私たちは、私たちに発達のMRIデータベースで親切な議論へのアクセスを許可するための教授、ジョン·リチャーズ、サウスカロライナ大学を、感謝したいと思います。当社はまた、当社の資金提供者グレートオーモンドストリートチルドレンのチャリティー、UCLインパクト＆グランドチャレンジに感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
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この記事の出版費用は電気測地線株式会社が主催し、

本稿では、年齢の子供に適し標準のERPパラダイムの適切な平均のMRIテンプレートと深さは、重み付け最小ノルム推定に基づく境界要素モデルを用いて皮質発電機の再構築のための高密度脳波の記録と分析について説明します。このパラダイムでは、顔とスクランブル顔の画像が提示されています。別々の著者は、開発35以上の顔処理メカニズムの開発を調査するために、このパラダイ...

オバマ大統領は、健康と経済3（http://www.whitehouse.gov/share/brain-initiative）のための重要度の高い科学的発見の次のフロンティアとして、人間の脳を記述した。しかし、自然科学の他の分野と同様に、神経科学の進歩のための方法論や分析技術の進歩に依存します。ヒトにおける脳機能に関する研究において一般的に使用される2つの非侵襲的なツールは、磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）及び脳波（EEG）である。これらのツールは、異なる物理特性を利用し、独自の長所と短所を持つ脳機能にさまざまな洞察を提供しています。 MRIは、生体組織の画像を得るために磁場中での水分子の磁気特性を使用する。被験体は、高い磁場強度を有する磁石内に配置される必要がある。参加者の動きは、この手順の間に制限され、参加者は、磁気の急激な変化に起因するノイズを許容するために有しているフィールド。構造上の画像に加えて、MRIは、脳機能法（fMRI）を調べるために血液酸素化の変化を測定する可能性を提供する。要約すると、MRIは、現代の高磁場スキャナや最適化されたパラメータ4で最大0.5ミリメートル3の比較的高い空間分解能を提供しています。これとは対照的に、fMRIのの時間分解能は間接的にしか神経活動5,6の高い時間ダイナミクスを反映しBOLD応答の遅い反応速度に制限されています。 他方、EEGは頭皮上に配置された電極を介してニューロンの活性によって引き起こされる電気的活動の変化を測定する。脳波技術の最近の進歩は、短期または長期固定のためのセンサーの迅速かつ容易なアプリケーションだけでなく、外来の録音を可能にします。 EEGは制限が少ないので、それはまた、井戸のようなMRI環境を許容しない特定の参加者集団のために選択される方法である小児および特定の高齢者や精神科集団。 EEGの特性は、MRIのものと逆のパターンを示す：時間分解能精度はミリ秒と非常に高いが、空間分解能が制限される。電気電流が頭皮の表面にその発電機およびEEG電極との間で種々の組織を通過する。これは、混合および体積伝導効果として知らソースアクティビティの空間的スミアリングをもたらす。そのため、頭皮の表面に電極によって測定された活性は、ヘッド1,7の電極の位置に遠いかもしれない複数のソースからの活動を反映している。 近年の多くの研究は、それぞれの長所を活用するために、MRIとEEGの併合に専念してきました。仕事の一行は、機能研究における脳波やMRIの同時取得に取り組んでいます。別のアプローチは、ボリュームcのを考慮するために、構造MRIによって提供される空間情報を使用することであるonduction生物物理学的モデリングによって効果。 EEG記録のソース再構成のための構造情報を使用することは小児集団を含む研究のために特に有用である。脳機能の発達の調査は複雑な認知能力は、単純な前駆体8の上に構築する方法を理解する上で中心的な役割を果たします。 これらの調査は、行動性能の変化と相関神経基盤と応答特性の変化を強調するのに役立ちます。しかし、開発中に脳機能と認知の調査は、特定の課題を提起する。特に、機能的MRI研究のための機会が幼い子供や乳幼児眠っや運動の成果物と参加者福祉に悪影響を及ぼすことなく、MRIデータを取得するために鎮静する必要がいずれかとして制限されています。さらに、脳波、研究参加者の募集が容易になり、両親によってリスクが少ないと、侵襲性として知覚される。 Therefore、脳波は幼児の脳機能の多くの研究のために選択される方法である。 EEGシステムにおける方法論的進歩は、数分以内に128以上のチャンネルを有する高密度電極アレイの適用を可能にする。アプリケーションと快適さを身に着けやすさにも最年少の乳児に脳波記録を可能にするのに十分である。しかし、多くの場合、研究者だけでなく、特定の刺激に対する応答の時間的なダイナミクスに興味を持っているだけでなく、応答を仲介する神経基盤を比較したいと思います。 異なる年齢群を比較するチャンネルレベルのERP分析において一般仮定は、同じ神経基盤が応答していることですが、タイミングや応答振幅は年齢9渡って変化する。同様の頭皮トポグラフィは、しばしば類似の基礎となる神経活動の指標として使用される。しかし、多くの異なるソースの構成は同様の頭皮トポグラフィ10につながる可能性がある。光源推定を適用することにより、このuncertaintyを低減し、定量することができる。観測値の独立性は、脳機能のネットワークアカウントのために重要である：ソースが混在している場合、相関が高いローカル接続の方にバイアスされる。ソース再構築は、このバイアス11を減少させるために適用することができる。代わりに、タイミングと位相の違いは、接続分析に使用することができますが、これらの数学的モデルは、非シミュレートされたデータ12で評価することが困難な仮定を必要とする。要約すると、元の推定は解剖学や組織の生物物理学的特性に関する知識に基づいて、チャネルレベルの脳波とERP分析に追加情報を提供します。 異なるアルゴリズムは、逆問題に対する解決策を見つけるために考案されている。パラメトリックとノンパラメトリック13：これらのアルゴリズムは、2つのカテゴリに大別分類されます。パラメトリックモデルは、位置、向きや強さが変化してもよい1または複数の双極子を想定しています。対照的に、非パラメトリックモデルcontai固定された位置と向きを持つダイポール多数のNA。これらのモデルでは、頭皮の電気的活動は、固定ダイポール10,13,14における活性化の組み合わせとして説明する。ノンパラメトリック、分散型のソースモデルは、様々なメディアでの解剖学と導電率に関する知識に基づいて行うことができる。境界要素モデルは、脳、脳脊髄液、頭蓋骨に別のシェルとヘッドの主な組織のための導電率値を組み込む。これは、導電率は、各区画内にほとんど一定であるが、顕著な変化は、異なる区画の境界で発生することを想定している。導電率の値は、各ボクセル15に割り当てることができるように、有限要素モデルは、灰白質および白質にMRスキャンのさらなるセグメンテーションに基づいている。 実際には、ノンパラメトリックモデルは、領域の数が05に関与する複雑な認知課題にソース再構築のために特に有用である10知られていない。より正確な有限要素モデルは、比較的高い計算要求をもたらすためか境界要素モデルが最も広く、現在の文献で使用される。のFEMは、個々のMRIスキャンに基づくべきであるように、さらに、灰色と白質にはかなりの間個体差があります。 ノンパラメトリックモデルは、順モデルの予測に頭皮測定された活性を一致させるための第二のステップが必要です。再度、異なる利点および欠点を有する異なるアプローチが（概要についてはミシェルら 、2004を参照のこと）文献で ​​議論されている。最も広く使用されているアルゴリズムは、最小の全体的な強度16との上位モデル内の電流分布に頭皮測定された活性と一致する最小ノルム推定（MNE）に基づいています。多国籍企業は弱く、表面的な情報源に偏っている。深さ重み付けされた多国籍企業のアルゴリズムは、重みを導入することにより、表面の偏りを軽減しよう数学的な仮定に基づいて10の行列。広く使用されているLORETAのアプローチは、加重MNEに基づいていますが、さらにスムーズな解決策17,18につながる要因のラプラシアンは、最小限に抑えられている。 LORETAは、シミュレーション研究19,20に単一ソースの最良を行うことが見出されている。しかし、LORETAソリューションの平滑化の上につながる可能性があります。源が未知であるか、または複数のソース13は、16本である可能性が高いときに深さ重み付けMNEが好ましい。異なるモデルの仮定の影響を評価するために、異なるアルゴリズムの結果を比較することはお勧めします。 要約すると、モデリング手法を介して、ソースの再構築が最近まで子供たちのために制限されてきた。ほとんどのEEG分析ソフトウェアは、実質的に子供2,8のソース解の精度を制限する成人の解剖学的構造に基づいて、頭部モデルに依存しているからである。計算能力との規定に格安アクセスソース再構築のためのユーザフレンドリーなソフトウェアにより、これらの制限を克服することを可能にする。脳波にソース推定を適用すると、単独のチャンネルレベルの観察に基づいた分析を介して2つの重要な利点を提供する：空間分解能と観測値の独立性を改善しました。 ソース推定は、場合によっては有益ではない可能性があります。頭の良いカバレッジはソースを区別するために必要とされている。 128以上の電極を有する高密度システムは、10,15とをお勧めします。まばら報道は、より広い拡散源の活性化や偽陰性の結果が10につながる空間フィルタとして機能します。さらに、この記事で説明した方法に基づいて、ソースの再構築は、皮質の発電機のために報告されています。したがって、皮質下の基板または皮質、皮質下の相互作用についての仮説を試験するにはあまり適していない。最後に、ソース解析は、皮質基質についての詳細な従来の仮説に基づくべきである考慮に他の画像診断法から既存の文献を取る。空間フィルタリング技術は、頭皮レベルでの空間的な混合を低減することによってEEG信号の空間分解能を改善するために使用されてもよい。ヘッドモデリングすることなく、体積伝導効果の影響を低減するための代替方法は、 例えば 、ラプラシアンフィルタ21又は電流源密度解析22が使用される。体積伝導効果だけ空間的に近接し1内のセンサに限定されないがしかし、これらの方法は、神経発生に関する詳細な情報を提供しない。 以下のセクションでは、物品は、脳と2歳の子供の認知機能を調べるための実験を​​ロンドン赤ちゃんラボで設計されている方法を説明します。次に、子どもとの高密度低インピーダンスシステムとEEGデータ取得は議論されている。そして、チャネルレベルでの脳波前処理と分析が提示されている。 Lastlyは、物品は、皮質ソース再構築及びソースレベル信号の分析のための構造的MRIデータの処理に焦点を当てている。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1256">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:473px;">High-density EEG sensor net (128 or 256 channels)</td>
			<td style="width:448px;">HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net 128</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EEG high impendance amplifier</td>
			<td>NetAmps 200</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Data Acquisition Computer&#160;</td>
			<td>PowerMac G4</td>
			<td>Apple Inc, California, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stimulus Presentation Computer</td>
			<td>Optiplex 745</td>
			<td>Dell Computers Inc., Texas, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stimulus Presentation Software</td>
			<td>Matlab R2012b with PsychToolBox</td>
			<td>Brainard et al. 1997</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EEG recording software</td>
			<td>NetStation 4.5.1</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EEG analysis software</td>
			<td>Matlab R2012b</td>
			<td>The Mathworks Inc.,&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td>EEGLAB</td>
			<td>Delorme et al. 2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td>BrainStorm</td>
			<td>Sylvain et al. 2001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MRI processing software</td>
			<td>FreeSurfer</td>
			<td>Fischl et al. 2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td>OpenMEEG</td>
			<td>Gramfort et al. 2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">References</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Delorme, A., &#38; Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9&#8211;21.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylvain, B., John, C., Dimitrios, P., &#38; Richard, M. (2011). Brainstorm: A User-Friendly Application for MEG/EEG Analysis. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2011, 1&#8211;13.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Fischl, B., Van Der Kouwe, A., Destrieux, C., Halgren, E., S&#233;gonne, F., Salat, D. H., et al. (2004). Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 14(1), 11&#8211;22.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Gramfort, A., Papadopoulo, T., Olivi, E., &#38; Clerc, M. (2010). OpenMEEG: opensource software for quasistatic bioelectromagnetics. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 9(1), 45. doi:10.1186/1475-925X-9-45</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial vision.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cortical source analysis of high-density eeg recordings in children

EEGは、伝統的に高い時間および低空間分解能を有する神経画像技術として記載されている。生物物理学的モデル化と、信号処理における最近の進歩は、この制約を克服する1高空間分解能を提供する構造的MRIのような他の撮像モダリティからの情報を活用することを可能にする。これは一時的な高解像度だけでなく、空間領域を必要とする調査に特に便利です。よく機能的MRIスキャンを許容しないような若い子として集団を操作するときだけでなく、原因EEG記録の簡単なアプリケーションで低コストのために、脳波は、多くの場合、最適な方法である。しかし、基質が関与する神経調べるために、構造的MRIからの解剖学的情報が依然として必要である。ほとんどの脳波解析パッケージは、大人の解剖学に基づいており、標準的な頭部モデルを扱う。子どもたちのために使用されるこれらのモデルの精度は、2を制限されているので、COmpositionと頭の空間的な構成は、開発3で劇的に変化した組織。 本論文では、高密度脳波の皮質の発電機を再構築するために、個々の構造的なMRIスキャンや年齢、特定の頭部モデルに基づく頭部モデルを用いた我々の最近の研究の概要を説明します。この記事では、EEG記録が処理され、実験室の設定、タスクの設計、脳波前に、MRI処理、脳波チャンネルレベルおよびソース解析など、ロンドンの赤ん坊の研究所の小児集団で分析、取得する方法を説明します。

幼児や子供のためのERP実験を設計することが長いため、繰り返し実験を30に耐える彼らの限られた容量が、しばしば困難である。正確なソースの再構築が1。1のディスプレイに非常に幼い子供と一緒に使用することができ、顔処理機構の調査のための実験プロトコールを図高い信号対雑音比を必要とするので、実験者が、ソース再構成を適用すること?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children at JoVE.com

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

近年、認知神経科学実験のために頭皮測定された電気的活動の皮質源を推定する関心が高まっている。この記事では、高密度脳波を取得した方法と、録音はロンドン赤ちゃんラボで2歳以上の小児の皮質源推定のために処理される方法について説明します。

子供高密度脳波記録の皮質ソース解析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

cortical-source-analysis-of-high-density-eeg-recordings-in-children

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

21.2K ビュー.  UCL Institute of Child Health. 近年、認知神経科学実験のために頭皮測定された電気的活動の皮質源を推定する関心が高まっている。この記事では、高密度脳波を取得した方法と、録音はロンドン赤ちゃんラボで2歳以上の小児の皮質源推定のために処理される方法について説明します。 

ビデオ: Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

障害児における皮質聴覚、触覚情報処理の定量的評価

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

行動学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

統合失調症のための家族ハイリスク児の感情オドボール課題を用いて前頭辺縁系の活性の測定

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

子どもと成人の脅威のための注意のバイアスを測定

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

自閉症スペクトラム障害児の感覚と多感覚機能のテスト

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

子どもと大人で味の環境を測定するために心理物理追跡方法

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Theta activity is generated in the septohippocampal system and can be recorded using deep intrahippocampal electrodes and implantable electroencephalography (EEG) radiotelemetry or tether system approaches. Pharmacologically, hippocampal theta is heterogeneous (see dualistic theory) and can be differentiated into type I and type II theta. These individual EEG subtypes are related to specific cognitive and behavioral states, such as arousal, exploration, learning and memory, higher integrative functions, etc. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s, structural and functional alterations of the septohippocampal system can result in impaired theta activity/oscillations. A standard quantitative analysis of the hippocampal EEG includes a Fast-Fourier-Transformation (FFT)-based frequency analysis. However, this procedure does not provide details about theta activity in general and highly-organized theta oscillations in particular. In order to obtain detailed information on highly-organized theta oscillations in the hippocampus, we have developed a new analytical approach. This approach allows for time- and cost-effective quantification of the duration of highly-organized theta oscillations and their frequency characteristics.

Theta activity in the hippocampus is related to specific cognitive and behavioral stages. Here, we describe an analytical method to detect highly-organized theta oscillations within the hippocampus using a time-frequency (i.e., wavelet analysis)-based approach.

マウス脳波で高度に組織化されたシータ振動の自動検出

Theta activity is generated in the septohippocampal system and can be recorded using deep intrahippocampal electrodes and implantable ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

子供の働く記憶を評価する：子供のための総合評価バッテリー - ワーキングメモリ（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

リバーシブルの冷却誘起 Deactivations 歩行猫障害メモリへの皮質の貢献を研究するには

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

1 歳児の古典的な短い遅延瞬

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...