この研究は、パーキンソン病リサーチ2011迅速な応答イノベーションアワードプログラムのMci​​hael J·フォックス財団によって資金を供給された。資金提供者は、研究デザイン、データ収集と分析、公開することを決定、または原稿の準備に何の役割がありませんでした。

手術前に行われるためにすべての手続きが動物実験委員会および追加倫理的または法的当局によって承認され、人道的な動物の治療プラクティスを使用していることを確認してください。これは、無菌手術の条件を用いて動物実験委員会は、法を承認した使用して、マウスを麻酔し、手術中に獣医軟膏をマウスに目を潤滑し、術後のケアを提供することを含む。手順の側面が承認されるかどうかを疑問点については、手術を続行しないでください。ここに実行されたすべての手順は、ボストン大学機関動物実験委員会によって承認された。 1。動物の作製および外科用品<ol><li>手術中に使用されるすべての外科器具をオートクレーブ。 </li><li>実行されるべきであるすべての技術は動物の規制当局によって承認されていることを確認します。 </li></ol>粘膜移植片の2。収穫<ol><li>として同じような年齢の遺伝的に同一のマウスを選んだ実験マウスと（ここでは、頸椎脱臼が続くイソフルラン窒息）動物実験委員会に承認の方法でそれを安楽死させる。 </li><li>外科はさみを使用して、頭蓋骨を露出させ、マウスの頭部の鼻部分の周りの皮膚を取り除きます。 </li><li>空気式ドリルで、横方向に鼻の領域と垂直に2ラインを結ぶの目に沿って、第三の側面に位置する2そのうち3行をマーク。 </li><li>周囲の組織から鼻中隔を分離するために、腹側にドリルダウンします。広いパスが、しかし、それはまた、より困難に膜を単離することであろう粘膜への損傷を防止する。正中線に近い狭いカットを推奨します。 </li><li>それに付着した組織から遊離隔壁を切断し、滅菌生理食塩水に格納するはさみを使用する。この時点では、移植片は、接続された組織を除去するクリーンアップすることができます。理想的な状況は、損傷を受けていない粘膜軟骨中隔の両側に露出させることである。一GR後方には、2匹のマウスのための膜は、膜の表面積が開頭術部位をカバーするのに十分である設け供給することができる。これは、移植片が、可能な限り迅速に使用され、研究者は、すぐに移植片が分離されているように、ステップ3に進むことをお勧めします。 </li></ol>粘膜移植片の3。外科的移植<ol><li>標準、無菌マウスの外科的処置を使用して、立体解析フレームにマウスを麻酔し、マウントします。げっ歯類の麻酔器を使用して純酸素で約2％イソフルランを使用してください。 </li><li>耳のバーや鼻ホルダーと定位固定装置にマウスを固定。目に眼軟膏を適用し、3ラウンドのベタジンおよび75％エタノールで頭皮をスクラブ。ハサミやヘアトリマーのいずれかを使用して、頭の上に毛皮を削除します。かみそりの刃で頭蓋骨を露出させ、ヘッドを水平に。投薬される脳の場所の上に開頭を行います。例えば、線条体をターゲットとする場合は、1.25ミリメートルを切る空気圧ドリルを使用。;：（0.88ミリメートルML 1.00ミリメートルのAPを中心とする）頭蓋骨の直径の円形の穴。滅菌生理食塩水掘削面積を湿らせ、頭蓋骨を削除するためにカミソリの刃を使用しています。 </li><li>慎重に針の先端を使用して硬膜を除去します。さらに、この湿った表面に硬膜組織接着剤の最小量を適用することによって達成することができる。この層が硬化した後、剃刀ブレード先端との横方向の動きは、膜を除去するために使用することができる。 </li><li>離れて傷と反対側上皮側を維持するために細心の注意を取って脳表面上の粘膜を配置します。これは、最高のピンセットで開頭術部位に隣接する頭蓋骨の表面上に隔壁全体を転送することによって行われる。外科はさみの先端を使用して、軟骨のOffおよび頭蓋骨と脳の表面に膜を引っ張る。膜が乾燥したり、任意の吸収性材料で触れないようにしてください。グラフトは、寛大に開頭Sのすべての骨の端と端が重なる必要があります映像情報メディア学会。 </li><li>ニトリルの無菌枚で移植をカバーしています。これは、治癒の間に皮膚移植片の付着を防止するように作用する。ニトリルは、全体の粘膜を覆うのに十分な大きさであればよい。必要であれば過度の膜をトリミング。それは、移植片に接触した後、ニトリルのいずれかの運動は避けてください。 </li><li>実行中の5-0無菌縫合糸で皮膚を閉じ、マウスが次のステップに進む前に3-7日間回復しましょう​​。皮膚閉鎖時のニトリルバリアまたは粘膜移植を混乱しないように注意してください。 </li></ol>投与液の4。管理<ol><li>定位フレームに、麻酔したマウスを固定した後、ハ​​サミで縫合糸をカットし、頭蓋骨の周りの余分な皮膚を取り除く。 </li><li>ニトリル障壁を除去して頭蓋骨の表面を清掃してください。移植が表示されるまでの領域をきれいに滅菌生理食塩水と綿棒を使用しています。 dよりも大きく成長した場合に移植片をカミソリで切断する必要があるかもしれない表面積をesired。 </li><li>実験は数日より長くなる場合には、頭インプラントを補強するために、少なくとも2つの頭蓋骨用ねじを埋め込むことが賢明である。 </li><li>エッジが頭蓋骨に接触しているように、移植片の上にうまく配置します。ウェルと頭蓋骨の間の接合部にシアノアクリレート系接着剤を塗布。滅菌生理食塩水とよくを満たし、漏れがないことを確認してください。ウェルをカット注射針から作られる。 </li><li>所定の位置にうまくを確保するために頭蓋骨に骨セメントを適用します。 </li><li>ピペットで井戸から生理食塩水を除去します。その接着剤が必要なソリューションを追加するインチ漏洩していません検証するだけでなく、数回洗浄する。この場合には、蛍光デキストラン50μlのに使用される。これは、類似の極性の水溶性化合物はデキストランと同様に動作することが期待される。疎水性化合物または懸濁液の送達は、この方法で検討されていません。 </li><li>に固定され、ニトリルの円形の部分を使用してウェルのトップにキャップシアノアクリレート接着剤を用いてトップ。接着剤は、ウェル内容物と接触しないことを確認してください。 </li></ol>粘膜送達の5。分析<ol><li>所望の時間が経過した後に、マウスを麻酔し、エバンスブルー色素の溶液でウェル内容物を交換する。この色素は、移植片が無傷であったことを確認するために使用されている。 </li><li> 30分後、頻繁にマウスを麻酔、色素溶液を除去し、断頭を経由して安楽死させる。 </li><li>手動でインプラントを除去し、手術用はさみを用いて脳を削除します。所定の位置に移植しないように注意してください。 </li><li>一旦除去、フラッシュ凍結イソブタンの溶液中に脳をドライアイス浴中で冷却した。 </li><li> 50μMで最適な切削温度（10月）ソリューションとスライス脳に埋め込む。 </li><li>顕微鏡スライド上で直接目的のスライスを配置します。 </li><li>画像次第のOCT溶液を乾燥させたように蛍光顕微鏡を使用してスライス。 </li></ol>

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ベンジャミンS. BLEIER MDは、中枢神経系への薬物送達の仮特許被覆法のリード発明者である。

ここに記載されている手順の最も困難な段階は、脳の表面に適切なサイズの粘膜を正常に転送することです。収穫され、鼻中隔が十分に大きく、十分に洗浄された場合は、この手順が大幅に容易になる。中隔の腹側の部分が切り捨てられた場合、新たな移植片が得られるはずである。掘削角度は、粘膜ドリルによって損傷を受けないことを保証するために、マウスの頭部に対して垂直である?...

神経および精神疾患の治療に重大な中枢神経系1-3に到達するすべての潜在的な薬剤の95％以上を阻止する血液脳関門（BBB）の存在によって妨げられる。全身的に送達されたとき、それがBBB 4-6に浸透することができないため、例えば、神経栄養因子（GDNF）、グリア由来の脳に直接注射した場合に、パーキンソン病を治療するのに有効であることが示されている、しかし、効果がない。 多数の接近は、この問題を回避しようとするために開発されている。 neurotheraputicsの全身送達の改善は、脳毛細血管内皮上にある輸送タンパク質に選択的な抗体を含有する薬物複合体を使用することによって実証されている。しかしながら、この方法は、医薬品7,8の幅広い適用可能であることが示されていない。さらに、BBBの浸透開口部はクリニック使用されています。関心9の脳領域へのより直接的な配信とは対照的に、同盟国、しかし、この方法は、全身薬物投与の影響を受けている。相当な努力が直接脳に10月12日を対象としたのを期待して経鼻配信を最適化するようになってきた。いくつかの成功が達成されてきたが、決定的な結果は、例えば、インスリン、13,14などの内因性受容体を有する薬物のために得られている。さらに経鼻デリバリーのメカニズムは、嗅覚ニューロンの取り込みを介して、または血流11を通って脳への間接的なエントリを示唆する証拠と議論されています。植込み型カテーテルを使用する直接、経頭蓋配達がこの手順では、侵襲性が高いと多数の合併症15,16と関連し、達成された。現在までに、脳内に高分子量化合物を送達するためのない一般的な、低侵襲性の方法は存在しない。 マウスの外科的処置は、本明細書で提示さそれは、脳で半透過性のインターフェイスを作成します。これは、マウスでの外科的開頭欠損上粘膜外植片17を移植することによって達成される。この手順を使用して、それは500 kDaの最大水溶性化合物は、時間と分子量依存的に18の両方において、中枢神経系（直接脳実質内へ、並びに脳脊髄液への）に送達することができることが示されている。 BBBを迂回するこの方法は、経鼻内視鏡手術19,20次の頭蓋骨に穴を修復するために血管新生粘膜移植片を使用していますヒトで頭蓋底の欠陥の修理のためのモデルです。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">mice</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Taconic</td>
			<td>C57BL/6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Piramal Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Student Fine Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91461-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">pneumatic drill</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">MTI Dental</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">333-CB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">drill bit</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">forcepts</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91106-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td>4925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Polystyrene Detri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>08-757-12</td>
			<td>for temporarily storing graft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bead Sterilizer</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxygen/Isoflurane System</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">SurgiVet</td>
			<td>V720100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature Control System</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Physitemp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TCAT-2LV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">KOPF</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Eye Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Electric shaver</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Cotton-Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>23-400-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">7.5% Provadone Iodine</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Betadine surgical scrub</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Surgical Blade Stainless</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Feather</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2976#10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Scalpel Handle - #3</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3% Hydogen Peroxide</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>for cleaning the skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Vetbond Tissue Adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">needles</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>305176</td>
			<td>needle tip cut off and used as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">syringes</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>309597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">nitrile gloves</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Denville Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>G4162</td>
			<td>for well closure and protection of graft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-0 Nylon Suture Thread</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Student Halsey Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91201-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>commecially available super glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dental Cement Kit, 1 lb, Pink Opaque</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td>51458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">isobutane (2-methylbutane)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td>M32631</td>
			<td>for dry ice bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

heterotopic mucosal engrafting procedure for direct drug delivery to the brain in mice

脳への治療薬の送達は、血流から脳組織への極性および高分子量化合物の通過を制限する血液脳関門（BBB）の存在によって妨げられる。ヒトでのいくつかの直接の受け渡しの成功は、経頭蓋カテーテルの移植を介して達成された。しかし、この方法は非常に侵襲的であり、数々の合併症を伴うです。より侵襲性の低い代替物は、ヒトにおける内視鏡経鼻腫瘍除去手術後の頭蓋底の欠陥を修復するために使用される鼻粘膜のような外科的に移植され、半透膜を介して脳に投与するためであろう。この膜も薬物伝達が効率的にBBBをバイパスして、脳と脳脊髄液に直接拡散する。このアプローチに触発され、マウスでの外科的アプローチは、頭蓋外の手術のBBB欠損上移植されたドナー中隔粘膜を使用して開発した。このモデルは、効果的に示されている脳内への高分子量化合物の通過を可能にする。数多くの薬剤候補がBBBを通過することができないので、このモデルでは、神経精神疾患に対する新しい治療法の前臨床試験を実施するための貴重なものです。

十分な大きさの鼻中隔の外植片を得ることがその後のステップのために重要である。これは、 図1aに示されたドナーマウスの頭蓋上の位置で穿孔することによって達成することができる。 図1bに示すように、この経路に沿って切断して十分なサイズの外植片を生成する。掘削深さが十分に深くない場合には、移植片は切り捨てられ、それが脳の表面を覆うように十分...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice at JoVE.com

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

ヒト視鏡頭蓋底再建のマウスモデルは、鼻粘膜移植片を用いて、脳と鼻の間の半透過性界面を作成することが開発されている。この方法では、研究者は、全身投与された場合に他の方法で血液脳関門によって除外された高分子量治療薬の中枢神経系への送達を研究することを可能にする。

マウスの脳に直接薬剤送達のための異粘膜移植手順

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

heterotopic-mucosal-engrafting-procedure-for-direct-drug-delivery-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.7K ビュー.  Boston University. ヒト視鏡頭蓋底再建のマウスモデルは、鼻粘膜移植片を用いて、脳と鼻の間の半透過性界面を作成することが開発されている。この方法では、研究者は、全身投与された場合に他の方法で血液脳関門によって除外された高分子量治療薬の中枢神経系への送達を研究することを可能にする。 

ビデオ: Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Osmotic Drug Delivery to Ischemic Hindlimbs and Perfusion of Vasculature with Microfil for Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to stimulate microcirculation. The choice of delivery method for these agents is important because the route of administration profoundly affects the bioactivity and efficacy of these agents1,2. In this article, we demonstrate how to locally administer a substance in ischemic hindlimbs by using a catheterized osmotic pump. This pump can deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution continuously for an allotted period of time. We also present our mouse model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of the common femoral artery proximal to the origin of profunda femoris and epigastrica arteries in the left hindlimb. Lastly, we describe the in vivo cannulation and ligation of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and perfusion of the hindlimb vasculature with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque casting agent. Microfil can perfuse and fill the entire vascular bed (arterial and venous), and because we have ligated the major vascular conduit for exit, the agent can be retained in the vasculature for future ex vivo imaging with the use of small specimen micro-CT3.

We show here the in vivo insertion of an osmotic pump for constant local drug delivery and the creation of hindlimb ischemia in a mouse model. Moreover, the hindlimb vasculature is perfused with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque agent, to prepare for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging.

マイクロコンピュータ断層撮影イメージング用Microfilで虚血後肢と血管系の灌流に浸透ドラッグデリバリー

Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to ...

医学

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

ラット網膜へのエルバックス40Wを通じて徐放性ドラッグデリバリー：慢性症状の治療のための含意

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical procedures. The majority of animal models used to study HO rely on the application of exogenous substances, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), exogenous cell constructs, or genetic mutations in BMP signaling. While these models are useful they do not accurately reproduce the inflammatory states that cause the majority of cases of HO. Here we describe a burn/tenotomy model in mice that reliably produces focused HO. This protocol involves creating a 30% total body surface area partial thickness contact burn on the dorsal skin as well as division of the Achilles tendon at its midpoint. Relying solely on traumatic injury to induce HO at a predictable location allows for time-course study of endochondral heterotopic bone formation from intrinsic physiologic processes and environment only. This method could prove instrumental in understanding the inflammatory and osteogenic pathways involved in trauma-induced HO. Furthermore, because HO develops in a predictable location and time-course in this model, it allows for research to improve early imaging strategies and treatment modalities to prevent HO formation.

An Achilles tenotomy and burn injury model of heterotopic ossification allows for the reliable study of trauma induced ectopic bone formation without the application of exogenous factors.

直接マウストラウマ/異所性骨化のモデルバーン

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

マウスにおける異子宮頸心臓移植

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Intraluminal Drug Delivery to the Mouse Arteriovenous Fistula Endothelium

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The simple murine AVF model was combined with intraluminal administration of drug solution to the venous endothelium at the same time as fistula creation. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The infra-renal aorta and IVC are dissected for clamping. After proximal and distal clamping, the puncture site is exposed and a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta and into the IVC. Immediately after the puncture, a reporter gene-expressing viral vector was infused in the IVC via the same needle, followed by 15 min of incubation. The intraluminal administration method enabled more robust viral gene delivery to the venous endothelium compared to administration by the external route. This novel method of delivery will facilitate studies that explore the role of the endothelium in AVF maturation and enable intraluminal drug delivery at the time of surgical operation.

After puncturing the aorta through the inferior vena cava (IVC) to create an aorto-caval fistula in the mouse, solution containing a drug is infused into the IVC via the same needle, followed by incubation. This method enables more robust drug delivery to the venous endothelium compared to the external route.

マウスの動静脈瘻内皮への管腔内薬物送達

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The ...

Optimized LC-MS/MS Method for the High-throughput Analysis of Clinical Samples of Ivacaftor, Its Major Metabolites, and Lumacaftor in Biological Fluids of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Defects in the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life-threatening pulmonary manifestations. Ivacaftor (IVA) and ivacaftor-lumacaftor (LUMA) combination are two new breakthrough CF drugs that directly modulate the activity and trafficking of the defective CFTR-protein. However, there is still a dearth of understanding on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and the pharmacology of ivacaftor and lumacaftor. The HPLC-MS technique for the simultaneous analysis of the concentrations of ivacaftor, hydroxymethyl-ivacaftor, ivacaftor-carboxylate, and lumacaftor in biological fluids in patients receiving standard ivacaftor or ivacaftor-lumacaftor combination therapy has previously been developed by our group and partially validated to FDA standards. However, to allow the high-throughput analysis of a larger number of patient samples, our group has optimized the reported method through the use of a smaller pore size reverse-phase chromatography column (2.6 &#181;m, C8 100 &#197;; 50 x 2.1 mm) and a gradient solvent system (0-1 min: 40% B; 1-2 min: 40-70% B; 2-2.7 min: held at 70% B; 2.7-2.8 min: 70-90% B; 2.8-4.0 min: 90% B washing; 4.0-4.1 min: 90-40% B; 4.1-6.0 min: held at 40% B) instead of an isocratic elution. The goal of this study was to reduce the HPLC-MS analysis time per sample dramatically from ~15 min to only 6 min per sample, which is essential for the analysis of a large amount of patient samples. This expedient method will be of considerable utility for studies into the exposure-response relationships of these breakthrough CF drugs.

Ivacaftor and ivacaftor-lumacaftor combination are two new CF drugs. However, there is still a dearth of understanding on their PK/PD and pharmacology. We present an optimized HPLC-MS technique for the simultaneous analysis of ivacaftor and its major metabolites, and lumacaftor.

Ivacaftor、主要な代謝産物および嚢胞性線維症患者の体液中の Lumacaftor の臨床サンプルの高スループット分析のための最適化された LC-MS/MS 法

Defects in the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life-threatening ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

体外血液脳関門ブタ脳血管内皮細胞に基づくモデルの確立のための改良法

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could interfere with the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the primary drugs. This is especially true for the drug cisplatin, whose anticancer actions are attenuated by antioxidants which provide adequate protection against hearing loss. Other current or potential otoprotective agents could pose a similar problem, if administered systemically. The application of various biologicals or protective agents directly to the cochlea would allow for high levels of these agents locally with limited systemic side effects. In this report, we demonstrate a trans-tympanic method of delivery of various drugs or biological reagents to the cochlea, which should enhance basic science research on the cochlea and provide a simple way of directing the use of otoprotective agents in the clinics. This report details a method of trans-tympanic drug delivery and provides examples of how this technique has been used successfully in experimental animals to treat cisplatin ototoxicity.

We present a technique for localized administration of drugs through the trans-tympanic route into the cochlea. Drug delivery through this route would not interfere with the anti-cancer efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin.

難聴の治療のためのトランス鼓膜ドラッグデリバリー

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could ...

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

Enteric bacterial communities are established early in life and influence immune cell development and function. The neonatal microbiota is susceptible to numerous external influences including antibiotics use and diet, which impacts susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Disorders such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are characterized by a massive influx of immune cells to the intestines. However, immune cells conditioned by the microbiota may additionally emigrate out of the intestines to influence immune responses at extra-intestinal sites. Thus, there is a need to identify and characterize cells that may carry microbial messages from the intestines to distal sites. Here, we describe a method to label cells in the colon of newborn mice in vivo that enables their identification at extra-intestinal sites after migration.

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

The protocol described here utilizes a photolabeling approach in newborn mice to specifically identify immune cells that emigrate from the colon to extra-intestinal sites. This strategy will be useful to study host-microbiome interactions in early life.

生体内で新生児マウスの造血細胞の移動の可能性を評価するためにコロンの細胞の Photolabeling

Enteric bacterial communities are established early in life and influence immune cell development and function. The neonatal microbiota is susceptible to ...

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, there have been few reports regarding not only the quantitative analysis but also optimal administration conditions and dosing regimens for investigations of nose-to-brain delivery. The limited progress in research on nose-to-brain pathway mechanisms using rodents represents a significant impediment in terms of designing nose-to-brain delivery systems for candidate drugs.
To gain some headway in this regard, we developed and evaluated two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia for experimental animals. We also describe a method for the evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radio-labeled [14C]-inulin (molecular weight: 5,000) as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.
Initially, we developed a pipette-based intranasal administration protocol using temporarily openable masks, which enabled us to perform reliable administration to animals under stable anesthesia. Using this system, [14C]-inulin could be delivered to the brain with little experimental error.
We subsequently developed an intranasal administration protocol entailing reverse cannulation from the airway side through the esophagus, which was developed to minimize the effects of mucociliary clearance (MC). This technique led to significantly higher levels of [14C]-inulin, which was quantitatively detected in the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, and medulla oblongata, than the pipette method. This appears to be because retention of the drug solution in the nasal cavity was substantially increased by active administration using a syringe pump in a direction opposite to the MC into the nasal cavity.
In conclusion, the two methods of intranasal administration developed in this study can be expected to be extremely useful techniques for evaluating pharmacokinetics in rodents. The reverse cannulation method, in particular, could be useful for evaluating the full potential of nose-to-brain delivery of drug candidates.

Here, we describe two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia with minimal physical stress for experimental animals. We also describe a method for quantitative evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radiolabeled [14C]-inulin as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.

鼻の頭脳への薬剤投与を評価する吸入麻酔下で経鼻投与する手法

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain ...