우리는 비디오 촬영을 위해 준비하는 그녀의 도움과 기술을 보여 에이미 첸 감사합니다. 수수께끼에 의해 수행이 작품 : 유전자 및 분자 조립 (http://enigma.lbl.gov)와 생태계 및 네트워크 통합은, 로렌스 버클리 국립 연구소의 과학적인 초점 영역 프로그램은 과학, 생물의 사무실의 사무실에 의해 지원되었다 계약 번호 DE-AC02-05CH11231에서 미국 에너지 국의 환경 연구.

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저자는 공개 할 관심의 충돌이 없습니다.

여기에 설명 된 칩 DAP 방법은 성공적 일이 대표적인 결과로 게재되어있는 Desulfovibrio 불가리스 Hildenborough 7 몇개의 RR 대한 유전자 표적을 결정하는 데 사용되었다. RR의 DVU3023 들어, 후보 유전자 표적을 선택하는 것은 수월했다. DVU3025은 RR 유전자의 바로 하류에 위치하고 있으며, RR 및 대상 유전자는 여러 Desulfovibrio 종에서 보존하고, 또한 DVU3025는 예측 sigma54 의존 발기인 있습?...

생존하고 번성하는 박테리아의 능력들은 인식하고 그들의 환경에서 섭동에 응답 할 수있다 얼마나 잘 매우 의존적이며, 이것은 차례로 자신의 신호 전달 체계에 의존한다. 경보 시스템 박테리아 인코딩의 수는 &quot;미생물 IQ&quot;라고되어 그 환경의 변화와 여러 신호를 감지 할 수있는 능력과 미세 조정의 응답 1 두의 표시가 될 수 있습니다. 두 성분의 신호 전달 시스템 (TCS)은 세균에 의해 사용되는 가장 널리 시그널링 시스템이며, 그들은 외부 신호를 감지하여 음향 응답 레귤레이터 (RR) 2 인산화를 통해 송신 히스티딘 키나아제 (HK)으로 구성된다. 의 RR은 출력 영역의 다양하므로 서로 다른 음향 모드를 가질 수 있지만, 가장 일반적인 반응은 도메인 1 DNA 결합을 통해 전사 조절이다. 감지 신호 및 VAS의 대응 기능TCSS의 t의 대부분은 알 수없는 남아 있습니다. 이러한 칩 - 칩과 같은 생체 내 방법으로 일상적 전사는 3 요소 게놈 결합 부위의 측정에 사용되지만, 활성화 조건 또는 신호가 알려져있는 경우, 그들은 단지 세균이 성분계 RR들에 대해 사용될 수있다. 종종 TCS를 활성화 환경 단서는 자신의 유전자를 대상으로보다 결정하기 어렵습니다. 시험 관내 마이크로 어레이는 기재 기반 분석을 효과적으로 빠르게 유전자 표적을 결정하고 TCSS의 기능을 예측하기 위해 사용될 수있다. 상기 분석 된 RR가 인산화 따라서 아세틸 포스페이트 4와 같은 작은 분자를 사용 도너 시험 관내에서 활성화 될 수 있다는 사실을 이용한다. 이 방법에서는, DNA 친화력 - 정제 - 칩 (그림 1)에 대한 DAP 칩 이름, 관심의 RR 유전자는 E.에서 그의 태그로 복제됩니다 대장균 및 이후 정제 태그 단백질은 양방향으로 허용된다차 게놈 DNA를 전단한다. 단백질 - 결합 DNA가 다음 친화력 정화에 충실 풍부한 입력 DNA가 증폭, 형광 함께 풀링 및 사용자 관심의 유기체 (그림 1)에 만든 기와 배열에 하이브리드 레이블. 마이크로 어레이 실험 유물로 될 수 있으며, 따라서 추가 단계 분석을 최적화하기 위해 사용된다. 하나의 단계는 (그림 2에서 워크 플로우를 참조) 전기 이동성 이동 분석 (EMSA)를 사용하여 연구에서 RR에 대한 하나의 목표를 ​​결정하려고하는 것입니다. 그런 다음, 게놈 DNA와 DAP 단계에 바인딩 다음, 단백질 - 결합 및 입력 DNA 따라서 최적의 바인딩 상태를 확인한, 긍정적 인 목표는 입력 부분에 상대적으로 단백질 - 결합 부분에 농축되어 있는지 qPCR에 의해 검사된다 RR (그림 2). 어레이 혼성화 후, 데이터는 게놈 궤적을 나타내는 높은 강도 신호의 피크를 찾기 위해 분석된다 여기서 단백질 H광고는 바인딩. 함수 얻어진 유전자 표적에 근거 RR 대해 예측 될 수있다. 대상 게놈 유전자 좌는 다음 실험적 EMSAs (그림 2)를 사용하여 유효성을 검사 결합 부위의 모티브를 예측하는 데 사용됩니다. RR의 기능 예측 및 유전자 목표는 밀접하게 유사한 결합 모티프에 대한 사람들의 게놈 (그림 2)를 스캔하여 orthologous의 RR을 인코딩 종 관련 확장 할 수있다. DAP 칩 방법은 이전에 아무도 없었다 TCS에 대한 풍부한 정보를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 상기 방법은 또한 단백질이 정제 될 수 있으며 DNA 결합 상태가 결정될 수 있으면 어떠한 전사 조절을 위해 사용하고, 게놈 서열과 관심있는 유기체에 해당 될 수있다. <img alt="그림 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51715/51715fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 그림 1. DNA 친화력 - 정제 - 칩 (DAP-칩) 전략 7. 그 유기체에서 RR 유전자는 E.에 카르복시 말단 그의 태그로 복제됩니다 대장균 발현 균주. 정제 그의 태그가 단백질 아세틸 포스페이트 인산화에 의해 활성화하고, 쉬어 된 게놈 DNA와 혼합된다. 나머지는 니켈-NTA 수지를 사용하여 친 화성 정제를 실시하면서 결합 반응의 분취 량은, 입력 DNA로 저장된다. 입력 및 RR 바인딩 된 DNA는 증폭 된 전체 게놈 있으며, 각각를 Cy3 및 Cy5에,로 표지. 표지 된 DNA를 함께 풀링하고 유전자 표적을 결정하기 위해 분석된다 타일링 어레이에 혼성화된다. 그림 수정 및 크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이센스를 7에서 사용하는 재판. <img alt="그림 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51715/51715fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 워크 플로의 그림 2. 요약. 모든 정제 태그 PROTEI 위해N, EMSA를 이용하여 대상을 결정함으로써 시작한다. (WGA) 농축 및 입력 DNA 증폭 게놈 DNA 다음 DNA 친화력 - 정화 (DAP) 및 전체 게놈을 결합하는 단백질을 허용합니다. 표적 유전자가 알려진 경우, 알려진 타겟 단백질 - 결합 분획에 농축되도록 qPCR에를 사용한다. 어떤 대상을 판별 할 수 있다면, DNA 라벨 및 배열 하이브리드로 직접 진행합니다. qPCR에 의한 농축이 관찰 할 수없는 경우, 결합 단백질 - gDNA를 다른 단백질의 양을 사용하여 DAP-WGA의 단계를 반복합니다. 피크를 찾아 유전자를 대상에 매핑하는 배열 분석을 사용합니다. 결합 부위 모티프를 예측하는 표적 유전자의 상류 영역을 사용한다. 실험적으로 EMSAs를 사용하여 주제를 유효성을 검사합니다. 연구에서 RR의 orthologs를 인코딩 관련 종의 게놈을 스캔 모티브를 사용하고,뿐만 아니라 그 종을 대상으로 유전자를 예측하고있다. 얻어진 유전자 타겟에 기초하여, RR과 orthologs의 생리적 기능은 예측 될 수있다. 그림 수정하고 창조적 인 C를 사용하여 다시 인쇄ommons 7에서 라이센스.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="719">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:248px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">HisTrapFF column (Ni-Sepharose column)</td>
			<td>GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17-5255-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Akta explorer (FPLC instrument)</td>
			<td colspan="2">GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">HiPrep 26/10 Desalting column</td>
			<td>GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17-5087-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Qiaquick Gel extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Biotin-labeled oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">6% polyacrylamide-0.5X TBE precast mini DNA retardation gel</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td>EC63652BOX</td>
			<td>Alternately, you can pour your own gel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Nylon membrane</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA</td>
			<td>INYC00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Trans-Blot SD Semi-dry electrophoretic transfer cell</td>
			<td>Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>170-3940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Extra thick blot paper, 8 x 13.5 cm</td>
			<td>Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>170-3967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">UV crosslinker Model XL-1000</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">11-992-89</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Nucleic Acid chemiluminescent detection kit (Pierce)</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA</td>
			<td align="right">89880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Ni-NTA agarose resin</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">30210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="119">
			<td height="119" style="height:119px;width:255px;">GenomePlex Whole genome amplification kit (Fragmentation buffer, library preparation buffer, library stabilization solution, library preparation enzyme, 10X amplification master mix, WGA polymerase )</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>WGA2-50RXN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Nanodrop ND-1000</td>
			<td colspan="2">Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA</td>
			<td>For quantitation of DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Perfecta Sybr Green SuperMix, with ROX</td>
			<td>Quanta biosciences</td>
			<td>95055-500</td>
			<td>Any Sybr Green PCR mix may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">PlateMax Ultra clear heat sealing film for qPCR</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">96 well clear low profile PCR microplate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td colspan="2">PCR-96-LP-AB-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus Real time PCR system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td align="right">4376600</td>
			<td>Any real time PCR system may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Qiaquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">28104</td>
			<td>Any PCR clean up kit may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Cy3/Cy5-labeled nonamers</td>
			<td>Trilink biotechnologies, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td colspan="2">N46-0001, N46-0002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Klenow polymerase 50,000U/ml, 3&#39;-5&#39; exo-</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA</td>
			<td>M0212M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Hybridization system</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This company no longer makes arrays or related items, so alternate sources such as Agilent or Affymetrix will need to be used,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Custom printed microarrays and mixers</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:255px;">Hybridization kit (2X Hybridization buffer, Hybridization component A, Alignment oligo)</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Wash buffer kit (10X Wash buffer I, II, III, 1 M DTT)</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">GenePix 4200A microarray scanner</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA</td>
			<td>This model has been replaced by superior ones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">GenePix Pro microarray software</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Nimblescan v.2.4, ChIP-chip analysis software</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dna-affinity-purified chip (dap-chip) method to determine gene targets for bacterial two component regulatory systems

이러한 칩 칩으로 생체 방법에서 전사 인자 글로벌 유전자 목표를 결정하는 데 사용 잘 확립 기술은 다음과 같습니다. 그러나, 그들은에 uncharacterized 활성화 조건 세균성 두 구성 요소 규제 시스템을 탐험에 사용이 제한됩니다. 독특한 신호들의 존재하에 활성화 된 때, 그러한 시스템에만 전사를 조절한다. 이들 신호는 종종 알 수 있기 때문에,이 비디오 문서에 설명 된 시험 관내 마이크로 어레이 기반의 방법은 유전자 표적 및 응답 레귤레이터 결합 부위를 결정하기 위하여 사용될 수있다. 이것은 DNA-친 화성 정제 칩 방법은 시퀀스 된 게놈 어떤 유기체 어떠한 레귤레이터 정제에 사용될 수있다. 프로토콜은 정제 태그 단백질은 사용자 정의 타일 배열에 DNA와 하이브리드의 형광 표지 다음에 단백질 바인딩 DNA를 깎인 게놈 DNA에 결합하고 친화력 정화 할 수 있도록 포함한다. 이 사양에 대한 분석을 최적화하기 위해 사용될 수있다 같이 전일C 규제도 설명되어 있습니다. 어레이 데이터 분석에 의해 생성 된 피크 후 실험적으로 검증되는 결합 부위 모티프를 예측하는 데 사용된다. 모티프 예측 더욱 밀접한 관련 종 orthologous 반응 조절제의 유전자 표적을 결정하기 위하여 사용될 수있다. 우리는 유전자의 목표를 ​​결정하고 사이트의 모티브를 결합함으로써 환경 박테리아 Desulfovibrio 심상 성 Hildenborough에서 sigma54 의존 응답 레귤레이터 DVU3023의 기능을 예측하여이 방법의 적용 가능성을 보여줍니다.

상기 방법은 Desulfovibrio 불가리스 Hildenborough 7 박테리아를 감소 모델 황산에서의 RR 해외 유전자 표적을 결정하기 위해 적용 하였다. 이 유기체가 그것을 감지에 응답 가능한 신호의 다양한 나타내는 70의 RR로 표현 TCSS의 다수가 있습니다. 생체 이러한 경보 시스템의 기능을 분석하고 자신의 신호 때문에 수행하기 어렵고 따라서 자신의 활성화 조건입니다 알 수 있습니다. 여기...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems at JoVE.com

DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

이 비디오 문서는 두 개의 구성 요소 시스템 응답 레귤레이터 유전자 표적 및 결합 부위를 결정하기 위해 시험 관내 마이크로 어레이 기반의 방법을 설명한다.

세균에 대한 두 개의 구성 요소 규제 시스템을 유전자 표적을 확인하는 DNA 친화력 - 정제 칩 (DAP-칩) 방법

In vivo methods such as ChIP-chip are well-established techniques used to determine global gene targets for transcription factors. However, they are of ...

dna-affinity-purified-chip-dap-chip-method-to-determine-gene-targets

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Biology

DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

16.6K 조회수.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.  이 비디오 문서는 두 개의 구성 요소 시스템 응답 레귤레이터 유전자 표적 및 결합 부위를 결정하기 위해 시험 관내 마이크로 어레이 기반의 방법을 설명한다. 

비디오: DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

Microarrays을 사용하여 세균의 유전자 발현 분석

연구

생물학

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

안녕하세요 - C : Genomes의 3 차원 구조를 공부하는 방법.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited from their latent state in the cytoplasm to cell surface receptors where they are activated by phosphorylation at a single tyrosine residue1. They then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to drive the transcription of target genes, affecting growth, differentiation, homeostasis and the immune response. Not surprisingly, given their widespread involvement in normal cell processes, dysregulation of STAT function contributes to human disease, particularly to cancers2 and autoimmune diseases3. It is well established that transcription is regulated by alterations to the chromatin template4,5. These alterations include the activities of ATP-dependent complexes, as well as covalent histone modifications and DNA methylation6. Because STAT activation of gene expression is both rapid and transient, it requires specific mechanisms for modulating the chromatin template at STAT-dependent gene loci. To define these mechanisms, we characterize the histone modifications and the enzymatic activities that generate them at gene loci that respond to STAT signaling. This protocol describes chromatin immunoprecipitation, a method that is valuable for the study of STAT signaling to chromatin in activated gene expression.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

This protocol describes how chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to study the dynamic alterations to the chromatin template that regulate transcription induced by a signal transduction pathway.

인간의 세포에서 활성 유전자 발현의 어세 동적 히스톤 수정을 염색질 Immunoprecipitation (칩)

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited ...

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

이소형 특정 유전자 목표를 식별 칩을 사용하여 게놈 차원의 분석

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Ribosome 바운드 Polypeptides을 파악하는 도구로 SecM 체포 시퀀스를 사용하여

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent probes are particularly useful in determining the bio-distribution of administered large molecules, where the addition of a small-molecule fluorescent label is unlikely to affect the kinetics or bio-distribution of the compound. A variety of methods exist to examine bio-distribution that vary significantly in the amount of effort required and whether the resulting measurements are fully quantitative, but using multiple methods in conjunction can provide a rapid and effective system for analyzing bio-distributions.
Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a method that can be used to quickly compare the relative concentrations of fluorescent molecules within tissues and between multiple types of tissues or treatment groups. Using an imaging platform designed for live-animal or whole-organ imaging, fluorescence within intact tissues can be determined without further processing, saving time and labor while providing an accurate picture of the overall bio-distribution. This process is ideal in experiments attempting to determine the tissue specificity of a compound or for the comparison of multiple different compounds. Quantitative tissue histology on the other hand requires extensive further processing of tissues in order to create a quantitative measure of the labeled compounds. To accurately assess bio-distribution, all tissues of interest must be sliced, scanned, and analyzed relative to standard curves in order to make comparisons between tissues or groups. Quantitative tissue histology is the gold standard for determining absolute compound concentrations within tissues.
Here, we describe how both methods can be used together effectively to assess the ability of different administration methods and compound modifications to target and deliver fluorescently labeled molecules to the central nervous system1.

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a rapid method for determining the relative concentrations of fluorescently labeled compounds within and between tissues or treatment groups. Conversely, quantitative fluorescence histology, while more labor intensive, allows for the quantification of the absolute tissue levels of labeled molecules.

사용<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 전체 기관 이미징 및 정량 조직 조직학는 형광 표지 된 분자의 생물 분포를 확인하는 방법

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro ...

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in Suncus murinus (S. murinus&#160;). First, the specimen was dissected from S. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. The specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. It was then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The color reaction was revealed by reacting the specimen with a 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate. This method can be applied to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs. Furthermore, this protocol can also be adapted to test other neuronal antibodies, but optimization of the antibodies should be done first. This method was originally introduced by Kuratani and Tanaka1,2,3.

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

A whole-mount immunohistochemical approach, to visualize neurofilament protein expression in the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. is presented here. This protocol can be used to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs in S. murinus or other species.

담관의 보행을 연구하기위한 Whole-mount Immunohistochemical method의 사용<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a simple protocol to monitor this process is described. Moreover, typical results and experimental validation of the method under autophagy-inducing conditions in various types of cultured mammalian cells are provided. During bulk autophagy, autophagosomes sequester cytosol, and thereby also soluble cytosolic proteins, alongside other autophagic cargo. LDH is a stable and highly abundant, soluble cytosolic enzyme that is non-selectively sequestered into autophagosomes. The amount of LDH sequestration therefore reflects the amount of bulk autophagic sequestration. To efficiently and accurately determine LDH sequestration in cells, we employ an electrodisruption-based fractionation protocol that effectively separates sedimentable from cytosolic LDH, followed by measurement of enzymatic activity in sedimentable fractions versus whole-cell samples. Autophagic sequestration is determined by subtracting the proportion of sedimentable LDH in untreated cells from that in treated cells. The advantage of the LDH sequestration assay is that it gives a quantitative measure of the autophagic sequestration of endogenous cargo, as opposed to other methods that either involve ectopic expression of sequestration probes or semi-quantitative protease protection analyses of autophagy markers or receptors.

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &amp;#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Here a simple and well-validated protocol for measuring bulk autophagic sequestration activity in mammalian cells is described. The method is based on quantifying the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sedimentable cell fractions compared to total cellular LDH levels.

젖 산 효소 격리 분석 결과-간단 하 고 신뢰할 수 있는 결정 하는 방법을 포유류 세포에서 대량 Autophagic 격리 활동

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a ...

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental inputs into stress tolerance, pathogenicity, and other key components of fitness. This manuscript describes a microscope-based assay that tracks approximately 105&#160;Saccharomyces cerevisiae microcolonies per experiment. After automated time-lapse imaging of yeast immobilized in a multiwell plate, microcolony growth rates are easily analyzed with custom image-analysis software. For each microcolony, expression and localization of fluorescent proteins and survival of acute stress can also be monitored. This assay allows precise estimation of strains&#39; average growth rates, as well as comprehensive measurement of heterogeneity in growth, gene expression, and stress tolerance within clonal populations.

Yeast growth phenotypes are precisely measured through highly parallel time-lapse imaging of immobilized cells growing into microcolonies. Simultaneously, stress tolerance, protein expression, and protein localization can be monitored, generating integrated datasets to study how environmental and genetic differences, as well as gene-expression heterogeneity among isogenic cells, modulate growth.

성장과 유전자 발현의 이질성을 측정하는 마이크로콜로니의 높은 처리량 라이브 이미징

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental ...

Profiling of H3K4me3 Modification in Plants using Cleavage under Targets and Tagmentation

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their recruited proteins, lead to temporal and spatial control of gene expression. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&#38;Tag) is an enzyme-tethering method in which the specific chromatin protein is firstly recognized by its specific antibody, and then the antibody tethers a protein A-transposase (pA-Tn5) fusion protein, which cleaves the targeted chromatin in situ by the activation of magnesium ions. Here, we provide our previously published CUT&#38;Tag protocol using intact nuclei isolated from allortetraploid cotton leaves with modification. This step-by-step protocol can be used for epigenomic research in plants. In addition, substantial modifications for plant nuclei isolation are provided with critical comments.

Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&amp;Tag) is an efficient chromatin epigenomic profiling strategy. This protocol presents a refined CUT&amp;Tag strategy for the profiling of histone modifications in plants.

표적 및 태비네이션 하에서 절단을 사용하는 식물에서의 H3K4me3 수정 프로파일링

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their ...