resolution (~140 nm XY-resolution) time-lapse fluorescence live cell imaging in situ. This technique is also compatible with low fluorescent intensity, for example, EGFP or mCherry endogenously tagged at lowly expressed genes. As a proof-of-principle, we have used this method to visualize multiple subcellular structures in the Drosophila testis. During tissue preparation, both the cellular structure and tissue morphology are maintained within the dissected testis. Here, we use this technique to image microtubule dynamics, the interactions between microtubules and the nuclear membrane, as well as the attachment of microtubules to centromeres.
This technique requires special procedures in sample preparation, sample mounting and immobilizing of specimens. Additionally, the specimens must be maintained for several hours after dissection without compromising cellular function and activity. While we have optimized the conditions for live super-resolution imaging specifically in Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs) and progenitor germ cells in dissected testis tissue, this technique is broadly applicable to a variety of different cell types. The ability to observe cells under their physiological conditions without sacrificing either spatial or temporal resolution will serve as an invaluable tool to researchers seeking to address crucial questions in cell biology.

Presented here is a protocol for super-resolution live-cell imaging in intact tissue. We have standardized the conditions for imaging a highly sensitive adult stem cell population in its native tissue environment. This technique involves balancing temporal and spatial resolution to allow for the direct observation of biological phenomena in live tissue.

細胞下構造の超分解能ライブ細胞イメージング

There has long been a crucial tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolution in imaging. Imaging beyond the diffraction limit of light has traditionally ...

Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates

The development of transgenic invertebrate preparations in which the activity of specifiable sets of neurons can be recorded and manipulated with light represents a revolutionary advance for studies of the neural basis of behavior. However, a downside of this development is its tendency to focus investigators on a very small number of &#8220;designer&#8221; organisms (e.g., C. elegans and Drosophila), potentially negatively impacting the pursuit of comparative studies across many species, which is needed for identifying general principles of network function. The present article illustrates how optical recording with voltage-sensitive dyes in the brains of non-transgenic gastropod species can be used to rapidly (i.e., within the time course of single experiments) reveal features of the functional organization of their neural networks with single-cell resolution. We outline in detail the dissection, staining, and recording methods used by our laboratory to obtain action potential traces from dozens to ~150 neurons during behaviorally relevant motor programs in the CNS of multiple gastropod species, including one new to neuroscience &#8211; the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae. Imaging is performed with absorbance voltage-sensitive dyes and a 464-element photodiode array that samples at 1,600 frames/second, fast enough to capture all action potentials generated by the recorded neurons. Multiple several-minute recordings can be obtained per preparation with little to no signal bleaching or phototoxicity. The raw optical data collected through the methods described can subsequently be analyzed through a variety of illustrated methods. Our optical recording approach can be readily used to probe network activity in a variety of non-transgenic species, making it well suited for comparative studies of how brains generate behavior.

This protocol presents a method for imaging neuronal population activity with single-cell resolution in non-transgenic invertebrate species using absorbance voltage-sensitive dyes and a photodiode array. This approach enables a rapid workflow, wherein imaging and analysis can be pursued over the course of a single day.

非トランスジェニック無脊椎動物における単一ニューロン分解能を用いたネットワークダイナミクスを記録するためのフォトダイオードベースの光学イメージング

The development of transgenic invertebrate preparations in which the activity of specifiable sets of neurons can be recorded and manipulated with light ...

Isolating and Imaging Live, Intact Pacemaker Regions of Mouse Renal Pelvis by Vibratome Sectioning

The renal pelvis (RP) is a funnel-shaped, smooth muscle structure that facilitates normal urine transport from the kidney to the ureter by regular, propulsive contractions. Regular RP contractions rely on pacemaker activity, which originates from the most proximal region of the RP at the pelvis-kidney junction (PKJ). Due to the difficulty in accessing and preserving intact preparations of the PKJ, most investigations on RP pacemaking have focused on single-cell electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging experiments. Although important revelations on RP pacemaking have emerged from such work, these experiments have several intrinsic limitations, including the inability to accurately determine cellular identity in mixed suspensions and the lack of in situ imaging of RP pacemaker activity. These factors have resulted in a limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie normal rhythmic RP contractions. In this paper, a protocol is described to prepare intact segments of mouse PKJ using a vibratome sectioning technique. By combining this approach with mice expressing cell-specific reporters and genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators, investigators may be able to more accurately study the specific cell types and mechanisms responsible for peristaltic RP contractions that are vital for normal urine transport.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate intact pacemaker regions of the mouse renal pelvis using vibratome sectioning. These sections can then be used for in situ Ca2+ imaging to elucidate Ca2+ transient properties of pacemaker cells and other interstitial cells in vibratome slices.

ビブラートーム切除によるマウス腎盂の分離とイメージングライブ、無傷のペースメーカー領域

The renal pelvis (RP) is a funnel-shaped, smooth muscle structure that facilitates normal urine transport from the kidney to the ureter by regular, ...

Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.

The present protocol describes the acute isolation of viable cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells from adult, juvenile, larval, and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio), suitable for electrophysiological studies.

電気生理学的研究のための成体、幼若、幼虫および胚性ゼブラフィッシュからの心臓および血管平滑筋細胞の単離(英語)

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the ...

Imaging Neutrophil Migration in the Mouse Skin to Investigate Subcellular Membrane Remodeling Under Physiological Conditions

The study of immune cell recruitment and function in tissues has been a very active field over the last two decades. Neutrophils are among the first immune cells to reach the site of inflammation and to participate in the innate immune response during infection or tissue damage. So far, neutrophil migration has been successfully visualized using various in vitro experimental systems based on uniform stimulation, or confined migration under agarose, or micro-fluidic channels. However, these models do not recapitulate the complex microenvironment that neutrophils encounter in vivo. The development of multiphoton microscopy (MPM)-based techniques, such as intravital subcellular microscopy (ISMic), offer a unique tool to visualize and investigate neutrophil dynamics at subcellular resolutions under physiological conditions. In particular, the ear of a live anesthetized mouse provides an experimental advantage to follow neutrophil interstitial migration in real-time due to its ease of accessibility and lack of surgical exposure. ISMic provides the optical resolution, speed, and depth of acquisition necessary to track both cellular and, more importantly, subcellular processes in 3D over time (4D). Moreover, multi-modal imaging of the interstitial microenvironment (i.e., blood vessels, resident cells, extracellular matrix) can be readily accomplished using a combination of transgenic mice expressing select fluorescent markers, exogenous labeling via fluorescent probes, tissue intrinsic fluorescence, and second/third harmonic generated signals. This protocol describes 1) the preparation of neutrophils for adoptive transfer into the mouse ear, 2) different settings for optimal sub-cellular imaging, 3) strategies to minimize motion artifacts while maintaining a physiological response, 4) examples of membrane remodeling observed in neutrophils using ISMic, and 5) a workflow for the quantitative analysis of membrane remodeling in migrating neutrophils in vivo.

Neutrophil migration relies on the rapid and continuous remodeling of the plasma membrane in response to chemoattractant and its interactions with the extracellular microenvironment. Described herein is a procedure based on Intravital Subcellular Microscopy to investigate the dynamic of membrane remodeling in neutrophils injected in the ear of anesthetized mice.

生理条件下での細胞内膜リモデリングを調査するためのマウス皮膚における好中球移動のイメージング

The study of immune cell recruitment and function in tissues has been a very active field over the last two decades. Neutrophils are among the first ...