Authors are thankful to K. P. Madhu, Nita Beliappa and staff of the Media Centre of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune for their help in the video production. The work was supported by funding under the Centre of Excellence program of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India to SG and postdoctoral fellowship by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India to RK.

摂食応答1.ハイドラ文化と測定<ol><li>アルテミア毎日それらを供給し、中に含まれる培地（1mMのTris-HCl緩衝液、pHは7.6、1のNaCl、1mMのCaCl 2、0.1mMのKClと0.1mMのMgSO 4）し、それらを保持することにより、培養中ヒドラポリープを維持12時間明、12時間暗サイクルの下で18℃、ガラスボウル12前述したように。 </li><li>摂食応答を測定するために、一つは24ウェルプレートの1ウェルに5~6触手を有するヒドラポリープ成熟移す。それを傾けることによってウェルから残留培地を除去した後、すぐに新鮮な培地500μlを加える。 </li><li>ヒドラ培地中の9100μMのグルタチオン溶液を調製する。グルタチオン溶液は酸化されやすいので、常に各実験のために新たに調製したグルタチオン溶液を使用する。 </li><li>画像記録のための条項を持つ顕微鏡のイメージングプラットフォームにプレートを転送します。行動oは、そのような暗い背景を使用してくださいfはヒドラポリープは明らかに対照的な背景に画像化することができる。 </li><li>部屋は観察し、変動強度、空気流及び騒音の光からヒドラフリーの挙動を撮像するために使用される。でも、グルタチオンが存在しない場合に - このような妨害はまたヒドラポリープは触手の収縮を示すことが原因となることがあります。 </li><li>ポリープは5分間リラックスすることができます。 </li><li>ポリープは行動が明確に画像化することができることをよくかかるの中心領域に沿って配置されていることを確認してください。ポリープはウェルの端にある場合には、ピペットを用いて培地をフラッシュすることによって、中心に持ってきて、もう一度それがリラックスすることができます。 </li><li>リラックスした状態でヒドラのイメージをキャプチャします。これは、ゼロ時点で観察されます。 </li><li>迅速にウェル内に、3μMの最終濃度に到達するために9μMグルタチオン溶液を加える。実験の目的及びヒドラで示される反応に応じて、グルタチオンおよびチュウの異なる濃度範囲を試験必要とされる適切な濃度のSeを示す。 </li><li>すぐに4-5分ごとに15〜30秒後にグルタチオン溶液とキャプチャ画像を追加した後、タイマーを起動します。タイムラプスイメージング中倍率設定を変更しないでください。 </li><li>穏やかにウェル内の動物の位置を最小限に顕微鏡の視野内に乱されることを均一な流れとグルタチオン溶液を加える。ポリープは、グルタチオン溶液を添加した後に広範囲に移動する場合は、画像キャプチャのための視野内にポリープをもたらすために非常に穏やかにプレートを移動させる。 </li><li>対照実験では、同一の他の全てのパラメータを保持しながら媒体グルタチオンを欠く使用。 </li><li>午後1時前に摂食応答の程度に概日リズムの可能性のある影響を避けるために - その日の前半に上記の実験の手順をすべて実行してください。 </li><li> GNU画像処理プログラム（GIMP）を使用して撮影した画像のそれぞれを開きます。 </lI&gt; <li>触手とhypostomeのそれぞれの先端部間の距離を決定するために測定&gt;メニュー&gt;ツールから利用できる「測定」ツールを使用します。口の開口部は、画像のいずれにおいても観察されている場合は、開いた口の中心と触手の先端部間の距離を決定する。触手の広がりとしてこの距離を参照してください。 </li><li>グルタチオンの暴露の前後に各ポリープの平均触手スプレッドを計算します。その後の時点の各々でそのまでゼロ時点での平均触手スプレッドの比を計算する。この比は、相対的な触手の広がりと呼ぶことにする。 </li><li>少なくとも20ポリープのための測定を繰り返します。 </li></ol><img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52178/52178eq1.jpg" width="400" /> <img alt="式2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52178/52178eq2.jpg" width="450" /> 2.メソッドバリデーション使用飢餓モデル<ol><li>飢餓のために、別のガラスボウルに少数のヒドラポリープを転送し、5日間のためにそれらを餌を与えないでください。同じようなサイズのボウルにアルテミアを毎日、数ポリープの対照群を養う。実験の両方からメディアを変更して培地中の真菌の増殖を避けるために、毎日ボウル。 </li><li>実験の日に、1時間アルテミアとヒドラの対照群を供給し、メディアからすべての食べ残しや死者アルテミアを除去した後、その後の実験のためにこれらのヒドラを使用しています。 </li><li>飢餓および制御ヒドラポリープのそれぞれの測定値を交互による観察時に任意のバイアスを避けるために、以前のステップ1に記載の方法により対照群と比較して、ヒドラ飢餓ヒドラの摂食応答を測定する。 </li></ol>

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J. Neurosci. 20, 2598-2604 (2004).</li><li>Alzugaray, M. E., Adami, M. L., Diambra, L. A., Hernandez-Martinez, S., Damborenea, C., Noriega, F. G., Ronderos, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allatotropin:+An+ancestral+myotropic+neuropeptide+involved+in+feeding.">Allatotropin: An ancestral myotropic neuropeptide involved in feeding.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, (2013).</li><li>Bellis, S. L., Laux, D. C., Rhoads, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affinity+purification+of+Hydra+glutathione+binding+proteins.">Affinity purification of Hydra glutathione binding proteins.</a> FEBS Lett. 354, 320-324 (1994).</li><li>Lenhoff, H. M., Shaw, C. 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C., Barve, A., Ghaskadbi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+and+phylogenetic+characterization+of+common+hydra+from+India.">Description and phylogenetic characterization of common hydra from India.</a> Curr. Sci. 101, 736-738 (2011).</li><li>Horibata, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+catabolic+pathway+of+glycosphingolipids+in+a+hydrozoan,+Hydra+magnipapillata.+Involving+endoglycoceramidase.">Unique catabolic pathway of glycosphingolipids in a hydrozoan, Hydra magnipapillata. Involving endoglycoceramidase.</a> J. Biol. 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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

ヒドラに摂食行動することは後生動物の中で最も祖先の化学感覚システムのいずれかを表します。刺胞アシスト獲物捕獲後にリリース甲殻流体中のGSHの存在はずっと前に1を検出されたが、GSHRタンパク質も推定されるコード遺伝子/ sのどちらも、ヒドラから現在までに特徴付けられている。いくつかの試みがヒドラ8、14、15結合タンパク質GSHを特徴付けるために行われている?...

Hydra is the most primitive organism possessing a nervous system and chemosensation for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) for capturing the prey1. It feeds on a variety of animals such as nematode, crustacea, insect larvae, tadpoles and newly hatched fish1. The movement of these prey organisms causes mechanosensory discharge of the stinging capsules called nematocysts from hydra, which are inserted into the prey2. GSH present in the fluid released from the injured prey subsequently activates the feeding response in hydra which includes curling of the tentacles to bring the prey towards the mouth, opening of the mouth, and consequent engulfing of the prey. Multiple molecules, such as dopamine3, glutamate4, GABA, glycine5, NMDA receptors6, and allatotropin7, have been shown to be involved in the feeding response in hydra. It has also been shown that the chemosensory response induced by GSH is modulated by the feeding status of the animal such that starved hydra exhibited enhanced feeding response1. Such an increase in the GSH sensitivity is biologically relevant since under starvation hydra need to find its prey at higher sensitivity. 
Although the feeding response induced by GSH can be clearly observed under microscope, the methods typically used for measuring the feeding response observations are non-quantitative. In most of the cases, the time during which the mouth of the hydra remains open was taken as a measure of the feeding response8,9; whereas in another case, quantitation was based on the number of hydra out of a population showing the feeding response10. However, observing the mouth opening time of the hydra polyps is cumbersome and subject to variation induced by uncontrollable parameters such as the direction of the mouth orientation during observations. Similarly, since the feeding response is a quantitative parameter, population-based approaches are subject to variations/errors caused by the opinion or observational bias of the individual observer. To circumvent these issues we have developed a method for the relative quantification of the feeding response in hydra (Hydra vulgaris Ind-Pune11) based on the distance of the apical end of the tentacle from the mouth of the hydra polyp.

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measuring glutathione-induced feeding response in hydra

Hydra is among the most primitive organisms possessing a nervous system and chemosensation for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) for capturing the prey. The movement of prey organisms causes mechanosensory discharge of the stinging cells called nematocysts from hydra, which are inserted into the prey. The feeding response in hydra, which includes curling of the tentacles to bring the prey towards the mouth, opening of the mouth and consequent engulfing of the prey, is triggered by GSH present in the fluid released from the injured prey. To be able to identify the molecular mechanism of the feeding response in hydra which is unknown to date, it is necessary to establish an assay to measure the feeding response. Here, we describe a simple method for the quantitation of the feeding response in which the distance between the apical end of the tentacle and mouth of hydra is measured and the ratio of such distance before and after the addition of GSH is determined. The ratio, called the relative tentacle spread, was found to give a measure of the feeding response. This assay was validated using a starvation model in which starved hydra show an enhanced feeding response in comparison with daily fed hydra.

グルタチオンは、ヒドラが獲物を飲み込むの目的のために、口の方に触手のカールを呈するようになります。触手のようなカールが近いhypostomeに触手の先端両端をもたらします。これは触手の広がりの減少、または触手とhypostome（ 図1）の先端部間の直線距離が生じる。相対触手広がり、または平均触手の比率は、前に広がり、グルタチオンを添加した後、時間の経過とともに減...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Glutathione-induced Feeding Response in Hydra at JoVE.com

Measuring Glutathione-induced Feeding Response in Hydra

Here we describe a simple assay for the quantification of the feeding response in hydra induced by the reduced form of glutathione. This assay relies on measuring the distance between the apical end of the tentacle and mouth of hydra.

ハイドラ内グルタチオンによって誘発される摂食応答を測定する

Hydra is among the most primitive organisms possessing a nervous system and chemosensation for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) for capturing the prey. ...

measuring-glutathione-induced-feeding-response-in-hydra

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.3K ビュー.  India Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune. Here we describe a simple assay for the quantification of the feeding response in hydra induced by the reduced form of glutathione. This assay relies on measuring the distance between the apical end of the tentacle and mouth of hydra.

ビデオ: Measuring Glutathione-induced Feeding Response in Hydra

Proboscis Extension Response (PER) Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis extension response (PER) is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.
On the surface of the fly's mouth (labellum), there are hair-like structures called sensilla which houses taste neurons. When an attractive substance makes contact to the labellum, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the material. Proboscis Extension Response (PER) assay measures this taste behavior response, and it is a useful method to learn about food preferences in a single fly. Solutions of various sugars, such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, are very attractive to the fly. The effect of aversive substances can also be tested as reduction of PER when mixed in a sweet solution.Despite the simplicity of the basic procedure, there are many things that can prevent it from working. One of the factors that requires attention is the fly's responsive state. The required starvation time to bring the fly to the proper responsive state varies drastically from 36 to 72 hours. We established a series of controls to evaluate the fly's state and which allows screening out of non-responsive or hyper-responsive individual animals. Another important factor is the impact level and the position of the contact to the labellum, which would be difficult to describe by words. This video presentation demonstrates all these together with several other improvements that would increase the reproducibility of this method.

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis extension response or PER is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees. When the proboscis makes contact with an attractive substance, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the substance. Solutions of various sugars are very attractive to the fly.

ショウジョウバエにおけるテングザル拡張レスポンス（PER）アッセイ

Proboscis extension response (PER) is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.
On the surface of the fly's mouth ...

生物学

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

電離放射線への応答でγH2AX病巣の定量化

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Measuring Fast Calcium Fluxes in Cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes have multiple Ca2+ fluxes of varying duration that work together to optimize function 1,2. Changes in Ca2+ activity in response to extracellular agents is predominantly regulated by the phospholipase C&beta;- G&alpha;q pathway localized on the plasma membrane which is stimulated by agents such as acetylcholine 3,4. We have recently found that plasma membrane protein domains called caveolae5,6 can entrap activated G&alpha;q 7. This entrapment has the effect of stabilizing the activated state of G&alpha;q and resulting in prolonged Ca2+ signals in cardiomyocytes and other cell types8. We uncovered this surprising result by measuring dynamic calcium responses on a fast scale in living cardiomyocytes. Briefly, cells are loaded with a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. In our studies, we used Ca2+ Green (Invitrogen, Inc.) which exhibits an increase in fluorescence emission intensity upon binding of calcium ions. The fluorescence intensity is then recorded for using a line-scan mode of a laser scanning confocal microscope. This method allows rapid acquisition of the time course of fluorescence intensity in pixels along a selected line, producing several hundreds of time traces on the microsecond time scale. These very fast traces are transferred into excel and then into Sigmaplot for analysis, and are compared to traces obtained for electronic noise, free dye, and other controls. To dissect Ca2+ responses of different flux rates, we performed a histogram analysis that binned pixel intensities with time. Binning allows us to group over 500 traces of scans and visualize the compiled results spatially and temporally on a single plot. Thus, the slow Ca2+ waves that are difficult to discern when the scans are overlaid due to different peak placement and noise, can be readily seen in the binned histograms. Very fast fluxes in the time scale of the measurement show a narrow distribution of intensities in the very short time bins whereas longer Ca2+ waves show binned data with a broad distribution over longer time bins. These different time distributions allow us to dissect the timing of Ca2+fluxes in the cells, and to determine their impact on various cellular events.

We present a method to isolate rapid (microsecond) calcium events from slower fluxes in living cells using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The method measures fluorescence intensity fluctuations of calcium indicators by recording line scans of several hundred pixels in a cell. Histogram analysis allows us to isolate the time scales of different calcium fluxes.

心筋細胞における高速カルシウムフラックスの測定

Cardiomyocytes have multiple Ca2+ fluxes of varying duration that work together to optimize function 1,2. Changes in Ca2+ activity in response to ...

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the sister group to all bilaterians, Hydra can shed light on fundamental biological processes shared among multicellular animals. Hydra is used as a model for the study of regeneration, pattern formation, and stem cells. However, research efforts have been hampered by lack of a reliable method for gene perturbations to study molecular function. The development of transgenic methods has revitalized the study of Hydra biology1. Transgenic Hydra allow for the tracking of live cells, sorting to yield pure cell populations for biochemical analysis, manipulation of gene function by knockdown and over-expression, and analysis of promoter function. Plasmid DNA injected into early stage embryos randomly integrates into the genome early in development. This results in hatchlings that express transgenes in patches of tissue in one or more of the three lineages (ectodermal epithelial, endodermal epithelial, or interstitial). The success rate of obtaining a hatchling with transgenic tissue is between 10% and 20%. Asexual propagation of the transgenic hatchling is used to establish a uniformly transgenic line in a particular lineage. Generating transgenic Hydra is surprisingly simple and robust, and here we describe a protocol that can be easily implemented at low cost.

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Stably transgenic Hydra are made by microinjection of plasmid DNA into embryos followed by random genomic integration and asexual propagation to establish a uniform line. Transgenic Hydra are used to track cell movements, overexpress genes, study promoter function, or knock down gene expression using RNAi.

トランスジェニックの世代<em&gt;ハイドラ</em&gt;胚マイクロインジェクションによる

As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the sister group to all bilaterians, Hydra can shed light on fundamental biological processes shared among ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

の剛性を測定します<em&gt; ex vivoで</em原子間力顕微鏡を使用&gt;マウス大動脈

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

High-fat Feeding Paradigm for Larval Zebrafish: Feeding, Live Imaging, and Quantification of Food Intake

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich meal, which consists of an emulsion of chicken egg yolk liposomes created by sonicating egg yolk in embryo media. Detailed instructions are provided to screen larvae for egg yolk consumption so that larvae that fail to feed will not confound experimental results. The chicken egg yolk liposomes can be spiked with fluorescent lipid analogs, including fatty acids and cholesterol, enabling both systemic and subcellular visualization of dietary lipid processing. Several methods are described to mount larvae that are conducive to short- and long-term live imaging with both upright and inverted objectives at high and low magnification. Additionally presented is an assay to quantify larval food intake by extracting the lipids of larvae fed fluorescent lipid analogs, spotting the lipids on a thin layer chromatography plate, and quantifying the fluorescence. Finally, critical aspects of the procedures, important controls, options for modifying the protocols to address specific experimental questions, and potential limitations are discussed. These techniques can be applied not only to focused, hypothesis driven inquiries, but also to a variety of screens and live imaging techniques to study dietary lipid metabolism and the control of food intake.

Zebrafish are emerging as a valuable model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. Described are protocols of lipid-rich larval feeds, live imaging of dietary fluorescent lipid analogs, and quantification of food intake. These techniques can be applied to a variety of screening, imaging, and hypothesis driven inquiry techniques.

幼虫のゼブラフィッシュのためのパラダイムを摂食高脂肪：摂食、ライブイメージング、および食物摂取の定量化

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich ...

Measuring RAN Peptide Toxicity in C. elegans

C. elegans is commonly used to model age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by repeat expansion mutations, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington&#8217;s disease. Recently, repeat expansion-containing RNA was shown to be the substrate for a novel type of protein translation called repeat-associated non-AUG-dependent (RAN) translation. Unlike canonical translation, RAN translation does not require a start codon and only occurs when repeats exceed a threshold length. Because there is no start codon to determine the reading frame, RAN translation occurs in all reading frames from both sense and antisense RNA templates that contain a repeat expansion sequence. Therefore, RAN translation expands the number of possible disease-associated toxic peptides from one to six. Thus far, RAN translation has been documented in eight different repeat expansion-based neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. In each case, deciphering which RAN products are toxic, as well as their mechanisms of toxicity, is a critical step towards understanding how these peptides contribute to disease pathophysiology. In this paper, we present strategies to measure the toxicity of RAN peptides in the model system C. elegans. First, we describe procedures for measuring RAN peptide toxicity on the growth and motility of developing C. elegans. Second, we detail an assay for measuring postdevelopmental, age-dependent effects of RAN peptides on motility. Finally, we describe a neurotoxicity assay for evaluating the effects of RAN peptides on neuron morphology. These assays provide a broad assessment of RAN peptide toxicity and may be useful for performing large-scale genetic or small molecule screens to identify disease mechanisms or therapies.

Measuring RAN Peptide Toxicity in C. elegans

Repeat-associated non-ATG-dependent translational products are emerging pathogenic features of several repeat expansion-based diseases. The goal of the protocol described is to evaluate toxicity caused by these peptides using behavioral and cellular assays in the model system C. elegans.

C.エレガンスにおけるRANペプチド毒性の測定

C. elegans is commonly used to model age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by repeat expansion mutations, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ...

A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of gut microbes as a whole; however, different microbes could exert distinct effects toward the host. This article provides the methodology to study the effect of each specific mosquito gut microbe and the potential mechanism.
This protocol contains two parts. The first part introduces how to dissect the mosquito midgut, isolate cultivable bacteria colonies, and identify bacteria species. The second part provides the procedure to generate antibiotic-treated mosquitoes and reintroduce one specific bacteria species.

This article presents a protocol to investigate the effect of individual mosquito gut bacteria, including isolation and identification of mosquito midgut cultivable microbes, antibiotic depletion of mosquito gut bacteria, and reintroduce one specific bacteria species.

抗生物質処理された蚊による細菌性経口摂食アッセイ

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been ...

Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding

Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Malaria is a mosquito borne disease transmitted through an infectious bite from the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria control will eventually rely on a multitude of approaches, which includes ways to block transmission to, through and from mosquitoes. To study mosquito stages of malaria parasites in the laboratory, we have optimized a protocol to culture highly infectious Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, a parasite stage required for transmission from the human host to the mosquito vector. P. falciparum gametocytes mature through five morphologically distinct steps, which takes approximately 1-2 weeks. Gametocyte culture described in this protocol is completed in 15 days and are infectious to mosquitoes from days 15-18. These protocols were developed to maintain a continuous cycle of infection competent gametocytes and to maintain uninterrupted supply of mosquito stages of the parasite. Here, we describe the methodology of gametocyte culture and how to infect mosquitoes with these parasites using glass membrane feeders.

Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding

Detailed investigations on mosquito stages of malaria parasites are critical to design effective transmission blocking strategies. This protocol demonstrates how to effectively culture infectious gametocytes and then feed these gametocytes to mosquitoes to generate mosquito stages of P. falciparum.

熱帯熱マラリア原虫 人工膜供給による食作用細胞培養と蚊感染

Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Malaria is a mosquito borne disease ...

Measuring Mitochondrial Substrate Flux in Recombinant Perfringolysin O-Permeabilized Cells

Mitochondrial substrate flux is a distinguishing characteristic of each cell type, and changes in its components such as transporters, channels, or enzymes are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Mitochondrial substrate flux can be studied using intact cells, permeabilized cells, or isolated mitochondria. Investigating intact cells encounters several problems due to simultaneous oxidation of different substrates. Besides, several cell types contain internal stores of different substrates that complicate results interpretation. Methods such as mitochondrial isolation or using permeabilizing agents are not easily reproducible. Isolating pure mitochondria with intact membranes in sufficient amounts from small samples is problematic. Using non-selective permeabilizers causes various degrees of unavoidable mitochondrial membrane damage. Recombinant perfringolysin O (rPFO) was offered as a more appropriate permeabilizer, thanks to its ability to selectively permeabilize plasma membrane without affecting mitochondrial integrity. When used in combination with microplate respirometry, it allows testing the flux of several mitochondrial substrates with enough replicates within one experiment while using a minimal number of cells. In this work, the protocol describes a method to compare mitochondrial substrate flux of two different cellular phenotypes or genotypes and can be customized to test various mitochondrial substrates or inhibitors.

In this work, we describe a modified protocol to test mitochondrial respiratory substrate flux using recombinant perfringolysin O in combination with microplate-based respirometry. With this protocol, we show how metformin affects mitochondrial respiration of two different tumor cell lines.

組換えペルフリンゴライシンO-透過細胞におけるミトコンドリア基質フラックスの測定

Mitochondrial substrate flux is a distinguishing characteristic of each cell type, and changes in its components such as transporters, channels, or ...

ハイドラ内グルタチオンによって誘発される摂食応答を測定する

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ショウジョウバエにおけるテングザル拡張レスポンス（PER）アッセイ

電離放射線への応答でγH2AX病巣の定量化

心筋細胞における高速カルシウムフラックスの測定

トランスジェニックの世代

の剛性を測定します

幼虫のゼブラフィッシュのためのパラダイムを摂食高脂肪：摂食、ライブイメージング、および食物摂取の定量化

C.エレガンスにおけるRANペプチド毒性の測定

抗生物質処理された蚊による細菌性経口摂食アッセイ

熱帯熱マラリア原虫人工膜供給による食作用細胞培養と蚊感染

組換えペルフリンゴライシンO-透過細胞におけるミトコンドリア基質フラックスの測定

ハイドラ内グルタチオンによって誘発される摂食応答を測定する

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ショウジョウバエにおけるテングザル拡張レスポンス（PER）アッセイ

電離放射線への応答でγH2AX病巣の定量化

心筋細胞における高速カルシウムフラックスの測定

トランスジェニックの世代

の剛性を測定します

幼虫のゼブラフィッシュのためのパラダイムを摂食高脂肪：摂食、ライブイメージング、および食物摂取の定量化

C.エレガンスにおけるRANペプチド毒性の測定

抗生物質処理された蚊による細菌性経口摂食アッセイ

熱帯熱マラリア原虫 人工膜供給による食作用細胞培養と蚊感染

組換えペルフリンゴライシンO-透過細胞におけるミトコンドリア基質フラックスの測定

熱帯熱マラリア原虫人工膜供給による食作用細胞培養と蚊感染