노화의 기초 생물학에서 VA 퓨젯 사운드 보건 의료 시스템, 우수 워싱턴 네이선 충격 센터의 대학에서 형질 전환 자원 코어의 장점 검토 # 1 보훈 (LSQ)에서 BX001026 및 자원 및 시설의 사용에 의해 지원 (NIA # 5P30AG-013280), 워싱턴 당뇨병 내분비 연구 센터 대학 (NIH 번호의 P30 DK-17047). 우리는 신시아 Pekow DVM 및 카리 L. Koszdin DVM, VA 퓨젯 사운드는, 원고에 대한 유용한 의견을 제공 주셔서 감사합니다.

여기에 설명 된 절차는 VA 퓨젯 사운드 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회의 승인을, 그리고 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용에 대한 ILAR 가이드를 준수 하였다. 1 실험 준비 <ol><li> 혈액이나 그렇다면 운동이 필요하고, 직후 조직 컬렉션, 이러한 절차의 전도 운동 후 간격을 결정 사전에 결정합니다. 예 순환 (혈액 수집을 필요로)로 운동 유발 호르몬이나 사이토 카인의 방출 결정을 포함,이자 (필요로 조직 모음 다음에 안락사)의 mRNA의 종의 운동에 의한 표현의 결정. 즉시 운동 후 혈액 또는 조직 수집이 표시되는 경우, 절차의 방에 손에서이 절차에 대한 자료를 가지고있다. 이 연구는 임상 시험 심사위원회의 승인을 수신 및 규제 지침에 따라 수행합니다. 모든 실험은 운동 후 혈액 또는 조직 collecti을 필요로하지에; 실행 지구력의 단순 비교는 필요한 모든 것을 할 수있다. </li><li> 쥐에 대한 실험 그룹과 운동 후 절차에 대한 사전 결정 (위의 설명 참조). </li><li> 이 절차에 대한 실행 시험 중 전용 조용한 방에 튼튼한 테이블에 디​​딜 방아를 놓습니다. </li><li> 마우스 크기의 차선 및 프로토콜에 적절한 경사에서 디딜 방아를 설정합니다. +5 O의 내리막 경사 실행 중에 발생하는 (수축과 동시에 근육을 길게) 편심 운동에 의한 근육의 손상을 미연에 방지하기 위해 여기서 사용된다. </li><li> 배설물을 잡으려고 디딜 방아 벨트 아래에 흡수 패드를 놓습니다. </li></ol> 러닝 머신에 마우스의 2 적응도 마우스의 &quot;좌상&quot;(어떤 운동) 그룹이 필요하지 여부를 결정하고, 단계 2.1에 설명 된대로 실행하지 않고 러닝 머신에 앉아있는 쥐를 노출 - 2.5. 2 또는 4 실험군가 필요한 경우 결정,. 예를 들어, 정주 / 운동 (2 그룹); 치료 행사 행사 컨트롤 / (2 그룹, 아니 앉아있는 동물); 또는, 정주 / 행사 X 제어 / 처리 (4 그룹). &quot;치료&quot;유전자 변형 또는 녹아웃 유전자형, 약물 요법, 특수 다이어트, 또는 다른 실험 개입 할 수있다. <ol><li> 2 시간 - 마우스가 1, 케이지 동료와 그 운반 홈 케이지의 절차 룸에 적응하도록 허용합니다. </li><li> 마우스를 한 번만 기록 태그 번호를 선택합니다; 마우스와 기록의 무게를 단다. </li><li> 모터없이 디딜 방아에 넣어 마우스, 순응 약 5 분에 돌았 다. 디딜 방아 벨트 실행하지 않고, 전원을 켜고 마우스가 또 다른 5 분 동안 기계 소음에 적응 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> (참조 주 2)이 시점에서 러닝 머신에서 자신의 케이지에 반환하거나 실험 설계에 따라 운동 후 절차를 수행 (참고 1 참조 사용하는 경우) &quot;좌상&quot;그룹의 쥐를 제거합니다. </li></ol><ol><li> 순응 후, 플랫폼에서 낮은 속도 (10m / 분) 동물이 벨트를 탐색하는 경우와하지에 벨트를 반전. </li><li> 부드럽게 누르거나 러닝 머신과 실행에 머물 꺼려 동물을 장려하기 위해 혀 depressor, 1-3 번으로 마우스의 엉덩이쪽에를 들어 올립니다. 주 : 대부분의 마우스는 쉽게 실행되지만 그들은 때로는 짧은 시간 동안 중지합니다. 이 때, 부드럽게 누르거나 실행의 재개를 장려하기 위해 동물의 후면을 들어 올릴 억압자 혀를 사용합니다. 종종, 마우스는 혀를 억압자와 접촉 할 필요가 없습니다; 혀와 손을 몰래 억압자들을 향해 오는 마우스는 좀 더 실행됩니다. </li><li> 마우스가 10m / 분의 초기 속도로 실행되면 실험실 타이머를 시작합니다. </li><li> 마우스가 벨트의 상단 (오르막 끝)에있을 때 1m / 분, 약 매 2 분 단위로 천천히 속도를 높이십시오. </li><li> 로 속도를 줄이십시오이전 설정으로 마우스를 반복적으로 짧은 버스트가 아닌 꾸준한 속도로 실행되는 경우. </li><li> 최대를 결정하는 것은 각 마우스의 주행 속도 유지 (보통 14~17m / 분 C57BL / 6 마​​우스의 경우) 속도를 조정하고 마우스를 보면서. 이 속도를 기록한다. 참고 : 러닝 머신에서 동물의 위치는 더 높은 속도로 작동하는 동물의 의지에 관한 조사를 큐들. 마우스를 멀리 (오르막) 끝 및 벽에 대해 실행하는 경우, 더 높은 속도로 작동 할 준비가되어있다. 마우스 트레드밀의 중간에 일정한 속도로 실행되고있는 경우에는 그 최대 속도 일 수도 있고, 실행의 품질에 따라, 추가 조정이 필요할 수있다. </li></ol> 4 엔드 포인트 및 마우스 정지 <ol><li> 혀를 사용 억압자 부드럽게 누르거나 실행의 재개를 장려하기 위해 중지 동물의 엉덩이쪽에를 들어 올립니다 (3.2 참조). 실행 임시 중단에 대한 타이머를 중지하지 마십시오. </li><li> 확인하고 remov실행을 거부 전자 마우스. 데이터 시트에서이 작업을합니다. 당신의 실험 디자인에 따라, 거절 쥐는 다른 날에 다시 테스트 할 수있다 참고 : 일부 마우스가 완전히 실행을 거부합니다. 이러한 마우스는 신랑 또는 &quot;페달&quot;, 즉, 플랫폼에 앉아서 벨트에 자신의 앞에 다리를 사용 중지, 짧은 버스트에서 실행됩니다. 동물에서 심은 모든 사피트 혀 억압자에 의해 디딜 방아에 다시 추진되고 막기 위해 이러한 쥐의 자세, 웅크 리고있다. 때때로 마우스가 혀를 물고 억압자 또는 탈출의 방법으로 등반, 억압자 실행하려면 때 내키지 혀 공격적이된다. 그것은 마우스거나 그럴 실행 여부 재판의 첫번째 5 분 안에 분명하다. 분석에서 실행을 거부하지만, &quot;앉아있는&quot;마우스로 계산하지 않는 쥐를 제거합니다. </li><li> 소진 마우스를 확인하고 타이머를 중지합니다. 참고 : 고갈은 세 가지 연속적인 정지하고 다시 거절에 의해 정의된다sume 부드러운 격려, 플러스 등의 호흡 곤란 및 벌어져 자세로 고갈의 물리적 징후에도 불구 하 고 실행. 마우스는 30 분 ~ 60 내에 고갈 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 총 시간을 기록하면 모든 속도에서 실행 보냈다. </li><li> 실험 설계에 따라, 하나는 마우스가 케이지입니다 반환, 또는 제도적 지침에 따라 혈액이나 조직 컬렉션으로 즉시 운동 후 절차를 실시하고 있습니다. </li><li> 이전 마우스의 향기 테스트 이후 마우스의 동작에 영향을주지 않도록 각 마우스를 테스트 한 후 살균 물수건으로 깨끗이 닦아 벨트를 닦습니다. </li><li> 다음 마우스를 테스트합니다. 신선한 혀를 사용 억압자 각 마우스에 대해. 같은 케이지에 상주 마우스는 프로 실에 추가 순응없이 당일에 순차적으로 테스트 될 수있다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Health Aging. 17 (8), 666-673 (2013).</li><li>Studenski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+speed+and+survival+in+older+adults.">Gait speed and survival in older adults.</a> JAMA. 305 (1), 50-58 (2011).</li><li>Jacobsen, K. R., Kalliokoski, O., Teilmann, A. C., Hau, J., Abelson, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+isoflurane+anaesthesia+and+vasectomy+on+circulating+corticosterone+and+ACTH+in+BALB/c+mice.">The effect of isoflurane anaesthesia and vasectomy on circulating corticosterone and ACTH in BALB/c mice.</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 179 (3), 406-413 (2012).</li><li>Sellers, T. L., Jaussi, A. W., Yang, H. T., Heninger, R. W., Winder, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+exercise-induced+increase+in+glucocorticoids+on+endurance+in+the+rat.">Effect of the exercise-induced increase in glucocorticoids on endurance in the rat.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 65 (1), 173-178 (1988).</li><li>Cook, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced+treadmill+exercise+training+exacerbates+inflammation+and+causes+mortality+while+voluntary+wheel+training+is+protective+in+a+mouse+model+of+colitis.">Forced treadmill exercise training exacerbates inflammation and causes mortality while voluntary wheel training is protective in a mouse model of colitis.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 33, 46-56 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 관심 없음 충돌이 없습니다.

여기서 설명하는 것은 충격 격자의 사용없이 전동 트레드밀을 이용하여 실험실 마우스에서 자발적인 주행 내구성을 평가하는 방법이다. 이 방법은 결과적으로 운동 지구력 16,17 기초가 인자의 발현에 차이를 일으키는 사이토 카인 IL-15의 발현에 차이가 C57BL / 6 마우스의 서브 라인들 사이의 차이를 밝힐 수있다. 의 원칙을 유지 &quot;세 R의&quot;실험 동물 과학이 방법은 충격 그리드 8-11?...

비만, 인슐린 내성, 2 형 당뇨병은 US 전세계 인구의 1-4 모두 건강에 심각한 영향을 미칠 상호 대사 장애이다. 지구력 방지 할 수 운동뿐만 아니라 치료, 이러한 조건 5,6. 또한, 보행 속도와 지구력의 평가는 인간을 대상으로 7에서 임상 적으로 진단 나약함, 감소증에 대한 테스트 및 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환과 같은 다른 질환의 결과를, 사용된다. 신체 조성 및 인슐린 감수성에 지구력 운동의 유익한 효과를 기본 생화학 적 경로가 향상이나 운동 능력 8-11 감소 표시 할 유전자 또는 약리학 적 변형 마우스를 사용하여, 밝혀지지 시작했다. 그러나, 이러한 많은 연구는 8-11을 실행하는 쥐를 강제로 충격 그리드가 장착 전동 러닝 머신을 이용했다. 실행을 종료 동물에 의해 추진된다전기 발 충격을 제공하는 그리드 상에 움직이는 디딜 방아 벨트; 부정적인 자극을 탈출, 마우스는 벨트에서 실행으로 돌아갑니다. 이러한 절차는 실험적인 매개 변수 (12)에 영향을 미치는 교란 요인으로 심리적 스트레스와 회피 동작을 소개 할 수 있습니다. 에서 케이지 휠 실행의 빔 브레이크 장치 또는 정량을 사용하는 등 보행 활동의 정량으로 측정 지구력의 다른 방법은 생체주기, 불안, 부주의 교육, 또는 음식이 동작을 12 ~ 16를 추구 변조에 의해 혼동 될 수있다. 또한,이 절차는 하나의 주택, 쥐에 대한 심리적 스트레스의 또 다른 소스를 필요로한다. 따라서 스트레스로 혼동하지 운동 지구력의 직접 측정이 필요하다. 이러한 문제를 미연에 방지하기 위해, 우리의 실험실을 개발하고 최대한의 실행 능력을 평가하는 방법을 확인하고 동등하지 전동 러닝 머신을 사용하여 교육을받지 않은, 순진한 쥐에 속도를 실행 지속하고있다충격 그리드 pped. 충격 그리드는 일반적 상주 실행 벨트의 단부에서 공간은 다음 나머지 쥐 플랫폼되고, 상기 장치로부터 제거 될 때까지 앉을 실행을 거부 생쥐위한 장소를 제공한다. 마우스는 부드러운 태핑을 사용하거나 마우스의 부분을 실행하는 자발적 의지에 감도와 결합 혀 depressor,와 함께 감동하는 인간의 관찰자에 의해 실행하는 것이 좋습니다. 이 방법은 근육 유래 사이토 카인 인터루킨 15 (IL-15) 16, 17의 발현에 차이가 유전자 변형 및 제어 C57BL / 6 마우스 사이의 운동 지구력의 차이를 정량화하는 데 사용되었습니다. 이 방법은 충격 그리드의 사용으로 인해 발생하는 부정적인 보강의 교란 효과를 감소 인도 정교화하고있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

실험실 마우스 모델을 사용하여, 지구력 운동의 대사에서 유익한 역할을 담당하는 분자 경로를 정의해야하기 시작했다. 마우스에서 운동 지구력을 평가하는 가장 일반적인 방법은 충격 그리드 장착 전동식 디딜 실행 강제 이용한다. 실행을 종료 한 동물은 전기 발 충격을 제공하는 그리드에 이동 러닝 머신 벨트에 의해 추진되며, 부정적인 자극을 탈출, 마우스는 벨트에서 실행으로 돌아갑니다. 그러나, 충격 장치의 사용을 회피 행동 및 심리적 스트레스가 실행 지구력 정량뿐만 아니라, 운동 후 혈청 호르몬 및 사이토킨 농도의 혼란 측정을 방해 할 수있다. 여기에, 우리는 보여주고 충격 그리드를 이용하지 않고 전동 러닝 머신에 순진 C57BL / 6 실험실 쥐에서 실행 지구력을 측정하는 세련된 방법을 확인합니다. 마우스가 디딜 방아에 preacclimated 될 때, 보행에 자발적으로 실행 각 양해 각서 (MOU)에 특정 속도전자. 충격 그리드의 사용은 마우스의 부분을 실행하는 자발적 의지에 감도와 결합 혀 depressor를 사용하여 인간의 운영자에 의해 부드러운 격려로 대체됩니다. 시간에 고갈 각 마우스를 실행 정량화 지우기 엔드 포인트 정의 및 벌어져 자세와 호흡 곤란 등 고갈의 행동 징후에 반영됩니다. 이 방법은 실험 매개 변수에 대한 스트레스의 혼란 효과를 감소 인도 정교화하고있다.

운동 지구력을 측정하는이 절차는 정확하게 사이토 카인 IL-15 (16, 17)의 발현에 차이가 C57BL / 6 마우스의 다른 긴장의 분자 및 대사 프로파일을 반영한다. IL-15 (IL-15 TG 마우스) 전시는 크게 littermate 컨트롤에 비해 실행에 고갈 배 증가 과발현 형질 전환 마우스, IL-15 (IL-15 KO 마우스) 전시 부족 마우스는 상당히 이전에 도달하기 실행 시간을 감소하면서 고갈 (그림 1A). 발표 된 연구...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

충격 그리드를 사용하지 않고 쥐과 운동 지구력의 평가 : 강제 운동에 대한 대안

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

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Behavior

18.9K 조회수.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

비디오: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

통각 행동의 변화를 측정하는 조작 적 구강 안면 통증 평가 장치 (OPAD)의 사용

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

연구

행동분석학

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

전통적인 콜드 프레스 테스트에 대한 대안 : 콜드 프레스 암 랩

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

설치류에 강제 운동에 준수에 도착 : 긴요 한 표준 노화 관련 질환과 질병에 운동 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

우울증 같은 행동의 모델로 강제 수영 테스트

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

음식 선택도 주소 탈출의 멸종하지 않고 치료 패키지

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

경 두개 자기 자극, 근전도, 모션 캡쳐, 가상 현실을 이용하여 인간의 모터 제어 유학을위한 다기능 설치

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

디딜 방아 피로 시험 : 마우스에 대한 피로와 같은 행동 간단한, 높은 처리량 분석

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

Supramaximal 강도 Hypoxic 운동과 쥐에 혈관 기능 평가

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

훈련의 초기 단계에서 심장 트로포닌 T 수준에 고강도 간격 운동과 중간 강도 연속 운동의 영향

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...