Name: the forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior
Uploaded: 2015-03-02T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

注：すべての実験プロトコルは、イスラエルの動物管理使用のための国際委員会によって承認された。すべての努力は、使用される動物の数およびそれらの苦痛を最小限にするために行われた。 強制水泳試験のために1.準備<ol><li>隣接する二つの部屋を使用してください。行動試験の前に動物を保持するための「待合室」、および手順を実行するための他のとして1部屋を使用してください。 </li><li>透明な円筒形のガラス容器を準備する50の高さがセンチ、20cmの直径を測定する（コンテナの数のための唯一の制限は、利用可能なスペースです）。 注：それは同じ部屋で同時に複数の動物を実行することが可能です。もしそうであれば、動物が処置中にお互いを見ないように、暗い画面を使用して、互いから容器を分離する。 </li><li>すべてのカメラはワット、そのように1つ以上の容器を知覚するように、容器の前にビデオカメラを準備する映像を見ながら病気の後に、動物の行動の明確な観察を可能にします。 </li><li>低体温を避けるために、手順を完了した動物のためのクリーンな乾燥ケージ、加熱ランプ及び熱パッドを準備します。ケージの底が吸い取り紙、それが濡れたとき、それを変更していることを確認してください。試験室でケージを置かないでください。 注：これらは一過性の乾燥ケージに滞在している間に別のホームケージから動物を混同しないことを確認してください。 </li></ol> 2.動物の取扱い、試験前に<ol><li> 12時間の明/暗サイクルの部屋でハウスの動物。 </li><li>実験手順の日中に、処置室で過ごした特定の時間を除いて、動物に餌と水を自由に与える。 </li><li>ラットを用いたときは、5日前に実験手順の先頭に、毎日約2分のために動物を扱う。 </li></ol> 3.トレーニング手順ザ·手順は、ラットおよびマウスに対して別々に行われる。 注：彼らはすべての回で水中にいる間、マウスとラットの両方のために、動物を見る。ケースで動物が水から動物を削除し、実験から除外（ 例えば非常に疲れて、フロートを滞在することはできません）、深刻な苦痛に表示されます。 <ol><li>マウスについて - 予備テスト（最初の2分）とテスト（最後の4分）に分け、1セッション6分長いがあります。 <ol><li>マウスためには待合室に行動試験に少なくとも30分前にホームケージに動物を輸送、テスト環境に順応取得します。 </li><li> 25℃の水道水でシリンダーを記入し、それがその後ろ足で容器の底に触れることができないように、マウス「サイズに応じて水の深さを調整。 </li><li>マークの映像を見ながら、後に動物の同定を目的とした動物番号とシリンダー。 </li><li>ビデオカメラ/ Sの電源をオンにしてから6分間水充填されたシリンダコンテナ内の各マウスを置く。 </li><li> 6分が経過した後、カメラの電源を入れ/ s offと、コンテナからマウスを取り外して、上記加熱ランプとその下の熱パッドと過渡乾燥ケージに入れてください。このケージで回復しながらマウスは、緊密かつ継続的に監視する必要があります。この目的のために、ケージ内の温度が37℃を超えないことを確認するマウスのレベルで温度計を配置することが可能である。また、すべてではない、それのランプの下またはパッドの上に収まるようにケージを置く。これは、必要に応じて、マウスがクーラーの領域に移動することができます。 </li><li>次のマウスに影響を避けるために、すべてのセッションの後に水を変更します。 </li></ol></li><li>ラットのために - 24時間離れて2つのセッションがあります。最初のセッションは、試験前段階（15分）であり、第二のセッションは、テスト段階（5分）である。 <ol><li>ラットためにはに順応させ得るために環境をテストし、待合室に行動試験に少なくとも30分前にホームケージに動物を輸送する。 </li><li> 23±1℃の水道水でシリンダーを記入し、それがその後ろ足で容器の底に触れることができないように、ラットの大きさに応じて水の深さを調整。 </li><li>マークの映像を見ながら、後に動物の同定を目的とした動物番号とシリンダー。 </li><li> 15分間水充填されたシリンダ容器内に各ラットを置きます。 </li><li> 15分後、容器からラットを削除し、その上にヒートランプとその下の熱パッドと過渡乾燥ケージに入れ経過した。このケージに回復しつつラットは、緊密かつ継続的に監視する必要があります。この目的のために、ケージ内の温度が37℃を超えないことを確認するために、ラットのレベルで温度計を配置することが可能である。また、そのようなケージを置かないで、すべてのそれのFAランプの下またはパッドの上LLS。これは、必要に応じて、ラットがクーラーの領域に移動することができます。 </li><li>次のラットに影響を避けるために、すべてのセッションの後に水を変更します。 注：これはプレテスト段階の終わりである。 </li><li> 24時間後、テスト環境に順応させ得るためにラットのためには、事前の待合室に行動試験に彼らのホームケージに少なくとも30分間に動物を輸送する。 </li><li> 23±1℃の水道水でシリンダーを記入し、それがその後ろ足で容器の底に触れることができないように、ラットの大きさに応じて水の深さを調整。 </li><li>マークの映像を見ながら、後に動物の同定を目的とした動物番号とシリンダー。 </li><li>ビデオカメラ/ Sの電源をオンにしてから5分間水充填されたシリンダ容器内にラットを置く。各ラットは、前日のように部屋に同じコンテナと位置でテストされていることを確認します。 </LI&gt; <li> 5分では、カメラの電源を入れ経過した後で/ s offと、コンテナからラットを削除し、その上にヒートランプとその下の熱パッドと過渡乾燥ケージに入れてください。このケージに回復しつつラットは、緊密かつ継続的に監視する必要があります。この目的のために、ケージ内の温度が37℃を超えないことを確認するために、ラットのレベルで温度計を配置することが可能である。また、すべてではない、それのランプの下またはパッドの上に収まるようにケージを置く。これは、必要に応じて、ラットがクーラーの領域に移動することができます。 </li><li>次のラットに影響を避けるために、すべてのセッションの後に水を変更します。 注：これはテスト段階の終わりである。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.行動コーディングマウスの場合は、テスト段階として定義され、最後の4分のコーディング。ラットを、試験段階の5分をコーディング。 <ol><li>コー​​ドマウスが浮遊している場合は、「不動」として過ごした時間の長さ水の上に鼻を維持するために必要なものを除き、運動の欠如と。 </li><li>コー​​ド前肢の迅速な動きが前足が水の表面を破ることなどが観察されている場合は、「苦労/登山」として過ごした時間の長さ。 </li><li>コー​​ド前肢の動きやパドリング方式で後肢が観察されている場合は、「水泳」として過ごした時間の長さ。 注：これらの動作をコード化する別の方法を使用することが可能で、これは時間サンプリング法を含む。テストセッション全体で5秒間隔でエピソードの周波数として苦労や不動、水泳を評価する。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

FSTは、うつ病のような行動を監視するために使用され、不動の行動絶望3の測定値を反映するという仮定に基づいている。この手順の主な利点は、比較的簡単な操作と高速な結果にある。また、適切なスクリーニング試験は、その高い予測妥当29に至る最も重要な特徴の1つであるせる抗うつ薬の広い範囲に対する感受性。重要なことに、この試験はまた、抗不安効果3,30を<...

うつ病は、生命を脅かす精神疾患と5％の発生率15〜20％で生涯有病率を持つ世界的な公衆衛生上の大きな関心事である。また、それは2020年までにうつ病は病気1,2の負担にトップ3の貢献者になると推定されている。うつ病は障害と関連付けられて、健康関連コストの増加、生活の質の低下および3,4- .Currentの薬理学的治療処置は、有効性が限られていると関連付けられている心臓血管、代謝性および神経精神障害を含む多くの疾患のための主要な危険因子と考えられている多くの有害な副作用5,6。そのため、革新的で改善された治療法の開発と並んで、この障害の病態生理のより良い理解は重要なままです。したがって、動物モデルは、この分野の研究を進めるために必須である。 この疾患の研究（のために使用される多くのモデルがあります&lt;EM&gt;例えば、スクロース選好テストも、このモデル7,8の開発者の後ポルソルトの試験として知ら強制水泳試験（FST、と、尾懸垂試験））が最も一般的に使用されるアッセイ7,9-12の一つである。 FST中の動物は、それが逃げることができ、そこから水を満たした容器内に配置される。動物は、最初に脱 ​​出しようとしますが、最終的に（ すなわち水上記の鼻を維持するために必要なものを除き、運動をしない場合とフローティング）不動を示すであろう。 FSTは、多くの理由のための動物研究で非常に人気のモデルです。まず、大うつ病12-14傾向に役割を有することが示された応力に対する動物の曝露を伴う。また、うつ病は、多くの場合、ストレス15-17で処理する能力の欠如と見られている。第二に、試験前に抗うつ薬理学的治療は、&lt;FSTにおいて不動を減少することが示されているSUP&gt; 18-23。したがって、多くの場合、潜在的な抗うつ特性15-17,24を有する新規化合物のスクリーニングアッセイとして使用されている。さらに、FSTは、食物消費の変化、睡眠異常および薬物離脱誘発性無快感症15-17,24、ヒトにおけるうつ病の影響を受ける、または変更される因子のいくつかを共有することが示されている。これはまた、このテストは時々 25,26（「野生型」マウスと比較して）基底不動の増加または減少を、変異マウスにおける抑うつ様行動を評価するために使用される理由である。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td></td><td>Intel&amp;#174; Core&amp;#153; i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30 GHz, 4 GB ram</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>VIDO</td><td>AU-CB422</td><td>B/W CCD CAMERA&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&amp;amp;pcategory=2</td></tr><tr><td>Coding software</td><td>Biobserve</td><td></td><td>FST Analysis&lt;br/&gt; http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Heating lamp</td><td>Ikea</td><td>AA-19025-3</td><td>ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46&amp;nbsp;- 20W G4 Bulb&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Heating&amp;nbsp;pillow</td><td>Sachs</td><td>EF-188B</td><td>38*38cm Heating&amp;nbsp;pillow&lt;br/&gt; http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&amp;amp;actions=show&amp;amp;id=&lt;br/&gt; 604</td></tr></tbody></table>

the forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

以下の結果は私たちの研究室からの未発表データに基づいています。この実験では、成体ICR雌マウスは、選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤（SSRI）、エスシタロプラムまたは新規ハーブ抗うつ及び抗不安治療（NHT）による治療の3週間後に試験した（ハーブ治療に関する追加情報については、12を参照してください、27,28）。一方向ANOVAは治療がFST [F（2,58）= 4.88、P &lt;0.05]で抑?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior at JoVE.com

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

うつ病のような動作のモデルとしての強制水泳試験

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

the-forced-swim-test-as-a-model-of-depressive-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

37.0K ビュー.  Tel-Aviv University. This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

ビデオ: The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

ストレスによって誘発される行動や生理障害を理解するための亜慢性マイルド社会敗北ストレスのマウスモデル

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

行動学

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states. Mice are placed in an inescapable transparent tank that is filled with water and their escape related mobility behavior is measured. The forced swim test is straightforward to conduct reliably and it requires minimal specialized equipment. Successful implementation of the forced swim test requires adherence to certain procedural details and minimization of unwarranted stress to the mice. In the protocol description and the accompanying video, we explain how to conduct the mouse version of this test with emphasis on potential pitfalls that may be detrimental to interpretation of results and how to avoid them. Additionally, we explain how the behaviors manifested in the test are assessed.

The forced swim test is validated as an experimental approach to assess potential antidepressant efficacy in rodents. Experimental animals are placed in a tank of water and escape-related mobility behavior is quantified. The common procedures for the mouse version of this test are described.

マウス強制水泳試験

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental ...

神経科学

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

ラットにおけるうつ病のような動作を誘導する新しい方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

マウスで無快感を誘導するため予測不可能な慢性的な軽度ストレス プロトコル

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall improvement of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and then evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a model group, a treatment group with Xiaoyaosan, and a treatment group with fluoxetine. All mice were individually kept in cages, and depression was induced in the mice by exposing them to several designed manipulations of CUMS for 21 days, as described in the protocol. Mice in the control group and model group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, while mice in the treatment groups received either Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/day) or fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/day). The drugs used in the study were given intragastrically daily during the entire three weeks. To estimate the depressive-like behaviors, a series of parameters including the coat state, body weight, open field test score, and sucrose preference test score were recorded. Data analysis showed that behaviors of model mice were significantly changed compared to behaviors of mice in the control group, which were improved by the treatment of Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine. The current findings demonstrated the anti-depression effects of Xiaoyaosan on the behaviors of CUMS-induced mice and revealed that compounds from the Xiaoyaosan prescription may be worthwhile for treating depression, considering their beneficial effects on depressive-like behaviors.

Here, we present a protocol to establish the mouse depressive model, observe the behavior changes associated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and evaluate the anti-depression effect of Xiaoyaosan.

慢性的ストレス マウスに Xiaoyaosan の抗うつ効果の評価

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テスト バッテリー

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, therapeutic treatments for depression or research on depression is scarce. Thus, in the present paper, we propose a mouse model of depression induced by movement restriction. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is a well-known technique to induce depressive-like behavior. However, it necessitates a complex procedure consisting of a combination of various mild stresses. In contrast, chronic immobilization stress (CIS) is a readily accessible chronic stress model, modified from a restraint model that induces depressive behavior by restricting movement using a restrainer for a certain period. To evaluate the depressive-like behaviors, the sucrose preference test (SPT), the tail suspension test (TST), and the ELISA assay to measure stress marker corticosterone levels are combined in the present experiment. The described protocols illustrate the induction of CIS and evaluation of the changes in behavior and physiological factors for the validation of depression.

This article provides a simplified and standardized protocol for induction of depressive-like behavior in chronically immobilized mice by using a restrainer. In addition, behavior and physiological techniques to verify induction of depression are explained.

マウスにおけるうつ病様行動を誘導する慢性固定化ストレスプロトコル

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, ...

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that 2 months of sleep fragmentation initiated Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)-like behavioral and pathological changes in young wild-type mice. Herein, we present a standardized protocol to achieve chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF). Briefly, CSF was induced by an orbital rotor vibrating at 110 rpm and operating with a repetitive cycle of 10 s-on, 110 s-off, during light-ON phase (8:00 AM&#8211;8:00 PM) continuously for up to 2 months. Impairments of spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior in mice as consequences of CSF modeling, were evaluated with Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition (NOR), Open field test (OFT) and Forced swimming test (FST). In comparison with other sleep manipulations, this protocol minimizes the handling labors and maximizes the modeling efficiency. It produces stable phenotypes in young wild-type mice and can be potentially generated for a variety of research purposes.

Presented here is a protocol for chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) model achieved by an electrically controlled orbital rotor, which could induce confirmed cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in young wild-type mice. This model can be applied to explore the pathogenesis of chronic sleep disturbance and related disorders.

振動性軌道ローターを用いた慢性睡眠断片化モデルによる若い野生型マウスの認知障害と不安様行動

Sleep disturbance is generally common in populations as a chronic disease or a complained event. Chronic sleep disturbance is proposed to be closely ...

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illnesses and causes tremendous individual suffering and socioeconomic burden. Despite its importance, current pharmacological treatment is limited, and novel treatment options are urgently needed. One key factor in the search for potential new drugs is evaluating their anti-depressive potency in appropriate animal models. The classical Porsolt forced swim test was used for this purpose for decades to induce and assess a depressive-like state. It consists of two short periods of forced swimming: the first to induce a depressed state and the second on the following day to evaluate the antidepressant effect of the agent given in between the two swim sessions. This model might be suitable as a screening tool for potential antidepressive agents but ignores the delayed onset of action of many antidepressants. The CDM was recently established and represented a modification of the classical test with notable differences. Mice are forced to swim for 5 consecutive days, following the idea that in humans, depression is induced by chronic rather than by acute stress. In a resting period of several days (1-3 weeks), animals develop sustained behavioral despair. The standard read-out method is the measurement of immobility time in an additional delayed swim session, but several alternative methods are proposed to get a broader view of the mood status of the animal. Multiple analysis tools can be used targeting behavioral, molecular, and electrophysiological changes. The depressed phenotype is stable for at least 4 weeks, providing a time window for rapid but also subchronic antidepressant treatment strategies. Furthermore, alterations in the development of a depressive-like state can be addressed using this approach. CDM, therefore, represents a useful tool to better understand depression and to develop novel treatment interventions.

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

The chronic despair mouse model (CDM) of depression consists of repetitive forced swim sessions and another delayed swim phase as a read-out. It represents a suitable model for induction of a chronic depressive-like state stable for at least 4 weeks, amendable to evaluate subchronic and acute treatment interventions.

うつ病の動物モデル - 慢性絶望モデル(CDM)

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illnesses and causes tremendous individual suffering and socioeconomic burden. ...

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including periods of emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). While the exact underlying neurobiology is not yet fully understood, imbalances in neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine, appear to play a central role. For this reason, manipulations of dopaminergic pathways have been used to model mania or depression in rodents. However, models that accurately represent the typical switch between these two episodes are rare, limiting face validity. In a unique model, modern techniques are used to temporarily increase dopamine D1 receptor expression, which has been implicated in the pathology of bipolar disorder. A tetracycline-inducible lentiviral construct that expresses the dopamine D1 receptor under the control of the calmodulin kinase II alpha promoter is stereotactically injected into the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Dopamine D1 receptor overexpression is achieved by adding the tetracycline analog doxycycline to the animals&#39; drinking water, leading to an increase in reward-related, impulsive, and risk-taking behaviors and a decrease in anxiety. These behaviors resemble a mania-like phenotype. By removing doxycycline from the drinking water, a depressive-like phenotype, characterized by increased helplessness and anhedonia, can be induced within the same animal. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for performing the surgery, as well as procedures for inducing the bipolar disorder-like phenotype. Additionally, considerations for assessing behavioral changes associated with mania-like and depressive-like behavior are described. This promising model, which demonstrates good construct and face validity, offers a valuable tool for further investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder.

This article presents a protocol for the induction of a unique rat model of bipolar disorder that captures both mania-like and depressive-like behavior.

双極性障害のラットモデルの開発

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including periods of emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). ...

うつ病のような動作のモデルとしての強制水泳試験

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ストレスによって誘発される行動や生理障害を理解するための亜慢性マイルド社会敗北ストレスのマウスモデル

マウス強制水泳試験

ラットにおけるうつ病のような動作を誘導する新しい方法

マウスで無快感を誘導するため予測不可能な慢性的な軽度ストレスプロトコル

慢性的ストレスマウスに Xiaoyaosan の抗うつ効果の評価

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テストバッテリー

マウスにおけるうつ病様行動を誘導する慢性固定化ストレスプロトコル

振動性軌道ローターを用いた慢性睡眠断片化モデルによる若い野生型マウスの認知障害と不安様行動

うつ病の動物モデル - 慢性絶望モデル(CDM)

双極性障害のラットモデルの開発

うつ病のような動作のモデルとしての強制水泳試験

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ストレスによって誘発される行動や生理障害を理解するための亜慢性マイルド社会敗北ストレスのマウスモデル

マウス強制水泳試験

ラットにおけるうつ病のような動作を誘導する新しい方法

マウスで無快感を誘導するため予測不可能な慢性的な軽度ストレス プロトコル

慢性的ストレス マウスに Xiaoyaosan の抗うつ効果の評価

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テスト バッテリー

マウスにおけるうつ病様行動を誘導する慢性固定化ストレスプロトコル

振動性軌道ローターを用いた慢性睡眠断片化モデルによる若い野生型マウスの認知障害と不安様行動

うつ病の動物モデル - 慢性絶望モデル(CDM)

双極性障害のラットモデルの開発

マウスで無快感を誘導するため予測不可能な慢性的な軽度ストレスプロトコル

慢性的ストレスマウスに Xiaoyaosan の抗うつ効果の評価

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テストバッテリー