This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AR055686 and AR060836 and postdoctoral fellowship to AD by French Muscular Dystrophy Association (AFM). The cellular imaging facility utilized in this study is supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HD040677.

1. Imaging Cell Membrane Repair Using Bulk (Glass Bead) Wounding
This protocol allows separately marking the injured cells and those that fail to heal. Quantifying these populations of cells requires use of three conditions: 1. Test (C1) - Cells are allowed to repair in presence of Ca2+, 2. Control 1 (no injury C2) - Cells are incubated in presence of Ca2+, but not injured, and 3. Control 2 (no repair C3) - cells are allowed to repair in absence of Ca2+.
<ol>...

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+wound+repair+in+Drosophila+occurs+through+three+distinct+phases+of+membrane+and+cytoskeletal+remodeling.">Cell wound repair in Drosophila occurs through three distinct phases of membrane and cytoskeletal remodeling.</a> Cell Biol. 193, 455-464 (2011).</li><li>Jaiswal, J. K., Chakrabarti, S., Andrews, N. W., Simon, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptotagmin+VII+restricts+fusion+pore+expansion+during+lysosomal+exocytosis.">Synaptotagmin VII restricts fusion pore expansion during lysosomal exocytosis.</a> PLoS Biol. 2, 1224-1232 (2004).</li><li>McNeil, P. L., Clarke, M. F., Miyake, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+wound+assays.">Cell wound assays.</a> Protoc. Cell Biol. Chapter 12, (2001).</li><li>McNeil, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+introduction+of+molecules+into+cells.">Direct introduction of molecules into cells.</a> Protoc. Cell Biol. Chapter 20, (2001).</li><li>Knight, M. M., Roberts, S. R., Lee, D. A., Bader, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+imaging+using+confocal+microscopy+induces+intracellular+calcium+transients+and+cell+death.">Live cell imaging using confocal microscopy induces intracellular calcium transients and cell death.</a> J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 284, C1083-C1089 (2003).</li><li>McNeil, P. L., Miyake, K., Vogel, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+endomembrane+requirement+for+cell+surface+repair.">The endomembrane requirement for cell surface repair.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 4592-4597 (2003).</li><li>Benink, H. A., Bement, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentric+zones+of+active+RhoA+and+Cdc42+around+single+cell+wounds.">Concentric zones of active RhoA and Cdc42 around single cell wounds.</a> Cell Biol. 168, 429-439 (2005).</li><li>Schmoranzer, J., Goulian, M., Axelrod, D., Simon, S. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Cell membrane injury in vivo occurs due to a variety of physiological stressors and several experimental approaches have been developed to mimic these. These include injuring cell membrane of adherent cells by scraping them off the dish or by passaging through a narrow bore syringe9,10. Following such injuries the cells heal in suspension and not adhered to the extracellular matrix as they normally do in the tissue. Still others, such as use of pore forming toxins chemically alter cell membrane by ext...

Cell membrane maintains the integrity of cells by providing a barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. A chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimulus that exceeds the normal physiological threshold as well as the presence of invading pathogens can each result in injury to the cell membrane and trigger a subsequent cellular response to repair this injury. To survive these injuries to the cell membrane, cells possess an efficient mechanism for repair. This mechanism is calcium dependent and involves intracellular trafficking of proteins such as annexins and MG53 amongst others as well as subcellular compartments such as endosomes, lysosomes, Golgi derived vesicles and mitochondria to the injured cell membrane1-7. However, the details of the sequence of molecular and subcellular events involved in repairing damaged cell membrane remains poorly understood.
Cell&#39;s repair response can be segregated into early and late responses. Early responses, which occur within seconds to minutes time scale, are tremendously important in determining the nature of late responses leading to successful cell repair or cell death. End point assays based on bulk biochemical and cellular analysis have helped establish the involvement of molecular and cellular processes in repair. But, due to the heterogeneity and rapidity of cellular repair response, end point assays fail to provide the kinetic and spatial details of the sequence of events leading to repair. Approaches that enable controlled injury of cell membrane and allow monitoring the cell membrane repair and associated subcellular responses at high spatial and temporal resolution are ideally suited for such studies. Here, such approaches have been presented. Two of the protocols describe approaches to monitor the real time kinetics of cell membrane repair and the subcellular responses associated with the repair process in live cells following laser injury. As a complement to these live cell imaging based assays, end point assays have also been described that provide a population based measure for monitoring repair of individual cells and the associated subcellular responses. To demonstrate their utility these approaches have been used to monitor trafficking and exocytosis of lysosomes in response to cell membrane injury.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="814" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H1387</td>
			<td>Used to prepare CIM (HBSS/10 mM Hepes/2 mM Ca2+ pH 7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP410</td>
			<td>Used to prepare CIM (HBSS/10 mM Hepes/2 mM Ca2+ pH 7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC dextran (Lysine fixable)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1820</td>
			<td>2 mg/ml in CIM or PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC dextran (Lysine fixable)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1818</td>
			<td>2 mg/ml in CIM or PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA 16%</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>4% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td>1/10 000 in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FM dye</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3163</td>
			<td>1 &#181;g/&#181;l in CIM or PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>FD40S</td>
			<td>2 mg/ml in growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAMP1&#160;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-19992</td>
			<td>1/300 in growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 chicken anti-rat IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21470</td>
			<td>1/500 in blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting media</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-545-86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottom petridish</td>
			<td>MatTek corporation</td>
			<td>P35G-1.0-14-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone O ring</td>
			<td>Bellco</td>
			<td>1943-33315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip holder</td>
			<td>Bellco</td>
			<td>1943-11111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-7816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12001-566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>MP1400-500H</td>
			<td>Used for growth medium: 10% FBS, 1% P/S in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Sreptomycin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12001-350</td>
			<td>Used for growth medium: 10% FBS, 1% P/S in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5405</td>
			<td>5% chicken serum in CIM is used for blocking solution during immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Ca2+ and Mg2+ free)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12001-664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus America, PA</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TIRF illuminator&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus America, PA</td>
			<td>Cell^TIRF (IEC60825-1:2007)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescence illuminator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato CA</td>
			<td>Lambda DG-4 (DG-4 30)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics, Tucson, AZ</td>
			<td>Evolve 512 EMCCD&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image acquisition and anaysis software</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Inc. Denver, CO</td>
			<td>Slidebook 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulsed laser</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Inc. Denver, CO</td>
			<td>Ablate (3iL13)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage top incubator</td>
			<td>Tokaihit, Japan</td>
			<td>INUBG2ASFP-ZILCS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging cell membrane injury and subcellular processes involved in repair

The ability of injured cells to heal is a fundamental cellular process, but cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in healing injured cells are poorly understood. Here assays are described to monitor the ability and kinetics of healing of cultured cells following localized injury. The first protocol describes an end point based approach to simultaneously assess cell membrane repair ability of hundreds of cells. The second protocol describes a real time imaging approach to monitor the kinetics of cell membrane repair in individual cells following localized injury with a pulsed laser. As healing injured cells involves trafficking of specific proteins and subcellular compartments to the site of injury, the third protocol describes the use of above end point based approach to assess one such trafficking event (lysosomal exocytosis) in hundreds of cells injured simultaneously and the last protocol describes the use of pulsed laser injury together with TIRF microscopy to monitor the dynamics of individual subcellular compartments in injured cells at high spatial and temporal resolution. While the protocols here describe the use of these approaches to study the link between cell membrane repair and lysosomal exocytosis in cultured muscle cells, they can be applied as such for any other adherent cultured cell and subcellular compartment of choice.

Protocols described here for single cell imaging are to monitor the ability and kinetics of cell membrane repair (Protocols 1 and 2) and the subcellular trafficking and fusion of lysosomes during repair (Protocols 3 and 4).
Protocol 1 shows a bulk assay that allows marking all injured cells and identifying those injured cells that failed to repair. The results in Figure 1 show that while the uninjured cells (Figure 1A) remain unlabeled, cells injured by glass ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair at JoVE.com

Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair

The process of healing injured cells involves trafficking of specific proteins and subcellular compartments to the site of cell membrane injury. This protocol describes assays to monitor these processes.

The ability of injured cells to heal is a fundamental cellular process, but cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in healing injured cells are poorly ...

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14.9K Görüntüleme.  Children's National Medical Center.  Iyileşme yaralı hücrelerinin hücre zarı gibi bir işlem yaralanma siteye özgü protein ve hücre içi bölmeler kaçakçılığı içerir. Bu protokol, bu süreçleri izlemek için deneyleri açıklar. 