The authors would like to acknowledge Ph.D. grant of LANEF in Grenoble for support of Laurie-Amandine Gar&#231;on. This work was financially supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-grant 06-NANO-045).

さまざまなソリューションおよびタンパク質サンプルの調製<ol><li>の50mMのNaH 2 PO 4、50mMのNaCl、およびpH6.8で10％グリセロールを含むリン酸緩衝溶液（PBS-G）を100mlを調製する。 </li><li> pH7.4の10mMのHEPES、150mMのNaCl、0.005％Tween20を含むHEPES緩衝溶液250mlを調製する。 </li><li> PBS-G中の0.2mmにラクトース（ 図1）硫酸化ビルディングブロック1（BB1）乳糖およびビルディングブロック2（BB2）のストック溶液を調製します。 </li><li> 500 nMの、1μMでミオグロビン、および500nmでのリゾチームで梗のhypogaeaレクチン （AHL）：HEPES中タンパク質溶液の1ミリリットルを準備します。 </li><li>超純水に1％SDSの20ミリリットルを用意してください。 </li></ol> CoCRRアレイの作製<ol><li>これらの条件下で3分間プラズマクリーナーを使用する前に、プリズム48時間の金表面を清掃してください：75％酸素、25％アルゴン、0.6ミリバール、電力40 W。 </li><li> 11純粋および混合solutioを準備PBS-G 0.1mmの総BB濃度で10％刻みを0〜100％の間[BB1] /（[BB1] + [BB2]）比でBB1とBB2のナノ秒。 </li><li>預金合計で44のスポット（ 図2）を用いて、各比率のために四連での非接触スポッターを用いて、プリズム面上でこれらの純粋および混合液の8 nlの液滴。 NOTE：PBS-Gで追加の10％グリセロールを溶媒蒸発と堆積後BB濃度の変化を低減するために非常に重要である。 </li><li>超純水1mlを含むペトリ皿の内側にプリズムを配置し、金表面上のBB1とBB2の自己集合を室温でO / Nのままにします。ここでは、混合SAMの平均表面組成は、堆積混合溶液（ 図3）11の組成を反映しているものとする。 </li><li>超純水で十分にプリズムを洗浄した後、アルゴン流の下でそれを乾燥させてください。 </li></ol> 3タンパク質センシングのSPRiによる<ol><li> incubatoを設定rは、その中のSPRi装置は、タンパク質検出時の温度変化により誘導される屈折率の変化を避けるために25°Cに配置されている。 </li><li> 10μlのポリエーテルエーテルケトン（PEEK）における非官能すすぎプリズムは、コンピュータ制御されたシリンジポンプ、脱気装置及び6ポート中圧噴射弁（ 図4）に接続されたセルを流れる挿入する。たて濾過し、バッファー、HEPESを実行して脱気をフローシステムに入力します。 </li><li>すすぎプリズムを外し、フローセル中CoCRR配列を含むプリズムを挿入します。 100μL/分の流量で運転HEPES。 CCDカメラの助けを借りてすぐにランニングバッファーを通過させることによって、プリズム表面上に存在する任意の気泡を除去。 </li><li>配列のよく対比画像上とのSPRiシステム内の統合されたソフトウェアの助けを借りて、ベースの関心領域に対して同じ径の円を描くことによって各スポットについての研究領域を定義します。 </li><li>反映表すプラズモン曲線をトレース全てのスポットのための入射角の関数でivity曲線。 </li><li>反射率曲線の最も高い傾斜で作動角（運動曲線が記録される位置）を選択します。反応速度測定のために選択された作業角度を固定するために走査ミラーを回転させます。 </li><li>全てのスポットのための反射率信号が安定して一定になるまでフローシステムを通してHEPESを実行し続けます。 </li><li>位置「負荷」での噴射弁とサンプルループ（500μl）の中に注射器で1ミリリットルAHL液を注入。次に、 &quot;注射&quot;を配置するために注入バルブを置く。全てのタンパク質の注射のために使用流量を100μl/分であった。 </li><li>全てのスポットで同時に時間に対して反射率の変化を監視することにより、反応速度測定を開始します。 </li><li>タンパク質注射の終了時に、8分間のランニング緩衝液でアレイをすすぐ。最後に、それを再生するために1ミリリットル1％SDSを注入。 </li><li>他のpに対して同じ手順を繰り返しますroteins。 </li></ol> 4。データ処理と解析<ol><li>フローセルへの蛋白質溶液のエントリに続いて、分子結合が発生し、プラズモン曲線のシフト及び反射率の変化を誘導する。画像取得ソフトウェアは、センサーグラム（ 図5B）を得、SPR画像は、 図5Aを与え、スケールレベルを灰色に測定された光強度値を変換して、時間に対する反射率の変化を生成する。 </li><li>各サンプルについて2D連続進化プロファイル（CEP）を生成する[BB1] /（[BB1] + [BB2]）比に対する各タンパク質の注入の終了時に反射率（R％）をプロットする数学計算ソフトウェアを使用した（ 図5C）。 </li><li> [BB1] /（[BB1] + [BB2]）センサーグラムにおける比率を追加します（ 図5B）は、各タンパク質（ 図5D）のための3D連続進化ランドスケープ（CEL）を生成する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Margulies, D., Hamilton, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+protein+recognition+as+an+alternative+approach+to+antibody-mimetics.">Combinatorial protein recognition as an alternative approach to antibody-mimetics.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 14, 705-712 (2010).</li><li>Umali, A. P., Anslyn, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+approach+to+differential+sensing+using+synthetic+molecular+receptors.">A general approach to differential sensing using synthetic molecular receptors.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 14, 685-692 (2010).</li><li>Baldini, L., Wilson, A. J., Hong, J., Hamilton, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pattern-based+detection+of+different+proteins+using+an+array+of+fluorescent+protein+surface+receptors.">Pattern-based detection of different proteins using an array of fluorescent protein surface receptors.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 5656-5657 (2004).</li><li>Zhou, H. C., Baldini, L., Hong, J., Wilson, A. J., Hamilton, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pattern+recognition+of+proteins+based+on+an+array+of+functionalized+porphyrins.">Pattern recognition of proteins based on an array of functionalized porphyrins.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2421-2425 (2006).</li><li>Wright, A. T., Griffin, M. J., Zhong, Z., McCleskey, S. C., Anslyn, E. V., McDevitt, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+receptors+create+patterns+that+distinguish+various+proteins.">Differential receptors create patterns that distinguish various proteins.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 6375-6378 (2005).</li><li>Wright, A. T., Anslyn, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+receptor+arrays+and+assays+for+solution-based+molecular+recognition.">Differential receptor arrays and assays for solution-based molecular recognition.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 35, 14-28 (2006).</li><li>You, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+identification+of+proteins+using+nanoparticle&#8211;fluorescent+polymer+&#8216;chemical+nose&#8217;+sensors.">Detection and identification of proteins using nanoparticle&#8211;fluorescent polymer &#8216;chemical nose&#8217; sensors.</a> Nature Nanotechnology. 2, 318-323 (2007).</li><li>De, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensing+of+proteins+in+human+serum+using+conjugates+of+nanoparticles+and+green+fluorescent+protein.">Sensing of proteins in human serum using conjugates of nanoparticles and green fluorescent protein.</a> Nature Chemistry. 1, 461-465 (2009).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+evolution+profiles+for+electronic-tongue-based+analysis.">Continuous evolution profiles for electronic-tongue-based analysis.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 10394-10398 (2012).</li><li>Campbell, C. T., Kim, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SPR+microscopy+and+its+applications+to+high-throughput+analyses+of+biomolecular+binding+events+and+their+kinetics.">SPR microscopy and its applications to high-throughput analyses of biomolecular binding events and their kinetics.</a> Biomaterials. 28, 2380-2392 (2007).</li><li>Stranick, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanometer-scale+phase+separation+in+mixed+composition+self-assembled+monolayers.">Nanometer-scale phase separation in mixed composition self-assembled monolayers.</a> Nanotechnology. 7, 438-442 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

<html>このeTとの建設のための最も重要なステップは、システムの良好な再現性を確保するために専念しています。例えば、BB1およびBB2の11の純粋および混合溶液中に10％グリセロールを添加すること、使用前に標準化された手順により、プリズムの金表面を洗浄するのBBは、プリズムの金表面上の自己組織化の際に溶媒の蒸発を排除するために、それぞれについて、複数の反復[BB1] /（[BB1] + [BB2]...

正確かつ迅速なタンパク質検出法は、医療診断およびプロテオミクスにおいて非常に重要である。そのようなバイオチップのような古典的なタンパク質検出アレイは、「ロックアンドキー」の認識の原理に基づいており、そのようなアプタマー、抗体、または模倣体などの特定の受容体を必要とする。 近年、人間の嗅覚と味覚に触発差動検出は、代替1として浮上している。この電子鼻/舌（EN / ET）のアプローチは、標的分子に対する高度に特異的または選択的である必要はありません交差反応性受容体（CRRs）の配列に分析物の結合差に基づいているので、面倒を克服することができます高度に選択的な受容体を開発するプロセス。これは、その同定を可能にする、指紋のように、各サンプルの異なるパターンを作成し、すべての受容体の結合応答である。 エレックの開発のための2つの主要な課題効果的なタンパク質検出のためのTRONIC鼻/舌は構造的に類似の検体と結合事象のための適切な伝達系を区別する能力を持っているセンシング素子の製造である。これまでの研究では、アレイの開発2にさまざまなアプローチを報告している。例えば、ある研究では、タンパク質のアレイベースの識別は、タンパク質とのための明確な荷電周囲との親和性のための疎水性コアを有する差動受容体を提供するために、各種アミノ酸やジペプチドにカルボキシル基を結合させることにより、テトラcarboxyphenylporphyrin誘導体から準備CRRsを使用して開発された異なる結合を付与する。このシステムを使用して、異なるタンパク質及びタンパク質混合物の分析物3,4との相互作用の際に受容体の蛍光消光を測定することによって同定した。別の研究では、hexasubstiにコンビナトリアルな方法で合成されたペプチドボロン酸部分を含有する29 CRRsのライブラリーtutedベンゼン骨格は、インジケータ取り込み比色検出5,6を有するタンパク質を検出するために開発された。そのような設計では、各受容体は、糖タンパク質からのタンパク質の分化に補助ペプチドの腕の中で分散に基づいて、タンパク質、およびボロン酸との差動結合能を示した。より最近では、アニオン性蛍光ポリマーであるポリ（p-フェニレンエチニレン）（PPE）とコンジュゲートし、異なるカチオン性官能化された金ナノ粒子で構成された配列は、タンパク質7を検出し、識別するために作成されている。競争力のあるタンパク質のための別個の認識パターンを生成する、タンパク質分析物との結合を、蛍光を再生しPPE /金ナノ粒子複合体をクエンチした。本研究では、官能化ナノ粒子 - タンパク質相互作用は、ナノ粒子の末端基の物理化学的性質を変えることによって調整した。更に、このアプローチは、複雑で、タンパク質に富む培地中でタンパク質分析のために有効であることが示された生理学的に関連の濃度でヒト血清として、このように疾患状態8を診断するための実際のサンプルをプロファイリングにおけるETの可能性を示した。 非常に有望なものの、これらのシステムは、いくつかの固有の限界を有する。彼らは設計と非常に複雑な構造を有する5〜29 CRRsから合成することを必要とする。また、各測定以下リセットされる嗅覚系とは異なり、タンパク質の検出は、サンプルあたりのアレイを準備する必要である。最後に、リアルタイムの結合事象を監視することは極めて困難である。 この文脈において、コンビナトリアルアプローチは、異なる物理化学的特性を持つ単純かつ容易にアクセス可能な少数の分子用いて、提案された（中性、負に帯電した、正に荷電、親水性、疎水性、 等 。）ビルディングブロック（BBS）9として。変化させ、制御された割合でのBBを混合し、混合物はオングストロームの金表面上に自己集合させることによりプリズムは、タンパク質を結合するための適切なプロパティをフィーチャーしたコンビナトリアル表面の配列が作成されました。注目すべきことに、このシステムの自己組織化単分子膜を迅速かつ効率的に製造することが、多様な組み合わせの交差反応性受容体（CoCRRs）を有効に、高度に分岐した方法で表面特性の範囲を簡単にチューニングを可能にする。タンパク質検出は、光学検出システムは、表面プラズモン共鳴画像（のSPRi）を用いて行った。簡単に説明すると、LEDからのブロードビーム単色偏光がプリズムの表面の全体CoCRRアレイ領域を照明する。高解像度のCCDビデオカメラがCoCRRアレイの全てのスポットにわたってリアルタイムの差分画像を提供する。それは、結合事象と運動過程10に関する詳細な情報を提供するCoCRR·アレイの表面に局所的な変化のすべてをキャプチャします。一方、イメージングソフトウェアの助けを借りて、スポットに対応するSPR画像は、自動的に反射率versuの変化に変換されますセンサーグラムと呼ばれる運動結合曲線のシリーズを生成し、時間だ。したがって、のSPRiはラベルフリー、同期、並列を可能にし、結合事象のリアルタイム観察。さらに、得られたCoCRRアレイは、タンパク質分析のための再生可能及び再利用可能である。 このプロトコルは、ビルディングブロックとしてつだけ小分子を用いて電子舌の構築を記載しのSPRiで得られた連続的な認識パターンに基づいて、一般的なタンパク質の分析への応用を示している。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1511">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:799px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SPRi apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td>Horiba Scientific-GenOptics</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>SPRi apparatus is placed in a temperature regulated incubator at 25&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Incubator</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe pump&#160;</td>
			<td>Cavro scientific instruments</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Cavro XLP 6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Micro Elite Degasser&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Alltech</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">AT590507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6-port medium pressure injection valve</td>
			<td>Upchurch Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>The volume of injection loop used is 500 &#181;l.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Femto plasma cleaner (version 7)</td>
			<td>Diener Electronic</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>On-line degassing system with 2 channel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spotter</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Siliflow</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;It is a non-contact piezoelectric spotter.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">SPRi-Biochip</td>
			<td>Horiba Scientific-GenOptics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:225px;">36000067</td>
			<td>The prism is made of a high refractive index glass prism coated with a thin gold film (45 nm) and specially developed for imaging purposes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">erythrina cristagalli lectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">L5390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">arachis hypogaea lectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">L0881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">myoglobin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">M1882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">lysozyme</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">L6876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">CXCL12&#945;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>Provided by Dr. Hugues Lortat-Jacob, for preparation details, see supporting information in reference 9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">CXCL12&#947;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>Provided by Dr. Hugues Lortat-Jacob, for preparation details, see supporting information in reference 9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">lactose</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>Provided by Prof. David Bonnaff&#233;, for preparation details, see supporting information in reference 9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">sulfated lactose</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
			<td>Provided by Prof. David Bonnaff&#233;, for preparation details, see supporting information in reference 9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">G5150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">L4509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:225px;">274348</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">S0751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">S3014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electronic tongue generating continuous recognition patterns for protein analysis

In current protocol, a combinatorial approach has been developed to simplify the design and production of sensing materials for the construction of electronic tongues (eT) for protein analysis. By mixing a small number of simple and easily accessible molecules with different physicochemical properties, used as building blocks (BBs), in varying and controlled proportions and allowing the mixtures to self-assemble on the gold surface of a prism, an array of combinatorial surfaces featuring appropriate properties for protein sensing was created. In this way, a great number of cross-reactive receptors can be rapidly and efficiently obtained. By combining such an array of combinatorial cross-reactive receptors (CoCRRs) with an optical detection system such as surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi), the obtained eT can monitor the binding events in real-time and generate continuous recognition patterns including 2D continuous evolution profile (CEP) and 3D continuous evolution landscape (CEL) for samples in liquid. Such an eT system is efficient for discrimination of common purified proteins.

<html>一般的なタンパク質分析のための電子舌の能力を調べるために、3つのタンパク質を用いた：AHL、ミオグロビンおよびリゾチーム。 図6に示すように、各タンパク質について、異なる2D連続進化プロファイル、CEPは、他で生成された。 また、リアルタイムの吸着と脱着速度を監視することができるのSPRi、おかげで、各タンパク質についての3D連続進化ラン?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis at JoVE.com

Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis

A novel approach is described for construction of electronic tongue (eT), which greatly simplifies the design and production of sensing materials, and allows the eT to generate continuous evolution profiles and landscapes for samples in liquid. The obtained eT is efficient for common protein analysis such as discrimination.

タンパク質分析のための継続的な認識パターンを生成する電子舌

In current protocol, a combinatorial approach has been developed to simplify the design and production of sensing materials for the construction of ...

electronic-tongue-generating-continuous-recognition-patterns-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

7.8K ビュー.  Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA-Grenoble. A novel approach is described for construction of electronic tongue (eT), which greatly simplifies the design and production of sensing materials, and allows the eT to generate continuous evolution profiles and landscapes for samples in liquid. The obtained eT is efficient for common protein analysis such as discrimination. 

ビデオ: Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis

Studying Cell Rolling Trajectories on Asymmetric Receptor Patterns

Lateral displacement of cells orthogonal to a flow stream by rolling on asymmetric receptor patterns presents an opportunity for development of new devices for label-free separation and analysis of cells1. Such devices may use lateral displacement for continuous-flow separation, or receptor patterns that modulate adhesion to distinguish between different cell phenotypes or levels of receptor expression. Understanding the nature of cell rolling trajectories on receptor-patterned substrates is necessary for engineering of the substrates and design of such devices.
Here, we demonstrate a protocol for studying cell rolling trajectories on asymmetric receptor patterns that support cell rolling adhesion2. Well-defined, &mu;m-scale patterns of P-selectin receptors were fabricated using microcontact printing on gold-coated slides that were incorporated in a flow chamber. HL60 cells expressing the PSGL-1 ligand 3were flowed across a field of patterned lines and visualized on an inverted bright field microscope. The cells rolled and tracked along the inclined edges of the patterns, resulting in lateral deflection1. Each cell typically rolled for a certain distance along the pattern edges (defined as the edge tracking length), detached from the edge, and reattached to a downstream pattern. Although this detachment makes it difficult to track the entire trajectory of a cell from entrance to exit in the flow chamber, particle-tracking software was used to analyze and yield the rolling trajectories of the cells during the time when they were moving on a single receptor-patterned line. The trajectories were then examined to obtain distributions of cell rolling velocities and the edge tracking lengths for each cell for different patterns.
This protocol is useful for quantifying cell rolling trajectories on receptor patterns and relating these to engineering parameters such as pattern angle and shear stress. Such data will be useful for design of microfluidic devices for label-free cell separation and analysis.

We describe a protocol to observe and analyze cell rolling trajectories on asymmetric receptor-patterned substrates. The resulting data are useful for engineering of receptor-patterned substrates for label-free cell separation and analysis.

非対称受容体のパターンでセルローリング軌道を勉強

Lateral displacement of cells orthogonal to a flow stream by rolling on asymmetric receptor patterns presents an opportunity for development of new ...

生物工学

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and higher throughput. The incorporation of biological components onto biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) has shown great potential for achieving these goals. Microfabricated electronic chips allow for micrometer-scale features as well as an electrical connection for sensing and actuation. Functional biological components give the system the capacity for specific detection of analytes, enzymatic functions, and whole-cell capabilities. Standard microfabrication processes and bio-analytical techniques have been successfully utilized for decades in the computer and biological industries, respectively. Their combination and interfacing in a lab-on-a-chip environment, however, brings forth new challenges. There is a call for techniques that can build an interface between the electrode and biological component that is mild and is easy to fabricate and pattern.
Biofabrication, described here, is one such approach that has shown great promise for its easy-to-assemble incorporation of biological components with versatility in the on-chip functions that are enabled. Biofabrication uses biological materials and biological mechanisms (self-assembly, enzymatic assembly) for bottom-up hierarchical assembly. While our labs have demonstrated these concepts in many formats 1,2,3, here we demonstrate the assembly process based on electrodeposition followed by multiple applications of signal-based interactions. The assembly process consists of the electrodeposition of biocompatible stimuli-responsive polymer films on electrodes and their subsequent functionalization with biological components such as DNA, enzymes, or live cells 4,5. Electrodeposition takes advantage of the pH gradient created at the surface of a biased electrode from the electrolysis of water 6,7,. Chitosan and alginate are stimuli-responsive biological polymers that can be triggered to self-assemble into hydrogel films in response to imposed electrical signals 8. The thickness of these hydrogels is determined by the extent to which the pH gradient extends from the electrode. This can be modified using varying current densities and deposition times 6,7. This protocol will describe how chitosan films are deposited and functionalized by covalently attaching biological components to the abundant primary amine groups present on the film through either enzymatic or electrochemical methods 9,10. Alginate films and their entrapment of live cells will also be addressed 11. Finally, the utility of biofabrication is demonstrated through examples of signal-based interaction, including chemical-to-electrical, cell-to-cell, and also enzyme-to-cell signal transmission. 
Both the electrodeposition and functionalization can be performed under near-physiological conditions without the need for reagents and thus spare labile biological components from harsh conditions. Additionally, both chitosan and alginate have long been used for biologically-relevant purposes 12,13. Overall, biofabrication, a rapid technique that can be simply performed on a benchtop, can be used for creating micron scale patterns of functional biological components on electrodes and can be used for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.

This article describes a biofabrication approach: deposition of stimuli-responsive polysaccharides in the presence of biased electrodes to create biocompatible films which can be functionalized with cells or proteins. We demonstrate a bench-top strategy for the generation of the films as well as their basic uses for creating interactive biofunctionalized surfaces for lab-on-a-chip applications.

Biofabricationとバイオエレクトロニック·インタフェースをブリッジする

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and ...

Fabrication and Characterization of a Conformal Skin-like Electronic System for Quantitative, Cutaneous Wound Management

Recent advances in the development of electronic technologies and biomedical devices offer opportunities for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of cutaneous wound healing on the skin. Existing methods, however, still rely on visual inspections through various microscopic tools and devices that normally include high-cost, sophisticated systems and require well trained personnel for operation and data analysis. Here, we describe methods and protocols to fabricate a conformal, skin-like electronics system that enables conformal lamination to the skin surface near the wound tissues, which provides recording of high fidelity electrical signals such as skin temperature and thermal conductivity. The methods of device fabrication provide details of step-by-step preparation of the microelectronic system that is completely enclosed with elastomeric silicone materials to offer electrical isolation. The experimental study presents multifunctional, biocompatible, waterproof, reusable, and flexible/stretchable characteristics of the device for clinical applications. Protocols of clinical testing provide an overview and sequential process of cleaning, testing setup, system operation, and data acquisition with the skin-like electronics, gently mounted on hypersensitive, cutaneous wound and contralateral tissues on patients.

This article presents methods to fabricate and characterize a conformal, skin-like electronic system and protocols for the use in clinical applications, particularly on cutaneous wound management.

定量的、皮膚が創傷管理のためのコンフォーマルスキンのような電子システムの作製と評価

Recent advances in the development of electronic technologies and biomedical devices offer opportunities for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy on Planar Supported Bilayers

In the course of a single decade single molecule microscopy has changed from being a secluded domain shared merely by physicists with a strong background in optics and laser physics to a discipline that is now enjoying vivid attention by life-scientists of all venues 1. This is because single molecule imaging has the unique potential to reveal protein behavior in situ in living cells and uncover cellular organization with unprecedented resolution below the diffraction limit of visible light 2. Glass-supported planar lipid bilayers (SLBs) are a powerful tool to bring cells otherwise growing in suspension in close enough proximity to the glass slide so that they can be readily imaged in noise-reduced Total Internal Reflection illumination mode 3,4. They are very useful to study the protein dynamics in plasma membrane-associated events as diverse as cell-cell contact formation, endocytosis, exocytosis and immune recognition. Simple procedures are presented how to generate highly mobile protein-functionalized SLBs in a reproducible manner, how to determine protein mobility within and how to measure protein densities with the use of single molecule detection. It is shown how to construct a cost-efficient single molecule microscopy system with TIRF illumination capabilities and how to operate it in the experiment.

Preparation of protein-functionalized planar glass-supported lipid bilayers, determination of protein mobility within and measurement of protein densities is shown here. A roadmap to building a noise-reduced Total Internal Reflection microscope is outlined, which allows visualizing single bilayer-resident fluorochromes with high spatiotemporal resolution.

平面支持された二分子層​​上の単一分子蛍光顕微鏡

In the course of a single decade single molecule microscopy has changed from being a secluded domain shared merely by physicists with a strong background ...

Engineering Molecular Recognition with Bio-mimetic Polymers on Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a class of optically active nanomaterial that fluoresce in the near infrared, coinciding with the optical window where biological samples are most transparent. Here, we outline techniques to adsorb amphiphilic polymers and polynucleic acids onto the surface of SWNTs to engineer their corona phases and create novel molecular sensors for small molecules and proteins. These functionalized SWNT sensors are both biocompatible and stable. Polymers are adsorbed onto the nanotube surface either by direct sonication of SWNTs and polymer or by suspending SWNTs using a surfactant followed by dialysis with polymer. The fluorescence emission, stability, and response of these sensors to target analytes are confirmed using absorbance and near-infrared fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrate surface immobilization of the sensors onto glass slides to enable single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to characterize polymer adsorption and analyte binding kinetics.

We present a protocol for engineering the corona phase of near infrared fluorescent single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using amphiphilic polymers and DNA to develop sensors for molecular targets without known recognition elements.

単層カーボンナノチューブ上のバイオミメティックポリマーとエンジニアリング分子認識

Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a class of optically active nanomaterial that fluoresce in the near infrared, coinciding with the ...

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to spatially fractionate the sample based on a biological property of interest. For the resultant spatial distribution to be used as the assay readout, microfluidic devices are often subjected to microscopic analysis requiring complex instrumentation with higher cost and reduced portability. To address this limitation, we have developed an integrated electronic sensing technology for multiplexed detection of particles at different locations on a microfluidic chip. Our technology, called Microfluidic CODES, combines Resistive Pulse Sensing with Code Division Multiple Access to compress 2D spatial information into a 1D electrical signal. In this paper, we present a practical demonstration of the Microfluidic CODES technology to detect and size cultured cancer cells distributed over multiple microfluidic channels. As validated by the high-speed microscopy, our technology can accurately analyze dense cell populations all electronically without the need for an external instrument. As such, the Microfluidic CODES can potentially enable low-cost integrated lab-on-a-chip devices that are well suited for the point-of-care testing of biological samples.

We demonstrate a microfluidic platform with an integrated surface electrode network that combines resistive pulse sensing (RPS) with code division multiple access (CDMA), to multiplex detection and sizing of particles in multiple microfluidic channels.

粒子の空間追跡のための多重化された電子の検出とマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to ...

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices cannot be worn under everyday conditions. Therefore, textiles are commonly considered the best substrate to accommodate electronic devices in wearable use. In this paper, we describe how to selectively pattern organic electroactive materials on textiles from a solution in an easy and scalable manner. This versatile deposition technique enables the fabrication of wearable organic electronic devices on clothes.

In this paper, we present a protocol to selectively deposit organic materials on textiles, which allows for the direct integration of organic electronic devices with wearables. The fabricated devices can be fully integrated in textiles, respecting their mechanical appearance and enabling sensing capabilities.

テキスタイル上の有機電子デバイスのためのシンプルでスケーラブルな製造方法

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices ...

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps compared to standard metallographic sample preparation procedures. The paper proposes a novel bespoke rig for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH (magnetic hysteresis) measurements and elaborates the protocols for the sensor preparation and the use of the rig to ensure accurate BH measurement. The protocols for static and ordinary dynamic domain imaging (without in situ BH measurements) are also presented. The reported method takes advantage of the convenience and high sensitivity of the traditional Bitter method and enables in situ BH measurement without interrupting or interfering with the domain wall movement processes. This facilitates establishing a direct and quantitative link between the domain wall movement processes&#8211;microstructural feature interactions in ferritic steels with their BH loops. This method is anticipated to become a useful tool for the fundamental study of microstructure&#8211;magnetic property relationships in steels and to help interpret the electromagnetic sensor signals for non-destructive evaluation of steel microstructures.

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample and sensor preparation procedures and the protocols for using the test rig particularly for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH measurements in order to achieve optimal domain pattern quality and accurate BH measurements.

最適化されたセットアップおよびヒステリシス測定場の磁区イメージングのためのプロトコル

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps ...

In Vitro Multiparametric Cellular Analysis by Micro Organic Charge-modulated Field-effect Transistor Arrays

Modern electrophysiology has been constantly fueled by the parallel development of increasingly sophisticated tools and materials. In turn, discoveries in this field have driven technological progress in a back-and-forth process that ultimately determined the impressive achievements of the past 50 years. However, the most employed devices used for cellular interfacing (namely, the microelectrode arrays and microelectronic devices based on transistors) still present several limitations such as high cost, the rigidity of the materials, and the presence of an external reference electrode. To partially overcome these issues, there have been developments in a new scientific field called organic bioelectronics, resulting in advantages such as lower cost, more convenient materials, and innovative fabrication techniques.
Several interesting new organic devices have been proposed during the past decade to conveniently interface with cell cultures.&#160;This paper presents the protocol for the fabrication of devices for cellular interfacing based on the organic charge-modulated field-effect transistor (OCMFET). These devices, called micro OCMFET arrays (MOAs), combine the advantages of organic electronics and the peculiar features of the OCMFET to prepare transparent, flexible, and reference-less tools with which it is possible to monitor both the electrical and the metabolic activities of cardiomyocytes and neurons in vitro, thus allowing a multiparametric evaluation of electrogenic cell models.

In Vitro Multiparametric Cellular Analysis by Micro Organic Charge-modulated Field-effect Transistor Arrays

Here, we present the fabrication protocol of an organic charge-modulated field-effect transistor (OCMFET)-based device for in vitro cellular interfacing. The device, called a micro OCMFET array, is a flexible, low-cost, and reference-less device, which will enable the monitoring of the electrical and metabolic activities of electroactive cell cultures.

イン・ヴィトロ マイクロ有機電変調された電界効果トランジスタアレイによるマルチパラメトリックセルラー解析

Modern electrophysiology has been constantly fueled by the parallel development of increasingly sophisticated tools and materials. In turn, discoveries in ...

有限要素モデルを用いたSARPEによる拡張パターンの解析

Finite Element Analysis Model for Assessing Expansion Patterns from Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion

Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) was introduced to release bony resistance to facilitate skeletal expansion in skeletally mature patients. However, asymmetric expansion between the left and right sides has been reported in 7.52% of all SARPE patients, of which 12.90% had to undergo a second surgery for correction. The etiologies leading to asymmetric expansion remain unclear. Finite element analysis has been used to evaluate the stress associated with SARPE in the maxillofacial structures. However, as a collision of the bone at the LeFort I osteotomy sites occurs only after a certain amount of expansion, most of the existing models do not truly represent the force distribution, given that the expansion amount of these existing models rarely exceeds 1 mm. Therefore, there is a need to create a novel finite element model of SARPE that could perform a clinically required amount of expander activation for further analysis of the expansion patterns of the hemimaxillae in all three dimensions. A three-dimensional (3D) skull model from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was imported into Mimics and converted into mathematical entities to segment the maxillary complex, maxillary first premolars, and maxillary first molars. These structures were transferred into Geomagic for surface smoothing and cancellous bone and periodontal ligament creation. The right half of the maxillary complex was then retained and mirrored to create a perfectly symmetrical model in SolidWorks. A Haas expander was constructed and banded to the maxillary first premolars and first molars. Finite element analysis of various combinations of buccal osteotomies at different angles with 1 mm clearance was performed in Ansys. A convergence test was conducted until the desired amount of expansion on both sides (at least 6 mm in total) was achieved. This study lays the foundation for evaluating how buccal osteotomy angulation influences the expansion patterns of SARPE.

著者スポットライト:顎矯正手術技術の改善のための新しい有限要素解析モデルの開発 

A set of novel finite element models of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) that could perform a clinically required amount of expander activation with various angles of buccal osteotomy was created for further analysis of the expansion patterns of the hemimaxillae in all three dimensions.

外科的支援による急速口蓋拡大からの膨張パターンを評価するための有限要素解析モデル

Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) was introduced to release bony resistance to facilitate skeletal expansion in skeletally mature ...