Name: cortical source analysis of high-density eeg recordings in children
Uploaded: 2014-06-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children at JoVE.com

私たちは、私たちに発達のMRIデータベースで親切な議論へのアクセスを許可するための教授、ジョン·リチャーズ、サウスカロライナ大学を、感謝したいと思います。当社はまた、当社の資金提供者グレートオーモンドストリートチルドレンのチャリティー、UCLインパクト＆グランドチャレンジに感謝したいと思います。

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この記事の出版費用は電気測地線株式会社が主催し、

本稿では、年齢の子供に適し標準のERPパラダイムの適切な平均のMRIテンプレートと深さは、重み付け最小ノルム推定に基づく境界要素モデルを用いて皮質発電機の再構築のための高密度脳波の記録と分析について説明します。このパラダイムでは、顔とスクランブル顔の画像が提示されています。別々の著者は、開発35以上の顔処理メカニズムの開発を調査するために、このパラダイ...

オバマ大統領は、健康と経済3（http://www.whitehouse.gov/share/brain-initiative）のための重要度の高い科学的発見の次のフロンティアとして、人間の脳を記述した。しかし、自然科学の他の分野と同様に、神経科学の進歩のための方法論や分析技術の進歩に依存します。ヒトにおける脳機能に関する研究において一般的に使用される2つの非侵襲的なツールは、磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）及び脳波（EEG）である。これらのツールは、異なる物理特性を利用し、独自の長所と短所を持つ脳機能にさまざまな洞察を提供しています。 MRIは、生体組織の画像を得るために磁場中での水分子の磁気特性を使用する。被験体は、高い磁場強度を有する磁石内に配置される必要がある。参加者の動きは、この手順の間に制限され、参加者は、磁気の急激な変化に起因するノイズを許容するために有しているフィールド。構造上の画像に加えて、MRIは、脳機能法（fMRI）を調べるために血液酸素化の変化を測定する可能性を提供する。要約すると、MRIは、現代の高磁場スキャナや最適化されたパラメータ4で最大0.5ミリメートル3の比較的高い空間分解能を提供しています。これとは対照的に、fMRIのの時間分解能は間接的にしか神経活動5,6の高い時間ダイナミクスを反映しBOLD応答の遅い反応速度に制限されています。 他方、EEGは頭皮上に配置された電極を介してニューロンの活性によって引き起こされる電気的活動の変化を測定する。脳波技術の最近の進歩は、短期または長期固定のためのセンサーの迅速かつ容易なアプリケーションだけでなく、外来の録音を可能にします。 EEGは制限が少ないので、それはまた、井戸のようなMRI環境を許容しない特定の参加者集団のために選択される方法である小児および特定の高齢者や精神科集団。 EEGの特性は、MRIのものと逆のパターンを示す：時間分解能精度はミリ秒と非常に高いが、空間分解能が制限される。電気電流が頭皮の表面にその発電機およびEEG電極との間で種々の組織を通過する。これは、混合および体積伝導効果として知らソースアクティビティの空間的スミアリングをもたらす。そのため、頭皮の表面に電極によって測定された活性は、ヘッド1,7の電極の位置に遠いかもしれない複数のソースからの活動を反映している。 近年の多くの研究は、それぞれの長所を活用するために、MRIとEEGの併合に専念してきました。仕事の一行は、機能研究における脳波やMRIの同時取得に取り組んでいます。別のアプローチは、ボリュームcのを考慮するために、構造MRIによって提供される空間情報を使用することであるonduction生物物理学的モデリングによって効果。 EEG記録のソース再構成のための構造情報を使用することは小児集団を含む研究のために特に有用である。脳機能の発達の調査は複雑な認知能力は、単純な前駆体8の上に構築する方法を理解する上で中心的な役割を果たします。 これらの調査は、行動性能の変化と相関神経基盤と応答特性の変化を強調するのに役立ちます。しかし、開発中に脳機能と認知の調査は、特定の課題を提起する。特に、機能的MRI研究のための機会が幼い子供や乳幼児眠っや運動の成果物と参加者福祉に悪影響を及ぼすことなく、MRIデータを取得するために鎮静する必要がいずれかとして制限されています。さらに、脳波、研究参加者の募集が容易になり、両親によってリスクが少ないと、侵襲性として知覚される。 Therefore、脳波は幼児の脳機能の多くの研究のために選択される方法である。 EEGシステムにおける方法論的進歩は、数分以内に128以上のチャンネルを有する高密度電極アレイの適用を可能にする。アプリケーションと快適さを身に着けやすさにも最年少の乳児に脳波記録を可能にするのに十分である。しかし、多くの場合、研究者だけでなく、特定の刺激に対する応答の時間的なダイナミクスに興味を持っているだけでなく、応答を仲介する神経基盤を比較したいと思います。 異なる年齢群を比較するチャンネルレベルのERP分析において一般仮定は、同じ神経基盤が応答していることですが、タイミングや応答振幅は年齢9渡って変化する。同様の頭皮トポグラフィは、しばしば類似の基礎となる神経活動の指標として使用される。しかし、多くの異なるソースの構成は同様の頭皮トポグラフィ10につながる可能性がある。光源推定を適用することにより、このuncertaintyを低減し、定量することができる。観測値の独立性は、脳機能のネットワークアカウントのために重要である：ソースが混在している場合、相関が高いローカル接続の方にバイアスされる。ソース再構築は、このバイアス11を減少させるために適用することができる。代わりに、タイミングと位相の違いは、接続分析に使用することができますが、これらの数学的モデルは、非シミュレートされたデータ12で評価することが困難な仮定を必要とする。要約すると、元の推定は解剖学や組織の生物物理学的特性に関する知識に基づいて、チャネルレベルの脳波とERP分析に追加情報を提供します。 異なるアルゴリズムは、逆問題に対する解決策を見つけるために考案されている。パラメトリックとノンパラメトリック13：これらのアルゴリズムは、2つのカテゴリに大別分類されます。パラメトリックモデルは、位置、向きや強さが変化してもよい1または複数の双極子を想定しています。対照的に、非パラメトリックモデルcontai固定された位置と向きを持つダイポール多数のNA。これらのモデルでは、頭皮の電気的活動は、固定ダイポール10,13,14における活性化の組み合わせとして説明する。ノンパラメトリック、分散型のソースモデルは、様々なメディアでの解剖学と導電率に関する知識に基づいて行うことができる。境界要素モデルは、脳、脳脊髄液、頭蓋骨に別のシェルとヘッドの主な組織のための導電率値を組み込む。これは、導電率は、各区画内にほとんど一定であるが、顕著な変化は、異なる区画の境界で発生することを想定している。導電率の値は、各ボクセル15に割り当てることができるように、有限要素モデルは、灰白質および白質にMRスキャンのさらなるセグメンテーションに基づいている。 実際には、ノンパラメトリックモデルは、領域の数が05に関与する複雑な認知課題にソース再構築のために特に有用である10知られていない。より正確な有限要素モデルは、比較的高い計算要求をもたらすためか境界要素モデルが最も広く、現在の文献で使用される。のFEMは、個々のMRIスキャンに基づくべきであるように、さらに、灰色と白質にはかなりの間個体差があります。 ノンパラメトリックモデルは、順モデルの予測に頭皮測定された活性を一致させるための第二のステップが必要です。再度、異なる利点および欠点を有する異なるアプローチが（概要についてはミシェルら 、2004を参照のこと）文献で ​​議論されている。最も広く使用されているアルゴリズムは、最小の全体的な強度16との上位モデル内の電流分布に頭皮測定された活性と一致する最小ノルム推定（MNE）に基づいています。多国籍企業は弱く、表面的な情報源に偏っている。深さ重み付けされた多国籍企業のアルゴリズムは、重みを導入することにより、表面の偏りを軽減しよう数学的な仮定に基づいて10の行列。広く使用されているLORETAのアプローチは、加重MNEに基づいていますが、さらにスムーズな解決策17,18につながる要因のラプラシアンは、最小限に抑えられている。 LORETAは、シミュレーション研究19,20に単一ソースの最良を行うことが見出されている。しかし、LORETAソリューションの平滑化の上につながる可能性があります。源が未知であるか、または複数のソース13は、16本である可能性が高いときに深さ重み付けMNEが好ましい。異なるモデルの仮定の影響を評価するために、異なるアルゴリズムの結果を比較することはお勧めします。 要約すると、モデリング手法を介して、ソースの再構築が最近まで子供たちのために制限されてきた。ほとんどのEEG分析ソフトウェアは、実質的に子供2,8のソース解の精度を制限する成人の解剖学的構造に基づいて、頭部モデルに依存しているからである。計算能力との規定に格安アクセスソース再構築のためのユーザフレンドリーなソフトウェアにより、これらの制限を克服することを可能にする。脳波にソース推定を適用すると、単独のチャンネルレベルの観察に基づいた分析を介して2つの重要な利点を提供する：空間分解能と観測値の独立性を改善しました。 ソース推定は、場合によっては有益ではない可能性があります。頭の良いカバレッジはソースを区別するために必要とされている。 128以上の電極を有する高密度システムは、10,15とをお勧めします。まばら報道は、より広い拡散源の活性化や偽陰性の結果が10につながる空間フィルタとして機能します。さらに、この記事で説明した方法に基づいて、ソースの再構築は、皮質の発電機のために報告されています。したがって、皮質下の基板または皮質、皮質下の相互作用についての仮説を試験するにはあまり適していない。最後に、ソース解析は、皮質基質についての詳細な従来の仮説に基づくべきである考慮に他の画像診断法から既存の文献を取る。空間フィルタリング技術は、頭皮レベルでの空間的な混合を低減することによってEEG信号の空間分解能を改善するために使用されてもよい。ヘッドモデリングすることなく、体積伝導効果の影響を低減するための代替方法は、 例えば 、ラプラシアンフィルタ21又は電流源密度解析22が使用される。体積伝導効果だけ空間的に近接し1内のセンサに限定されないがしかし、これらの方法は、神経発生に関する詳細な情報を提供しない。 以下のセクションでは、物品は、脳と2歳の子供の認知機能を調べるための実験を​​ロンドン赤ちゃんラボで設計されている方法を説明します。次に、子どもとの高密度低インピーダンスシステムとEEGデータ取得は議論されている。そして、チャネルレベルでの脳波前処理と分析が提示されている。 Lastlyは、物品は、皮質ソース再構築及びソースレベル信号の分析のための構造的MRIデータの処理に焦点を当てている。

<table><tbody><tr><td>High-density EEG sensor net (128 or 256 channels)</td><td>HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net 128</td><td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG high impendance amplifier</td><td>NetAmps 200</td><td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data Acquisition Computer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PowerMac G4</td><td>Apple Inc, California, US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Computer</td><td>Optiplex 745</td><td>Dell Computers Inc., Texas, US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Software</td><td>MATLAB R2012b with PsychToolBox</td><td>Brainard &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 1997</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG recording software</td><td>NetStation 4.5.1</td><td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG analysis software</td><td>MATLAB R2012b</td><td>The Mathworks Inc.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>EEGLAB</td><td>Delorme et &lt;em&gt;al.&lt;/em&gt; 2004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>BrainStorm</td><td>Sylvain &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 2001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MRI processing software</td><td>FreeSurfer</td><td>Fischl &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; 2004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>OpenMEEG</td><td>Gramfort &lt;em&gt;et. al.&lt;/em&gt; 2010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Delorme, A., &amp;amp; Makeig, S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Neuroscience Methods&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;134&lt;/strong&gt;(1), 9&amp;ndash;21, (2004).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Sylvain, B., John, C., Dimitrios, P., &amp;amp; Richard, M. Brainstorm: A User Friendly Application for MEG/EEG Analysis. &lt;em&gt;Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience&lt;/em&gt;, 1&amp;ndash;13, (2011).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Fischl, B. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. &lt;em&gt;Cerebral Cortex&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;14&lt;/strong&gt;(1), 11&amp;ndash;22, (2004).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Gramfort, A., Papadopoulo, T., Olivi, E., &amp;amp; Clerc, M. OpenMEEG: opensource software for quasistatic bioelectromagnetics. &lt;em&gt;BioMedical Engineering OnLine&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;9&lt;/strong&gt;(1), 45, (2010).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Brainard, D. H. The psychophysics toolbox. &lt;em&gt;Spatial vision&lt;/em&gt;, (1997).</td></tr></tbody></table>

cortical source analysis of high-density eeg recordings in children

EEGは、伝統的に高い時間および低空間分解能を有する神経画像技術として記載されている。生物物理学的モデル化と、信号処理における最近の進歩は、この制約を克服する1高空間分解能を提供する構造的MRIのような他の撮像モダリティからの情報を活用することを可能にする。これは一時的な高解像度だけでなく、空間領域を必要とする調査に特に便利です。よく機能的MRIスキャンを許容しないような若い子として集団を操作するときだけでなく、原因EEG記録の簡単なアプリケーションで低コストのために、脳波は、多くの場合、最適な方法である。しかし、基質が関与する神経調べるために、構造的MRIからの解剖学的情報が依然として必要である。ほとんどの脳波解析パッケージは、大人の解剖学に基づいており、標準的な頭部モデルを扱う。子どもたちのために使用されるこれらのモデルの精度は、2を制限されているので、COmpositionと頭の空間的な構成は、開発3で劇的に変化した組織。 本論文では、高密度脳波の皮質の発電機を再構築するために、個々の構造的なMRIスキャンや年齢、特定の頭部モデルに基づく頭部モデルを用いた我々の最近の研究の概要を説明します。この記事では、EEG記録が処理され、実験室の設定、タスクの設計、脳波前に、MRI処理、脳波チャンネルレベルおよびソース解析など、ロンドンの赤ん坊の研究所の小児集団で分析、取得する方法を説明します。

幼児や子供のためのERP実験を設計することが長いため、繰り返し実験を30に耐える彼らの限られた容量が、しばしば困難である。正確なソースの再構築が1。1のディスプレイに非常に幼い子供と一緒に使用することができ、顔処理機構の調査のための実験プロトコールを図高い信号対雑音比を必要とするので、実験者が、ソース再構成を適用すること?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children at JoVE.com

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

近年、認知神経科学実験のために頭皮測定された電気的活動の皮質源を推定する関心が高まっている。この記事では、高密度脳波を取得した方法と、録音はロンドン赤ちゃんラボで2歳以上の小児の皮質源推定のために処理される方法について説明します。

子供高密度脳波記録の皮質ソース解析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

cortical-source-analysis-of-high-density-eeg-recordings-in-children

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

21.2K ビュー.  UCL Institute of Child Health. 近年、認知神経科学実験のために頭皮測定された電気的活動の皮質源を推定する関心が高まっている。この記事では、高密度脳波を取得した方法と、録音はロンドン赤ちゃんラボで2歳以上の小児の皮質源推定のために処理される方法について説明します。 

ビデオ: Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

幼児聴覚処理とイベント関連の脳の振動

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

行動学

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any other current brain imaging technology1,2, is being used increasingly in the study of social cognitive functioning in infants and adults. While dEEG is enabling researchers to examine brain activity patterns with unprecedented levels of sensitivity, conventional EEG recording systems continue to face certain limitations, including 1) poor spatial resolution and source localization3,4,2) the physical discomfort for test subjects of enduring the individual application of numerous electrodes to the surface of the scalp, and 3) the complexity for researchers of learning to use multiple software packages to collect and process data. Here we present an overview of an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults. Although several analytical software techniques can be used to establish indirect indices of source localization to improve the spatial resolution of dEEG, the HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) by Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI), a dense sensory array that maintains equal distances among adjacent recording electrodes on all surfaces of the scalp, further enhances spatial resolution4,5,6 compared to standard dEEG systems. The sponge-based HCGSN can be applied rapidly and without scalp abrasion, making it ideal for use with adults7,8, children9,10,11, and infants12, in both research and clinical4,5,6,13,14,15 settings. This feature allows for considerable cost and time savings by decreasing the average net application time compared to other dEEG systems. Moreover, the HCGSN includes unified, seamless software applications for all phases of data, greatly simplifying the collection, processing, and analysis of dEEG data.
The HCGSN features a low-profile electrode pedestal, which, when filled with electrolyte solution, creates a sealed microenvironment and an electrode-scalp interface. In all Geodesic dEEG systems, EEG sensors detect changes in voltage originating from the participant's scalp, along with a small amount of electrical noise originating from the room environment. Electrical signals from all sensors of the Geodesic sensor net are received simultaneously by the amplifier, where they are automatically processed, packaged, and sent to the data-acquisition computer (DAC). Once received by the DAC, scalp electrical activity can be isolated from artifacts for analysis using the filtering and artifact detection tools included in the EGI software. Typically, the HCGSN can be used continuously for only up to two hours because the electrolyte solution dries out over time, gradually decreasing the quality of the scalp-electrode interface.
In the Parent-Infant Research Lab at the University of Toronto, we are using dEEG to study social cognitive processes including memory, emotion, goals, intentionality, anticipation, and executive functioning in both adult and infant participants.

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Dense array electroencephalography is being used increasingly to study social cognitive functions in infants and adults. Here we present an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults.

（密な配列の脳波を用いた乳児と大人で社会的認知を調査 D EEG）

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

神経科学

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

定位脳波を使用して、ディープ皮質の機能と下構造の調査：前帯状皮質からの教訓は、

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Brain Source Imaging in Preclinical Rat Models of Focal Epilepsy using High-Resolution EEG Recordings

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with focal epilepsy. This methodology relies on the assumption that seizures originate from the same regions of the brain from which interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) emerge. Preclinical models are very useful to find correlates between IED locations and the actual regions underlying seizure initiation in focal epilepsy. Rats have been commonly used in preclinical studies of epilepsy1; hence, there exist a large variety of models for focal epilepsy in this particular species. However, it is challenging to record multichannel EEG and to perform brain source imaging in such a small animal. To overcome this issue, we combine a patented-technology to obtain 32-channel EEG recordings from rodents2 and an MRI probabilistic atlas for brain anatomical structures in Wistar rats to perform brain source imaging. In this video, we introduce the procedures to acquire multichannel EEG from Wistar rats with focal cortical dysplasia, and describe the steps both to define the volume conductor model from the MRI atlas and to uniquely determine the IEDs. Finally, we validate the whole methodology by obtaining brain source images of IEDs and compare them with those obtained at different time frames during the seizure onset.

This video introduces the preparation, recording, and source analysis procedures of high-resolution EEG on sedated rats with a particular preclinical model of focal epilepsy under noninvasive conditions.

高解像度EEGレコーディングを使用して焦点てんかんの前臨床ラットモデルにおける脳ソースイメージング

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with ...

医学

High-density Electroencephalographic Acquisition in a Rodent Model Using Low-cost and Open-source Resources

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network connectivity, are applicable to an expanding variety of questions in neuroscience. Performing these kinds of analyses in a rodent model requires higher electrode density than traditional screw electrodes can accomplish. While higher-density electroencephalographic montages for rodents exist, they are of limited availability to most researchers, are not robust enough for repeated experiments over an extended period of time, or are limited to use in anesthetized rodents.1-3 A proposed low-cost method for constructing a durable, high-count, transcranial electrode array, consisting of bilaterally implantable headpieces is investigated as a means to perform advanced electroencephalogram analyses in mice or rats.

Procedures for headpiece fabrication and surgical implantation necessary to produce high signal to noise, low-impedance electroencephalographic and electromyographic signals are presented. While the methodology is useful in both rats and mice, this manuscript focuses on the more challenging implementation for the smaller mouse skull. Freely moving mice are only tethered to cables via a common adapter during recording. One version of this electrode system that includes 26 electroencephalographic channels and 4 electromyographic channels is described below.

Instructions for the low-cost construction and surgical implantation of a chronic transcranial high-density electroencephalographic montage into mice are provided. Signal recording, extraction, and processing techniques are also described.

低コストかつオープンソースのリソースの使用げっ歯類モデルにおける高密度脳波取得

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network ...

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Crucial to the success of epilepsy surgery is the availability of a robust biomarker that identifies the Epileptogenic Zone (EZ). High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs) have emerged as potential presurgical biomarkers for the identification of the EZ in addition to Interictal Epileptiform Discharges (IEDs) and ictal activity. Although they are promising to localize the EZ, they are not yet suited for the diagnosis or monitoring of epilepsy in clinical practice. Primary barriers remain: the lack of a formal and global definition for HFOs; the consequent heterogeneity of methodological approaches used for their study; and the practical difficulties to detect and localize them noninvasively from scalp recordings. Here, we present a methodology for the recording, detection, and localization of interictal HFOs from pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy. We report representative data of HFOs detected noninvasively from interictal scalp EEG and MEG from two children undergoing surgery.
The underlying generators of HFOs were localized by solving the inverse problem and their localization was compared to the Seizure Onset Zone (SOZ) as this was defined by the epileptologists. For both patients, Interictal Epileptogenic Discharges (IEDs) and HFOs were localized with source imaging at concordant locations. For one patient, intracranial EEG (iEEG) data were also available. For this patient, we found that the HFOs localization was concordant between noninvasive and invasive methods. The comparison of iEEG with the results from scalp recordings served to validate these findings. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that presents the source localization of scalp HFOs from simultaneous EEG and MEG recordings comparing the results with invasive recordings. These findings suggest that HFOs can be reliably detected and localized noninvasively with scalp EEG and MEG. We conclude that the noninvasive localization of interictal HFOs could significantly improve the presurgical evaluation for pediatric patients with epilepsy.

High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs) have emerged as presurgical biomarkers for the identification of the epileptogenic zone in pediatric patients with medically refractory epilepsy. A methodology for the noninvasive recording, detection, and localization of HFOs with simultaneous scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) is presented.

小児てんかんのバイオマーカーとして同時磁図と脳波を用いて検出発作間高周波発振

Crucial to the success of epilepsy surgery is the availability of a robust biomarker that identifies the Epileptogenic Zone (EZ). High Frequency ...

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is an easily accessible technique to monitor the electrocortical activity in preterm and term infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This method was first used to monitor newborns after asphyxia, providing information about future neurological outcomes. The aEEG is also helpful to select newborns who benefit from cooling. The aEEG monitoring of preterm infants is becoming more widespread, as various studies have shown that neurodevelopmental outcome is related to early aEEG tracings. Here, we demonstrate the application of the aEEG monitoring system and present typical patterns that depend upon gestational age and pathophysiological conditions. Furthermore, we mention pitfalls in the interpretation of the aEEG, as this method requires accurate fixation and localization of the electrodes. Additionally, the raw EEG can be used to detect neonatal seizures or to identify aEEG application problems. In conclusion, aEEG is a safe and generally well-tolerated method for the bedside monitoring of neonatal cerebral function; it can even provide information about long-term outcome.

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates

Here, we show how to apply amplitude-integrated electroencephalography to monitor cerebral function in neonates.

脳波振幅統合モニター (脳機能モニター) の新生児への応用

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is an easily accessible technique to monitor the electrocortical activity in preterm and term infants in neonatal ...

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using 128-channel high-density electroencephalography (EEG). The specific aim of the described stimuli and analyses is to examine whether it is feasible to replicate previously reported CVEP morphological patterns elicited by an apparent motion stimulus, designed to simultaneously stimulate both ventral and dorsal central visual networks, using object and motion stimuli designed to separately stimulate ventral and dorsal visual cortical networks.&#160; Four visual paradigms are presented: 1. Randomized visual objects with consistent temporal presentation. 2. Randomized visual objects with inconsistent temporal presentation (or jitter).&#160; 3. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion without jitter.&#160; 4. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion with jitter.&#160; These four paradigms are presented in a pseudo-randomized order for each participant.&#160; Jitter is introduced in order to view how possible anticipatory-related effects may affect the morphology of the object-onset and motion-onset CVEP response.&#160; EEG data analyses are described in detail, including steps of data exportation from and importation to signal processing platforms, bad channel identification&#160;and removal, artifact rejection, averaging, and categorization of average CVEP morphological pattern type based upon latency ranges of component peaks. Representative data show that the methodological approach is indeed sensitive in eliciting differential object-onset and motion-onset CVEP morphological patterns and may, therefore, be useful in addressing the larger research aim. Given the high temporal resolution of EEG and the possible application of high-density EEG in source localization analyses, this protocol is ideal for the investigation of distinct CVEP morphological patterns and the underlying neural mechanisms which generate these differential responses.&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;

In this paper, we present a protocol to investigate differential cortical visual evoked potential morphological patterns through stimulation of ventral and dorsal networks using high-density EEG. Visual object and motion stimulus paradigms, with and without temporal jitter, are described. Visual evoked potential morphological analyses are also outlined.&#160;&#160;

刺激特異的皮質視覚誘発潜在的形態パターン

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using ...

Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms

Non-invasive electrophysiological recordings are useful for the evaluation of nervous system function. These techniques are inexpensive, fast, replicable, and less resource-intensive than imaging. Further, the functional data produced have excellent temporal resolution, which is not achievable with structural imaging.
Current applications of electroencephalograms (EEG) are limited by data processing methods. Standard analysis techniques using raw time series data at individual channels are very limited methods of interrogating nervous system activity. More detailed information about cortical function can be achieved by examining relationships between channels and deriving statistical models of how areas are interacting, allowing visualization of connectivity between networks.
This manuscript describes a method for deriving statistical models of cortical network activity by recording EEG in a standard manner, then examining the interelectrode coherence measures to assess relationships between the recorded areas. Higher order interactions can be further examined by assessing the covariance between the coherence pairs, producing high-dimensional &#34;maps&#34; of network interactions. These data constructs can be examined to assess cortical network function and its relationship to pathology in ways not achievable with traditional techniques.
This approach offers greater sensitivity to network level interactions than is achievable with raw time series analysis. It is, however, limited by the complexity of drawing specific mechanistic conclusions about the underlying neural populations and the high volumes of data generated, requiring more advanced statistical techniques for evaluation, including dimensionality reduction and classifier-based approaches.

Standard EEG analysis techniques offer limited insight into nervous system function. Deriving statistical models of cortical connectivity offers far greater ability to investigate underlying network dynamics. Improved functional assessment opens new possibilities for diagnosis, prognostication, and outcome prediction in nervous system diseases.

非侵襲的脳波を用いた皮質接続の統計的モデリング

Non-invasive electrophysiological recordings are useful for the evaluation of nervous system function. These techniques are inexpensive, fast, replicable, ...

Concurrent EEG and Functional MRI Recording and Integration Analysis for Dynamic Cortical Activity Imaging

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain activity. Multimodal methods have sought to combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, but the complexity of this approach is currently in need of improvement. The protocol presented here describes the recently developed spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, which seeks to rectify source biases and improve EEG-fMRI source localization through the dynamic recruitment of fMRI sub-regions. The process begins with the collection of multimodal data from concurrent EEG and fMRI scans, the generation of 3D cortical models, and independent EEG and fMRI processing. The processed fMRI activation maps are then split into multiple priors, according to their location and surrounding area. These are taken as priors in a two-level hierarchical Bayesian algorithm for EEG source localization. For each window of interest (defined by the operator), specific segments of the fMRI activation map will be identified as active to optimize a parameter known as model evidence. These will be used as soft constraints on the identified cortical activity, increasing the specificity of the multimodal imaging method by reducing cross-talk and avoiding erroneous activity in other conditionally active fMRI regions. The method generates cortical maps of activity and time-courses, which may be taken as final results, or used as a basis for further analyses (analyses of correlation, causation, etc.) While the method is somewhat limited by its modalities (it will not find EEG-invisible sources), it is broadly compatible with most major processing software, and is suitable for most neuroimaging studies.

An EEG-fMRI multimodal imaging method, known as the spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, is described here. The presented method employs conditionally-active fMRI sub-maps, or priors, to guide EEG source localization in a manner that improves spatial specificity and limits erroneous results.

子供高密度脳波記録の皮質ソース解析

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