退役軍人局（LSQ）からメリットレビュー＃1 BX001026でサポート、およびVAピュージェットサウンドヘルスケアシステム、高齢化の基礎生物学における優秀ワシントン大学ネイサンショックセンターのトランスジェニックリソースのコアでの資源や施設の利用（NIA＃5P30AG-013280）、ワシントン糖尿病内分泌学研究センター大学（NIH＃1 P30 DK-17047）。私たちは、シンシアPekow DVMおよびカリ·L. Koszdin DVMに感謝、バージニア州ピュージェット湾、原稿上で役に立つコメントを提供しました。

ここで説明する手順は、VAピュージェットサウンド施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認され、実験動物の管理と使用に関するILARガイドに準拠していました。 1。実験の準備<ol><li>血液または組織採取した場合、運動が必要である直後あらかじめ決定し、もしそうであれば、そのような手順の伝導のための運動後の間隔を決定。例としては、循環への運動誘発性ホルモンまた​​はサイトカイン放出の決定（採血が必要）、（組織収集に続いて安楽死を必要とする）目的のmRNA種の運動誘導発現の決定を含む。直後の運動血液又は組織収集が示された場合、処置室で手にこれらの手順のための材料を持っています。治験審査委員会の承認を受け、規制ガイドラインに従って行う。すべての実験は、運動後の血中又は組織コレクションVolを必要としない上;実行中の持久力の単純な比較は必要とされるすべてのことであってもよい。 </li><li>マウスに対する実験群と運動後の手続き上、事前に決定します（上記の説明を参照してください）​​。 </li><li>この手順を実行している試験中に専用の静かな部屋で頑丈なテーブルの上にトレッドミルを配置します。 </li><li>マウスサイズのレーンのために、プロトコルに適切な傾斜でトレッドミルを設定します。 5 Oの傾きは下り坂走行時に発生した（収縮と同時に筋肉を長くする）伸張運動による筋肉の損傷を回避するためにここで使用されます。 </li><li>糞をキャッチするためにトレッドミルベルトの下に吸収パッドを配置します。 </li></ol>トレッドミルへのマウスの2順化マウスの「定住」（無運動）グループが必要でないかどうかを決定し、ステップ2.1に概説されているよう実行せずにトレッドミルに定住したマウスを公開 - 2.5。 2または4つの実験群が必要であるかどうかを判断し、。 たとえば 、定住/演習（2基）、行使コントロール/行使トリートメント（2群、無定住動物）;または、定住/行使Xコントロール/トリートメント（4グループ）。 「治療」は、トランスジェニックまたはノックアウト遺伝子型、薬理処方計画、特別な食事療法、または他の実験的介入かもしれない。 <ol><li> 2時間 - マウスは1のため、ケージの仲間で、その運搬ホームケージ内の処置室に順応できるようにします。 </li><li>マウスのシングルとレコードタグ番号を選択します。マウスとレコード体重を量る。 </li><li>モータなしトレッドミルの場所に入れてマウスを順化、約5分間オンになって。トレッドミルベルト走行せずに、電源を入れて、マウスが別の5分間の機械騒音に順応しましょう​​。 </li><li>この時点で、トレッドミルから、それらのケージに戻すか（注2を参照）実験計画に従って運動後の手続きを行って、（注1使用している場合）「定住」の群のマウスを削除します。 </li></ol><ol><li>動物がプラットフォーム上でベルトを探索していないときに順化した後、低速（10m /分）にベルトを回す。 </li><li>静かにタップするか、トレッドミル、実行に滞在する消極的動物を奨励する舌圧子、1〜3回、とマウスの後半部を持ち上げます。 注：ほとんどのマウスは容易に実行されますが、彼らは、時には短期間停止します。これが発生すると、静かにタップするか、実行中の再開を促進するために、動物の後部を持ち上げるために舌圧子を使用しています。多くの場合、マウスは、舌圧子でタッチする必要はありません。舌圧子で手に気付かそれらに向かってくると、いくつかの詳細を実行するためにマウスを引き起こす。 </li><li>マウスは10m /分の初期速度で走行されると、実験室でのタイマーを起動します。 </li><li>マウスは1メートル/分、約2分ごとの増分で、ベルトの最上部（上り坂端）にあるときにゆっくりと速度を上げます。 </li><li>に速度を下げてください以前の設定でマウスが繰り返し短いバーストではなく、着実なペースで実行される場合。 </li><li>最大を決定する各マウスの走行速度、持続 - 速度を調整し、マウスを見て（通常14 C57BL / 6マウス17メートル/分）。この速度を記録しておきます。 注：トレッドミル上の動物の位置をより高速に実行するために、動物の意欲に関して調査員を頭出し。マウスが遠く（上り坂）終わりにし、壁に実行しようとしている場合、それをより高速に実行する準備ができました。マウスはトレッドミルの途中で着実なペースで実行されている場合には、その最大速度であってもよいし、実行の品質に応じて、さらに調整が必要な場合があります。 </li></ol> 4。エンドポイントおよびマウスの停止<ol><li>舌圧子を使用そっと停止の動物の後半部をタップするか、持ち上げて、（3.2の注を参照）を実行しているの再開を奨励する。実行中に一時的な停電のためにタイマーを停止しないでください。 </li><li>特定とremov実行を拒否した電子マウス。データシートには注意してください。あなたの実験計画に応じて、拒否したマウスは、別の日に再試験することができます 注：一部のマウスは、完全に実行を拒否します。このようなマウスは新郎または「ペダル」、つまり、プラットフォームの上に座るとベルトに自分の前足を使用することを停止し、その後、短いバーストで実行されます。動物の下に植えられた4つのすべての足が舌圧子によってトレッドミル上に押し戻されるの保つために、これらのマウスの姿勢が、猫背である。時折マウスがときに実行して不本意舌を噛んで、舌圧子に対して攻撃的になる圧子またはエスケープする方法としてそれを登って。これは、マウスがない、または意志、実行するかどうかを試験の最初の5分以内には明らかである。分析から実行を拒否したが、「定住」マウスとしてそれらをカウントされませんマウスを外します。 </li><li>疲れマウスを特定し、タイマーを停止します。 注：枯渇は三つの連続が停止し、再拒絶によって定義されますSUME優しく励まし、プラスなどの呼吸困難や広がった姿勢などの消耗の物理的な兆候にもかかわらず、実行されている。マウスは、30〜60分以内に枯渇から回復。 </li><li>すべての速度で動作して費やした時間の合計を記録します。 </li><li>実験計画に応じて、どちらかは、マウスがそのケージにある戻るか、そのような制度的なガイドラインに従って、血液や組織採取などの即時運動後の手続きを行っています。 </li><li>前のマウスの香りがテスト以降のマウスの行動に影響を与えないように、各個別のマウスをテストした後、殺菌ウェットティッシュできれいにベルトを拭きます。 </li><li>次のマウスをテストします。各マウスについて、新鮮な舌圧子を使用してください。同じケージ内に存在したマウスは、処置室への追加順化することなく、同じ日に連続してテストすることができます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者らは、開示することは利害関係はありません。

ここで説明ショックグリッドを使用することなく、電動トレッドミルを使用して実験用マウスにおいて自発的ランニング持久力を評価する方法である。この方法は、次に、運動持久16,17の根底にある因子の発現の相違を引き起こすサイトカインIL-15の発現が異なるC57BL / 6マウスのサブラインの違いを明らかにすることができる。の原則を踏まえて「三Rの「実験動物科学において、この...

肥満、インスリン耐性、および2型糖尿病は、米国および世界中の集団1-4両方の健康に深刻な影響を及ぼし相互に関連する代謝障害である。持久運動は、これらの条件の5,6を防ぐだけでなく、治療することができます。また、歩行速度や耐久性の評価は、ヒト被験者7に、虚弱、サルコペニア、ならびに慢性閉塞性肺疾患などの他の疾患の影響のための診断テストとして臨床的に利用されている。 身体組成およびインスリン感受性に対する持久運動の有益な効果の根底にある生化学的経路は、増強または運動能力8-11を縮小表示遺伝的または薬理学的に改変されたマウスを用いて、解明され始めている。しかしながら、多くのそのような研究は、8〜11を実行するためにマウスを強制的に衝撃グリッドを備えた電動トレッドミルを利用している。ランニングを終了した動物は、に押されている電気フットショックを実現し、グリッド上に移動し、トレッドミルベルト;負の刺激を逃れるために、マウスは、ベルト上で実行されているに戻ります。このような手順は、実験パラメータ12に影響を与える交絡因子として心理的ストレスおよび回避行動を導入することができる。そのような中で、ケージの車輪走行ビームブレーク装置や定量を使用して歩行活動の定量として耐久性を測定する他の方法は、概日周期の変調、不安、不注意トレーニング、または食品探索行動12-16によって混乱することもできる。また、これらの手順は、単一のハウジング、マウスに対する心理的ストレスの別のソースを必要とする。そのため、ストレスによって混乱しない運動持久力の直接測定が必要とされている。 これらの懸念を解消するために、当研究室が開発され、最大のランニング能力を評価する方法を検証し、エクイしない電動トレッドミルを使用して訓練されていない、ナイーブマウスに速度を実行して支えてきたショックグリッドpped。ショックグリッドが通常存在する走行ベルトの末尾にスペースが、、その後残りの部分にマウスのためのプラットフォームとなり、装置から取り出すまで座って実行を拒否したマウスのための場所を提供しています。マウスは、穏やかなタッピングを使用するか、マウスの一部で実行するために自主的な意欲に対する感度と相まって舌圧子、触人間の観察者によって実行するように奨励されています。この方法は、筋肉由来のサイトカインであるインターロイキン15（IL-15）、16,17の発現が異なる遺伝子的に修飾されたおよび対照C57BL / 6マウスとの間の運動持久力の違いを定量化するために使用されている。このメソッドは、ショックグリッドの使用に起因する負の強化の交絡効果を低下させる人道的改良したものです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

実験用マウスモデルを使用して、持久運動の代謝の利点を担当する分子経路が定義され始めている。マウスにおいて、運動持久力を評価するための最も一般的な方法は、ショックグリッドを搭載した電動トレッドミル上で実行されている強制的な使用しています。ランニングを終了する動物は、電気フットショックを実現し、グリッド上に移動トレッドミルベルトに押されている。負の刺激を逃れるために、マウスは、ベルト上で実行されているに戻ります。しかし、衝撃装置の使用を回避行動と心理的ストレスは、実行中の持久力の定量だけでなく、運動後の血清ホルモンおよびサイトカインレベルの交絡測定を妨害することができます。ここでは、実証し、ショックグリッドを利用することなく、電動トレッドミル上でナイーブC57BL / 6実験用マウスでは動作して耐久性を測定するための洗練された方法を検証します。マウスをトレッドミルにpreacclimatedされる場合、それらは各覚書に固有の歩行速度で自発的に実行メール。ショックグリッドの使用は、マウスの一部に実行するための自​​主的な意欲に感度と相まって舌圧子を使用して、人間のオペレータが穏やかな励ましに置き換えられます。実行中のタイム·ツー·疲労各マウスについての定量化のための明確なエンドポイントが定義され、広がった姿勢や呼吸困難などの消耗の行動の兆候に反映されます。この方法は、実験パラメータに対するストレスの交絡効果を低下させる人道的改良したものです。

運動持久力を測定するためのこの手順では、正確性サイトカインIL-15 16,17の発現が異なり、C57BL / 6マウスの異なる系統の分子および代謝プロフィールを反映している。 IL-15（IL-15 KOマウス）の出品を欠くマウスは、かなり前に到達する実行時間を削減しながら、IL-15（IL-15 TGマウス）の出品を過剰発現するトランスジェニックマウスは著しく、同腹子対照と比較して、ラン·トゥ​​·?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

ショックグリッドを使用することなく、マウスの運動持久力の評価：強制運動への代替

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K ビュー.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

ビデオ: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

侵害受容性行動の変化を測定するためにオペラント口腔顔面疼痛評価デバイス（OPAD）の使用

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

行動学

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

従来のコールドプレッサーテストの代替:コールドプレッサーアームラップ

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

加齢関連疾患に運動の影響を評価するために重要な標準と疾病：げっ歯類での強制運動コンプライアンスへの行き方

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

うつ病のような動作のモデルとしての強制水泳試験

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

食品選択性に対処するためのエスケープ絶滅せずに治療パッケージ

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

経頭蓋磁気刺激、電、モーションキャプチャ、およびバーチャルリアリティを用いたヒトモータ制御研究のための多機能のセットアップ

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

トレッドミル疲労試験：マウスの​​疲労のような挙動のシンプルな、ハイスループットアッセイ

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

激低酸素運動とマウスの血管機能評価

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

安定した慢性閉塞性肺疾患患者における在宅処方肺運動

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

トレーニングの初期段階における高強度インターバル運動と中強度連続運動が心臓トロポニンTレベルに及ぼす影響

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...