私たちは、ビデオ撮影の準備で彼女の助けと技術を実証するためのエイミー·チェンに感謝します。エニグマが行ったこの作品：遺伝子および分子集合体（http://enigma.lbl.gov）と生態系とネットワークの統合、ローレンスバークレー国立研究所の科学重点領域プログラム、科学局によってサポートされていました、生物のOfficeと契約番号DE-AC02-05CH11231下、米国エネルギー省の環境研究、。

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A., Sachs, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+the+HP0165-HP0166+two-component+system+in+expression+of+some+acidic-pH-upregulated+genes+of+Helicobacter+pylori.">Involvement of the HP0165-HP0166 two-component system in expression of some acidic-pH-upregulated genes of Helicobacter pylori.</a> J Bacteriol. 188, 1750-1761 (2006).</li><li>Liu, X., Noll, D. M., Lieb, J. D., Clarke, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DIP-chip:+rapid+and+accurate+determination+of+DNA-binding+specificity.">DIP-chip: rapid and accurate determination of DNA-binding specificity.</a> Genome Res. 15, 421-427 (2005).</li><li>Gossett, A. J., Lieb, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+Immunoprecipitation+(DIP)+for+the+Determination+of+DNA-Binding+Specificity.">DNA Immunoprecipitation (DIP) for the Determination of DNA-Binding Specificity.</a> CSH Protoc. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Mascher, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+cia+regulon:+CiaR+target+sites+and+transcription+profile+analysis.">The Streptococcus pneumoniae cia regulon: CiaR target sites and transcription profile analysis.</a> J Bacteriol. 185, 60-70 (2003).</li><li>Park, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq:+advantages+and+challenges+of+a+maturing+technology.">ChIP-seq: advantages and challenges of a maturing technology.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 10, 669-680 (2009).</li><li>Lefrancois, P., Zheng, W., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-Seq+using+high-throughput+DNA+sequencing+for+genome-wide+identification+of+transcription+factor+binding+sites.">ChIP-Seq using high-throughput DNA sequencing for genome-wide identification of transcription factor binding sites.</a> Methods Enzymol. 470, 77-104 (2010).</li><li>Ho, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-chip+versus+ChIP-seq:+lessons+for+experimental+design+and+data+analysis.">ChIP-chip versus ChIP-seq: lessons for experimental design and data analysis.</a> BMC Genomics. 12, 134 (2011).</li><li>Liu, X., Lee, C. K., Granek, J. A., Clarke, N. D., Lieb, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-genome+comparison+of+Leu3+binding+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+reveals+the+importance+of+nucleosome+occupancy+in+target+site+selection.">Whole-genome comparison of Leu3 binding in vitro and in vivo reveals the importance of nucleosome occupancy in target site selection.</a> Genome Res. 16, 1517-1528 (2006).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは、特別の利害関係はありません。

ここで説明DAPチップ方式が正常つが代表的結果として示されているのビブリオ尋常 Hildenborough 7におけるいくつかのRRのための遺伝子標的を決定するために使用された。 RR DVU3023、候補遺伝子ターゲットを選択することは簡単でした。 DVU3025は、RR遺伝子のすぐ下流に位置し、RRおよび標的遺伝子は、いくつかのビブリオ種において保存され、さらに、予測DVU3025 sigma54依存性...

生存し繁殖する細菌の能力は、それらが知覚とその環境における摂動に応答することができるどの程度に決定的に依存し、これは順番に、それらのシグナル伝達系に依存する。信号システム細菌エンコードの数は、その「微生物のIQ」と呼ばれているとその環境の変動と複数の信号を感知する能力を微調整その応答1の両方を示している可能性があり。二成分シグナル伝達系（TCS）細菌によって使用される最も普及しているシグナル伝達系であり、それらは外部信号を感知し、エフェクターレスポンスレギュレーター（RR）2リン酸化を介して送信するヒスチジンキナーゼ（HK）からなる。 RRは、出力領域の様々なため、異なるエフェクターのモードを持つことができますが、最も一般的な応答は、ドメイン1のDNA 結合を介した転写調節です。信号が感知され、VASの対応する機能のTCSsのT大半は不明のままである。 このようなChIPチップ等のインビボ方法は、日常的に、転写のゲノム結合部位の決定のために使用されているが3因子活性化状態または信号が既知である場合、それらは、細菌の二成分系資源レコードのために使用することができる。多くの場合、TCSをアクティブに環境手がかりは、その遺伝子標的よりも決定することが困難です。ここに記載したインビトロマイクロアレイに基づくアッセイは、効果的かつ迅速に遺伝子標的を決定し、のTCSsの機能を予測するために使用することができる。このアッセイは、RRがリン酸化され、従って、アセチルリン酸4などの小分子供与体を用いてインビトロで活性化することができるという事実を利用する。 この方法では、DNA-親和性精製チップ（ 図1）DAP-チップという、目的のRR遺伝子はE.でHisタグにクローニングする大腸菌 、そして続いて精製タグを付けたタンパク質を双方向に許可されているNDゲノムDNAをせん断した。タンパク質に結合したDNAは、その後、アフィニティー精製、濃縮し、入力DNAによって濃縮されて増幅され、蛍光標識されたが、一緒にプールし、カスタム目的の生物（ 図1）に対して行われるタイリングアレイにハイブリダイズ。マイクロアレイ実験は、アーチファクトを受けやすく、したがって、追加のステップは、アッセイを最適化するのに用いられる。一つのそのような工程は、（ 図2のワークフローを参照）を電気泳動移動度シフトアッセイ（EMSA）を用いて、研究中のRR毎にターゲットを決定しようとすることである。その後、ゲノムDNAおよびDAPステップに結合した後、タンパク質結合及び投入DNAは、このように最適な結合条件を確認し、正のターゲットは入力割合と比較して、タンパク質に結合した画分に濃縮されているかどうかを確認するために定量PCRによって調べられるRR（ 図2）。アレイハイブリダイゼーションの後、データは、ゲノム遺伝子座タンパク質hを示す高強度信号のピークを見つけるために分析される広告が結合した。関数が得られた遺伝子標的に基づいて、RRのために予測することができる。標的ゲノム遺伝子座を、次いで、実験的にEMSAを（ 図2）を用いて検証される結合部位モチーフを予測するために使用される。 RRのための機能的予測および遺伝子標的は、次いで密接に（ 図2）と類似の結合モチーフをそれらのゲノムをスキャンすることによってオーソロガスRRをコードする種が関連するように拡張することができる。 DAPチップ方式は、以前に何もありませんでしたTCSのための豊富な情報を提供することができます。この方法はまた、タンパク質を精製することができ、DNA結合条件を決定することができる場合、任意の転写調節のために使用され、ゲノム配列を有する関心対象の任意の生物に利用可能することができる。 <img alt="図1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51715/51715fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 図1。のDNAアフィニティー精製したチップ（DAP-チップ）戦略7。目的の生物からのRR遺伝子を大腸菌にカルボキシ末端Hisタグでクローン化される大腸菌発現株。精製されたHisタグ付きタンパク質は、アセチルリン酸とリン酸化により活性化され、剪断されたゲノムDNAと混合する。残りは、Ni-NTA樹脂を用いてアフィニティー精製を行っている間の結合反応のアリコートを、入力DNAとして保存される。入力およびRR-結合したDNAは、増幅全ゲノムであり、それぞれCy3およびCy5で標識。標識されたDNAを一緒にプールし、次いで、遺伝子標的を決定するために分析されたタイリングアレイにハイブリダイズされる。図は、修正され、7からクリエイティブコモンズライセンスを使用して復刻。 <img alt="図2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51715/51715fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 図2。ワークフローの概要。任意の精製されたタグが付いprotei用nは、EMSAを使用してターゲットを決定することから始めます。許可したゲノムDNAを結合して、DNA-アフィニティ精製するタンパク質（DAP）、全ゲノム（WGA）濃縮し、入力DNAを増幅する。遺伝子標的が既知である場合、公知の標的は、タンパク質結合画分中に濃縮されることを確実にするために定量PCRを使用する。標的が決定できなかった場合には、DNAの標識およびアレイハイブリダイゼーションに直接進む。定量PCRによる濃縮が観察されなかった場合には、結合タンパク質のgDNAと異なるタンパク質の量を使用してDAP-WGAステップを繰り返す。ピークを見つけ、遺伝子をターゲットにマップするために、配列解析を使用してください。結合部位モチーフを予測するために、標的遺伝子の上流領域を使用してください。 EMSAをを使用して実験的にモチーフを検証します。研究中のRRのオルソログをコードする近縁種のゲノムをスキャンし、同様にそれらの種で標的遺伝子を予測するモチーフを使用してください。得られた遺伝子標的に基づいて、RRおよびそのオーソログの生理学的機能を予測することができる。図は、創造的なCを使用して修正して復刻ommonsは7からライセンス。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="719">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:248px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">HisTrapFF column (Ni-Sepharose column)</td>
			<td>GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17-5255-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Akta explorer (FPLC instrument)</td>
			<td colspan="2">GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">HiPrep 26/10 Desalting column</td>
			<td>GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17-5087-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Qiaquick Gel extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Biotin-labeled oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">6% polyacrylamide-0.5X TBE precast mini DNA retardation gel</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td>EC63652BOX</td>
			<td>Alternately, you can pour your own gel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Nylon membrane</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA</td>
			<td>INYC00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Trans-Blot SD Semi-dry electrophoretic transfer cell</td>
			<td>Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>170-3940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Extra thick blot paper, 8 x 13.5 cm</td>
			<td>Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>170-3967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">UV crosslinker Model XL-1000</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">11-992-89</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Nucleic Acid chemiluminescent detection kit (Pierce)</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA</td>
			<td align="right">89880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Ni-NTA agarose resin</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">30210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="119">
			<td height="119" style="height:119px;width:255px;">GenomePlex Whole genome amplification kit (Fragmentation buffer, library preparation buffer, library stabilization solution, library preparation enzyme, 10X amplification master mix, WGA polymerase )</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>WGA2-50RXN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Nanodrop ND-1000</td>
			<td colspan="2">Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA</td>
			<td>For quantitation of DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Perfecta Sybr Green SuperMix, with ROX</td>
			<td>Quanta biosciences</td>
			<td>95055-500</td>
			<td>Any Sybr Green PCR mix may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">PlateMax Ultra clear heat sealing film for qPCR</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">96 well clear low profile PCR microplate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td colspan="2">PCR-96-LP-AB-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus Real time PCR system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td align="right">4376600</td>
			<td>Any real time PCR system may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Qiaquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">28104</td>
			<td>Any PCR clean up kit may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Cy3/Cy5-labeled nonamers</td>
			<td>Trilink biotechnologies, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td colspan="2">N46-0001, N46-0002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Klenow polymerase 50,000U/ml, 3&#39;-5&#39; exo-</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA</td>
			<td>M0212M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Hybridization system</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This company no longer makes arrays or related items, so alternate sources such as Agilent or Affymetrix will need to be used,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Custom printed microarrays and mixers</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:255px;">Hybridization kit (2X Hybridization buffer, Hybridization component A, Alignment oligo)</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Wash buffer kit (10X Wash buffer I, II, III, 1 M DTT)</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">GenePix 4200A microarray scanner</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA</td>
			<td>This model has been replaced by superior ones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">GenePix Pro microarray software</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Nimblescan v.2.4, ChIP-chip analysis software</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dna-affinity-purified chip (dap-chip) method to determine gene targets for bacterial two component regulatory systems

このようなChIPチップインビボ方法において 、転写因子のためのグローバルな遺伝子標的を決定するために使用される十分に確立された技術である。しかし、彼らは特徴づけられていない活性化条件で、細菌の2成分の規制制度を模索中使用が制限されている。このようなシステムは、ユニークな信号の存在下で活性化する場合にのみ転写を調節する。これらの信号はしばしば不明であるので、このビデオ資料に記載のインビトロマイクロアレイベースの方法は、遺伝子標的および応答調節因子の結合部位を決定するために使用することができる。このDNA-アフィニティー精製チップ法は、配列決定されたゲノムを有する任意の生物の任意の精製されたレギュレータに使用されてもよい。プロトコルは、精製されたタグが付いたタンパク質は、カスタムタイリングアレイへのDNAとハイブリダイゼーションの蛍光標識に続いて、タンパク質に結合したDNAを剪断ゲノムDNAに結合して、親和性浄化することができますが含まれます。仕するためのアッセイを最適化するために使用され得る工程の前にCレギュレータはまた、記載されている。アレイデータの分析によって生成されたピークは、次いで、実験的に検証される結合部位モチーフを予測するために使用される。モチーフの予測は、さらに密接に関連した種にオルソロガス応答調節因子の遺伝子標的を決定するために使用することができる。私たちは、遺伝子標的を決定し、サイトのモチーフを結合し、このような環境細菌デスルホビブリオ尋常 Hildenborough中sigma54依存応答レギュレータDVU3023機能を予測することにより、この方法の適用可能性を実証する。

上記の方法は、 デスルホビブリオ尋常 Hildenborough 7細菌を減らすモデル硫酸でRRの全体的な遺伝子ターゲットを特定するために適用した。この生物は、それが感知して応答することができる信号の多種多様を示し、70以上のRRで表されるのTCSsが多数ある。 インビボでは 、これらの信号システムの機能について解析し、それらの信号ので、実行するのは難しいので、それら...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems at JoVE.com

DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

このビデオの記事は、遺伝子標的と2成分系の応答調節因子の結合部位を決定するためのin vitroのマイクロアレイベースの方法を説明します。

細菌のための2つの成分​​規制システムを遺伝子標的を決定するために、DNA親和性精製チップ（DAP-チップ）方法

In vivo methods such as ChIP-chip are well-established techniques used to determine global gene targets for transcription factors. However, they are of ...

dna-affinity-purified-chip-dap-chip-method-to-determine-gene-targets

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

16.6K ビュー.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. このビデオの記事は、遺伝子標的と2成分系の応答調節因子の結合部位を決定するためのin vitroのマイクロアレイベースの方法を説明します。 

ビデオ: DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

マイクロアレイを用いた細菌の遺伝子発現解析

生物学

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

ハイC：ゲノムの三次元構造を研究する方法。

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited from their latent state in the cytoplasm to cell surface receptors where they are activated by phosphorylation at a single tyrosine residue1. They then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to drive the transcription of target genes, affecting growth, differentiation, homeostasis and the immune response. Not surprisingly, given their widespread involvement in normal cell processes, dysregulation of STAT function contributes to human disease, particularly to cancers2 and autoimmune diseases3. It is well established that transcription is regulated by alterations to the chromatin template4,5. These alterations include the activities of ATP-dependent complexes, as well as covalent histone modifications and DNA methylation6. Because STAT activation of gene expression is both rapid and transient, it requires specific mechanisms for modulating the chromatin template at STAT-dependent gene loci. To define these mechanisms, we characterize the histone modifications and the enzymatic activities that generate them at gene loci that respond to STAT signaling. This protocol describes chromatin immunoprecipitation, a method that is valuable for the study of STAT signaling to chromatin in activated gene expression.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

This protocol describes how chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to study the dynamic alterations to the chromatin template that regulate transcription induced by a signal transduction pathway.

ヒト細胞において活性化遺伝子発現のアッセイのダイナミックヒストン修飾のクロマチン免疫沈降（ChIP）

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited ...

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

アイソフォーム特異的遺伝子標的を同定するためのチップを使用してゲノムワイド解析

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

リボソーム結合したポリペプチドを単離するためのツールと​​してSECM逮捕シーケンスを使用して、

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent probes are particularly useful in determining the bio-distribution of administered large molecules, where the addition of a small-molecule fluorescent label is unlikely to affect the kinetics or bio-distribution of the compound. A variety of methods exist to examine bio-distribution that vary significantly in the amount of effort required and whether the resulting measurements are fully quantitative, but using multiple methods in conjunction can provide a rapid and effective system for analyzing bio-distributions.
Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a method that can be used to quickly compare the relative concentrations of fluorescent molecules within tissues and between multiple types of tissues or treatment groups. Using an imaging platform designed for live-animal or whole-organ imaging, fluorescence within intact tissues can be determined without further processing, saving time and labor while providing an accurate picture of the overall bio-distribution. This process is ideal in experiments attempting to determine the tissue specificity of a compound or for the comparison of multiple different compounds. Quantitative tissue histology on the other hand requires extensive further processing of tissues in order to create a quantitative measure of the labeled compounds. To accurately assess bio-distribution, all tissues of interest must be sliced, scanned, and analyzed relative to standard curves in order to make comparisons between tissues or groups. Quantitative tissue histology is the gold standard for determining absolute compound concentrations within tissues.
Here, we describe how both methods can be used together effectively to assess the ability of different administration methods and compound modifications to target and deliver fluorescently labeled molecules to the central nervous system1.

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a rapid method for determining the relative concentrations of fluorescently labeled compounds within and between tissues or treatment groups. Conversely, quantitative fluorescence histology, while more labor intensive, allows for the quantification of the absolute tissue levels of labeled molecules.

の用法<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;全体の臓器イメージングと定量的組織組織学は、蛍光標識分子のバイオ分布を決定します

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro ...

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in Suncus murinus (S. murinus&#160;). First, the specimen was dissected from S. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. The specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. It was then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The color reaction was revealed by reacting the specimen with a 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate. This method can be applied to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs. Furthermore, this protocol can also be adapted to test other neuronal antibodies, but optimization of the antibodies should be done first. This method was originally introduced by Kuratani and Tanaka1,2,3.

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

A whole-mount immunohistochemical approach, to visualize neurofilament protein expression in the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. is presented here. This protocol can be used to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs in S. murinus or other species.

全身免疫組織化学的方法を用いて胆道の内腔を調べる<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a simple protocol to monitor this process is described. Moreover, typical results and experimental validation of the method under autophagy-inducing conditions in various types of cultured mammalian cells are provided. During bulk autophagy, autophagosomes sequester cytosol, and thereby also soluble cytosolic proteins, alongside other autophagic cargo. LDH is a stable and highly abundant, soluble cytosolic enzyme that is non-selectively sequestered into autophagosomes. The amount of LDH sequestration therefore reflects the amount of bulk autophagic sequestration. To efficiently and accurately determine LDH sequestration in cells, we employ an electrodisruption-based fractionation protocol that effectively separates sedimentable from cytosolic LDH, followed by measurement of enzymatic activity in sedimentable fractions versus whole-cell samples. Autophagic sequestration is determined by subtracting the proportion of sedimentable LDH in untreated cells from that in treated cells. The advantage of the LDH sequestration assay is that it gives a quantitative measure of the autophagic sequestration of endogenous cargo, as opposed to other methods that either involve ectopic expression of sequestration probes or semi-quantitative protease protection analyses of autophagy markers or receptors.

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &amp;#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Here a simple and well-validated protocol for measuring bulk autophagic sequestration activity in mammalian cells is described. The method is based on quantifying the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sedimentable cell fractions compared to total cellular LDH levels.

隔離の乳酸脱水素酵素試金-哺乳類細胞における一括 Autophagic 隔離活動を決定するシンプルで信頼性の高い方法

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a ...

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental inputs into stress tolerance, pathogenicity, and other key components of fitness. This manuscript describes a microscope-based assay that tracks approximately 105&#160;Saccharomyces cerevisiae microcolonies per experiment. After automated time-lapse imaging of yeast immobilized in a multiwell plate, microcolony growth rates are easily analyzed with custom image-analysis software. For each microcolony, expression and localization of fluorescent proteins and survival of acute stress can also be monitored. This assay allows precise estimation of strains&#39; average growth rates, as well as comprehensive measurement of heterogeneity in growth, gene expression, and stress tolerance within clonal populations.

Yeast growth phenotypes are precisely measured through highly parallel time-lapse imaging of immobilized cells growing into microcolonies. Simultaneously, stress tolerance, protein expression, and protein localization can be monitored, generating integrated datasets to study how environmental and genetic differences, as well as gene-expression heterogeneity among isogenic cells, modulate growth.

成長と遺伝子発現の不均一性を測定するマイクロコロニーのハイスループットライブイメージング

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental ...

Profiling of H3K4me3 Modification in Plants using Cleavage under Targets and Tagmentation

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their recruited proteins, lead to temporal and spatial control of gene expression. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&#38;Tag) is an enzyme-tethering method in which the specific chromatin protein is firstly recognized by its specific antibody, and then the antibody tethers a protein A-transposase (pA-Tn5) fusion protein, which cleaves the targeted chromatin in situ by the activation of magnesium ions. Here, we provide our previously published CUT&#38;Tag protocol using intact nuclei isolated from allortetraploid cotton leaves with modification. This step-by-step protocol can be used for epigenomic research in plants. In addition, substantial modifications for plant nuclei isolation are provided with critical comments.

Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&amp;Tag) is an efficient chromatin epigenomic profiling strategy. This protocol presents a refined CUT&amp;Tag strategy for the profiling of histone modifications in plants.

標的下およびタグ付け下での切断を用いた植物におけるH3K4me3修飾のプロファイリング

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their ...

細菌のための2つの成分​​規制システムを遺伝子標的を決定するために、DNA親和性精製チップ（DAP-チップ）方法

細菌のための2つの成分規制システムを遺伝子標的を決定するために、DNA親和性精製チップ（DAP-チップ）方法