This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC fellowship #454330 to JX, project grant #628761 to SM and APP1058647 to JX), Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia (MSRA #12070 to JX), the University of Melbourne Research Grant Support Scheme and Melbourne Research CI Fellowship to JX as well as Australia Postgraduate Scholarships to HP and AF.&#160;We would like to acknowledge the Operational Infrastructure Scheme of the Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development, Victoria Australia.

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendroglial+expression+of+TrkB+independently+regulates+myelination+and+progenitor+cell+proliferation.">Oligodendroglial expression of TrkB independently regulates myelination and progenitor cell proliferation.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (11), 4947-4957 (2013).</li><li>Li, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+cloning,+Characterization+and+Expression+of+miR-15a-3p+and+miR-15b-3p+in+Dairy+Cattle.">Molecular cloning, Characterization and Expression of miR-15a-3p and miR-15b-3p in Dairy Cattle.</a> Molecular and Cellular Probes. , (2014).</li><li>Emery, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+gene+regulatory+factor+is+a+critical+transcriptional+regulator+required+for+CNS+myelination.">Myelin gene regulatory factor is a critical transcriptional regulator required for CNS myelination.</a> Cell. 138 (1), 172-185 (2009).</li><li>Murai, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+receptor+TLX+stimulates+hippocampal+neurogenesis+and+enhances+learning+and+memory+in+a+transgenic+mouse+model.">Nuclear receptor TLX stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis and enhances learning and memory in a transgenic mouse model.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (25), 9115-9120 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding this research.

軸索の髄鞘形成は、脊椎動物の中枢神経系および末梢神経系の両方の最適な機能のために重要なプロセスである。髄軸索の生成と維持管理は、神経、（シュワン細胞またはオリゴデンドロサイトから）グリアと細胞外マトリックスタンパク質との間の分子間相互作用を含む複雑かつ協調的なプロセスである。このプロトコルの重要性と適用性は、混合、共培養の設定内の1つの特定の細胞型に...

軸索の髄鞘形成は、両方の中枢神経系および末梢神経系における活動電位の迅速かつ効率的な伝送のために重要である。特殊化した細胞は、シュワン細胞が中枢神経系における末梢神経系およびオリゴデンドロサイトでは、ラップアラウンドおよびミエリンでensheathe軸索、効果的に神経を絶縁し、跳躍伝導1を容易にする。髄鞘形成の過程は、網膜神経節ニューロン2、人工ナノファイバー3、またはシュワン細胞4またはオリゴデンドロサイト5-7のいずれかとの共培養後根神経節ニューロンを用いてインビトロで研究することができる。 インビトロ髄鞘形成アッセイは、神経系のミエリン形成を研究するための確立されたモデルであり、それは、生体内 5-8 のミエリン形成時に発生する基本的なプロセスの多くを複製します。アッセイは、CのためのOPCと後根神経節（DRG）ニューロンの精製集団の共培養を、（関与NSの髄鞘形成）またはシュワン細胞（PNSの髄鞘形成のため）。特定の条件下で、これらの髄鞘形成細胞は、生体内に存在するミエリン特異的タンパク質の同一の相補体を発現する形質膜の絶縁命じ、超構造的に検証され、多層のシートのDRG軸索をensheathe。 インビトロでの CNS ​​の髄鞘形成を研究する最も一般的に使用される細胞モデルに成功などのニューロトロフィンのような外因性因子は、インビトロ 5,6 における CNS髄鞘形成に発揮することの効果を研究するために使用されたDRGニューロンおよびOPCの共培養である。そのような増殖因子または小分子薬理学的阻害剤のような外因性因子は広くDRG-OPC共培養モデル7,9を用いて、髄鞘形成におけるシグナル伝達経路の役割を研究するために使用されている。しかし、ニューロンおよびオリゴデンドロサイトの両方を含む混合共培養の設定で、それは正式に可能残って、成長因子またはPharのいずれかmacological阻害剤は、DRGニューロンおよびオリゴデンドロサイト（OL）の両方に効果を発揮している可能性があります。これは、具体的のみのDRGによって発現されるタンパク質またはオリゴデンドログリアは、このデュアルセルシステムを使用して、髄鞘形成の際に発揮することの役割を分析する機能を提供していますか。明確に乏突起膠細胞におけるシグナル伝達経路を直接インビトロ髄鞘形成アッセイのためのDRGニューロン上に播種する前に、同様に、野生型および変異型タンパク質の両方を過剰発現するためのエレガントな方法であることが証明された髄鞘形成、OPCのレンチウイルス形質導入、調節していることを確認するためにオリゴデンドロサイトによる構成的に発現するタンパク質のノックダウン式として。このように、このアプローチは、具体的に質問すると髄鞘9,10を研究するためのオリゴデンドロサイト内のシグナル伝達経路を操作するための手段を提供しています。 本稿では、我々は、レンチウイルスを経由してオリゴデンドロサイトに選択的に目的のタンパク質を過剰発現するように開発し​​たメソッドを報告in vitroでの髄鞘形成を研究するためのアプローチ。技術は、目的の遺伝子を含む発現ベクターの生成で始まり、続いて、pENTRベクター（をpENTR L1-L2 pENTR4IRES2GFP）にクローニングされた野生型、構成的に活性またはドミナントネガティブ型であること。 （目的の遺伝子を含む）このベクターは、CMVプロモーター供与体（をpENTR L4-R1のpENTR-pDNOR-CMV）および2K7レンチベクターは、CMVプロモーターを含む2K7ベクターは、目的の遺伝子を生成するための酵素反応で合成される内部リボソーム侵入部位およびGFP（ 図1）。 PMD2.GウイルスエンベロープとpBR8.91ウイルスパッケージと組み合わせて、このゲートウェイクローニングさ2K7構築物は、その後のOPCを形質導入するために使用することができるレンチウイルスを生成するために、HEK293T細胞に同時トランスフェクトすることができる。一旦OPCは、目的のタンパク質を高レベルで発現するレンチウイルスに感染した。これらのOPCは、その後のDRGニューロン培養と効果発現が上に播種することができる所望のタンパク質の高レベルを調べることができる髄鞘形成に及ぼす。共培養は、ウェスタンブロット分析によってミエリンタンパク質の発現について評価し、免疫細胞化学によって有髄軸索のセグメントを形成するために可視化される。

<table><tbody><tr><td>2K7 lentivector&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Kind gift from Dr Suter&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>5-Fluoro-2&amp;prime;-deoxyuridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F0503-100mg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td><td>115545205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9518-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27 - NeuroCul SM1 Neuronal Supplement</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5711</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BDNF (Human)</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>PT450021000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin (d-Biotin)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B4639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bradford Reagent</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B6916-500ML&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A4161</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0378-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CNTF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>450-13020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAKO fluoresence mounting media</td><td>DAKO</td><td>S302380-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate, no glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10313039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5025-375KU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14190250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS, calcium, magnesium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14040182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EBSS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14155063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EcoRI-HF</td><td>NEB</td><td>R3101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Entry vectors for promoter and gene of interest</td><td></td><td></td><td>Generate as per protocols 1-2</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>12003C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forskolin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F6886-50MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose (D-glucose)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G7528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Chem Supply</td><td>GL010-500M</td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115005003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115005020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Rat IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>112005167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst 33342</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>H3570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Igepal</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I3021-100ML&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I6634&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>60615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laminin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>23017015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>LB-Agar</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>L-Cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C-7477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz&#039;s L-15 Medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G1626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine- 200 mM (100x) liquid</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LR Clonase II Plus enzyme</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12538-120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM, NEAA, no Glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10370088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse &amp;alpha; &amp;beta;III Tubulin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Promega</td><td>G7121</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse &amp;alpha;MBP (monoclonal)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na pyruvate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11360-070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NAC</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A8199</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NcoI-HF</td><td>NEB</td><td>R3193S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NEBuffer 4</td><td>NEB</td><td>B7004S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21103049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGF (mouse)</td><td>Alomone Labs</td><td>N-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NT-3</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>&amp;nbsp;450-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O1 antibody - Mouse anti-O1</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB344</td><td>Alternative if O1 hybridoma cells are unavailable</td></tr><tr><td>O1 hybridoma cells</td><td></td><td></td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-O1 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>O4 antibody - Mouse anti-O4</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB345</td><td>Alternative if O4 hybridoma cells are unavailable</td></tr><tr><td>O4 hybridoma cells</td><td></td><td></td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-O4 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>Competent cells</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A10460</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One Shot Stbl competent cells</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C7373-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Papain Suspension</td><td>Worthington/Cooper</td><td>LS003126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pBR8.91</td><td></td><td></td><td>Kind gift from Dr Denham&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>PDGF-AA (Human)</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>PT10013A500&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin 100x solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pENTRY4IRES2GFP</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11818-010&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pMD2.G</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12259</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6407-5MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylenimine (PEI)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>408727-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-ornithine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P3655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Progesterone&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P8783</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor tablet (Complete mini)</td><td>Roche</td><td>11836153001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied with Clonase enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>Putrescine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-5780</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit &amp;alpha; neurofilament</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB1987&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit &amp;alpha;MBP (polyclonal)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB980</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ran2 hybridoma cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>TIB-119</td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-Ran2 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>Rat anti CD140A/PDGFRa antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>558774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SacII</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SOC medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied with competent bacteria</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium selenite&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spe I</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0133S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase</td><td>NEB</td><td>M0202S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase Buffer</td><td>NEB</td><td>B0202S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TE buffer pH8</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>TNE lysis buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trace Elements B</td><td>Cellgro&amp;nbsp;</td><td>99-175-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transferrin (apo-Transferrin human)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T1147</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9284&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9201-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin Inhibitor From Chicken Egg White</td><td>Roche</td><td>10109878001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (1x), phenol red (0.05%)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25300-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unconjugated Griffonia Simplicifolia Lectin BSL-1</td><td>Vector laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L-1100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>U3003-5G</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

production and use of lentivirus to selectively transduce primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells for in vitro myelination assays

髄鞘形成は、末梢神経系（PNS）のニューロンおよびグリア細胞を形成するミエリン、中枢神経系（CNS）におけるオリゴデンドロサイトおよびシュワン細胞の両方を含む複雑なプロセスである。我々 は、in vitro髄鞘形成アッセイ、in vitroでのCNS ​​ミエリン形成を研究するための確立されたモデルを使用しています。これを行うには、オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞（OPCの）髄鞘共培養を形成するために、精製された主要なげっ歯類後根神経節（DRG）ニューロンに添加される。オリゴデンドロサイトによって発現される特定のタンパク質は、ミエリン形成の際に発揮することを、具体的な役割を調べるために、我々は選択的にDRGニューロン上に播種される前に、野生型、構成的に活性またはドミナントネガティブタンパク質を過剰発現するレンチウイルスを使用したOPCを伝達するプロトコルを開発した。これは、私たちは特に髄鞘形成の調節にこれらのオリゴデンドログリアのタンパク質の役割を調べることができます。プロトコルがotの研究にも適用することができる彼女の細胞型は、このようにしてそのようなシグナリング及び補償メカニズムの研究のための標的オリゴデンドロサイトのような所望の細胞型によって発現されるタンパク質の選択的操作を可能にするアプローチを提供する。結論として、レンチウイルスに感染したOPC を用いたin vitro髄鞘形成アッセイを組み合わせること髄鞘形成に関与する分子メカニズムの解析のための戦略的なツールを提供しています。

レンチウイルス産生のために使用されるフラッグタグ化細胞外シグナル関連キナーゼ1（フラッグのErk1）構築物を酵素2K7構築物およびウイルス産生に必要なパッケージングおよびアクセサリーのコンストラクト（ 図3）の両方を含む、使用した構築物の制限消化によって確認される。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52179/52179fig3highres.j...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays at JoVE.com

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

生産と選択的に伝達する一次オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞へのレンチを使用するための<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;髄鞘形成アッセイ

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

production-use-lentivirus-to-selectively-transduce-primary

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

14.4K ビュー.  The University of Melbourne. Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

ビデオ: Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning

Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and transverse myelitis. Myelination is required to not only facilitate rapid impulse propagation within the central nervous system, but also to provide trophic support to underlying axons. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can be studied in vitro to help identify factors that may promote or inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation. To date, many of the methods available to evaluate this process have either required large numbers of cells, thus limiting the number of conditions that can be investigated at any one time, or labor-intensive methods of quantification. Herein, we describe a protocol for the isolation of large numbers of highly pure OPCs together with a fast and reliable method to determine oligodendrogenesis from multiple conditions simultaneously. OPCs are isolated from P5-P7 neonatal rat cortices and grown in vitro for three days prior to differentiation. Four days after differentiation, oligodendrogenesis is evaluated using a dual-infrared fluorescence-scanning assay to determine expression of the myelin protein.

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of their precursors, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, from rat cortices, as well as a fast and reliable quantitative method to evaluate oligodendrogenesis in vitro in response to experimental factors.

デュアル赤外線蛍光スキャンを用いてラットオリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞培養およびOligodendrogenesisの定量化の準備

Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating ...

発生生物学

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

The use of hiPSC-derived cells represents a valuable approach to study human neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs derived from a patient with the triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) locus into Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD)-relevant dopaminergic neuronal populations. Accumulating evidence has shown that high levels of SNCA are causative for the development of PD. Recognizing the unmet need to establish novel therapeutic approaches for PD, especially those targeting the regulation of SNCA expression, we recently developed a CRISPR/dCas9-DNA-methylation-based system to epigenetically modulate SNCA transcription by enriching methylation levels at the SNCA intron 1 regulatory region. To deliver the system, consisting of a dead (deactivated) version of Cas9 (dCas9) fused with the catalytic domain of the DNA methyltransferase enzyme 3A (DNMT3A), a lentiviral vector is used. This system is applied to cells with the triplication of the SNCA locus and reduces the SNCA-mRNA and protein levels by about 30% through the targeted DNA methylation of SNCA intron 1. The fine-tuned downregulation of the SNCA levels rescues disease-related cellular phenotypes. In the current protocol, we aim to describe a step-by-step procedure for differentiating hiPSCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the establishment and validation of pyrosequencing assays for the evaluation of the methylation profile in the SNCA intron 1. To outline in more detail the lentivirus-CRISPR/dCas9 system used in these experiments, this protocol describes how to produce, purify, and concentrate lentiviral vectors and to highlight their suitability for epigenome- and genome-editing applications using hiPSCs and NPCs. The protocol is easily adaptable and can be used to produce high titer lentiviruses for in vitro and in vivo applications.

Targeted DNA epigenome editing represents a powerful therapeutic approach. This protocol describes the production, purification, and concentration of all-in-one lentiviral vectors harboring the CRISPR-dCas9-DNMT3A transgene for epigenome-editing applications in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons.

レンチウイルスベクター人間にエピゲノム編集ツールの効率的な配信用誘導多能性幹細胞由来の疾患モデル

The use of hiPSC-derived cells represents a valuable approach to study human neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the ...

遺伝学

Intraventricular Transplantation of Engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in vivo gene control of neocortical projection neuron morphology. This method is based on (1) in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors as "test" and "control" cells, (2) their co-transplantation into wild-type brains, and (3) paired morphometric evaluation of their neuronal derivatives. Specifically, E12.5 pallial precursors from panneuronal, genetically labeled donors, are employed for this purpose. They are engineered to take advantage of selected promoters and tetON/OFF technology, and they are free-hand transplanted into neonatal lateral ventricles. Later, upon immunofluorescence profiling of recipient brains, silhouettes of transplanted neurons are fed into NeurphologyJ open source software, their morphometric parameters are extracted, and average length and branching index are calculated. Compared to other methods, this one offers three main advantages: it permits achieving of fine control of transgene expression at affordable costs, it only requires basic surgical skills, and it provides statistically reliable results upon analysis of a limited number of animals. Because of its design, however, it is not adequate to address non cell-autonomous control of neuroarchitecture. Moreover, it should be preferably used to investigate neurite morphology control after completion of neuronal migration. In its present formulation, this method is exquisitely tuned to investigate gene control of glutamatergic neocortical neuron architecture. Taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing EGFP in other specific neural cell types, it can be re-purposed to address gene control of their architecture.

Based on in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors, their co-transplantation into wild-type brains and paired morphometric evaluation of "test" and "control" derivatives, this method allows accurate modeling of in vivo gene control of neocortical neuron morphology in a simple and affordable way.

生化神経建築研究における工学的神経前駆体の脳内移植

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in ...

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing therapeutic approaches. Lentiviral vectors are attractive tools in transduction of neurons and other cell types in CNS as they transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, support sustained expression of transgenes, and have relatively large packaging capacity and low toxicity 1-3. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully used in transducing many neural cell types in vitro 4-6 and in animals 7-10.
Great efforts have been made to develop lentiviral vectors with improved biosafety and efficiency for gene delivery. The current third generation replication-defective and self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors are depicted in Figure 1. The required elements for vector packaging are split into four plasmids. In the lentiviral transfer plasmid, the U3 region in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) is replaced with a strong promoter from another virus. This modification allows the transcription of the vector sequence independent of HIV-1 Tat protein that is normally required for HIV gene expression 11. The packaging signal (&Psi;) is essential for encapsidation and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) is required for producing high titer vectors. The central polypurine tract (cPPT) is important for nuclear import of the vector DNA, a feature required for transducing non-dividing cells 12. In the 3' LTR, the cis-regulatory sequences are completely removed from the U3 region. This deletion is copied to 5' LTR after reverse transcription, resulting in transcriptional inactivation of both LTRs. Plasmid pMDLg/pRRE contains HIV-1 gag/pol genes, which provide structural proteins and reverse transcriptase. pRSV-Rev encodes Rev which binds to the RRE for efficient RNA export from the nucleus. pCMV-G encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) that replaces HIV-1 Env. VSV-G expands the tropism of the vectors and allows concentration via ultracentrifugation 13. All the genes encoding the accessory proteins, including Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef are excluded in the packaging system. The production and manipulation of lentiviral vectors should be carried out according to NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA (<a href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf</a>). An approval from individual Institutional Biological and Chemical Safety Committee may be required before using lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are commonly produced by cotransfection of 293T cells with lentiviral transfer plasmid and the helper plasmids encoding the proteins required for vector packaging. Many lentiviral transfer plasmids and helper plasmids can be obtained from Addgene, a non-profit plasmid repository (<a href="http://www.addgene.org/" target="_blank">http://www.addgene.org/</a>). Some stable packaging cell lines have been developed, but these systems provide less flexibility and their packaging efficiency generally declines over time 14, 15. Commercially available transfection kits may support high efficiency of transfection 16, but they can be very expensive for large scale vector preparations. Calcium phosphate precipitation methods provide highly efficient transfection of 293T cells and thus provide a reliable and cost effective approach for lentiviral vector production.
In this protocol, we produce lentiviral vectors by cotransfection of 293T cells with four plasmids based on the calcium phosphate precipitation principle, followed by purification and concentration with ultracentrifugation through a 20% sucrose cushion. The vector titers are determined by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or by real time qPCR. The production and titration of lentiviral vectors in this protocol can be finished with 9 days. We provide an example of transducing these vectors into murine neocortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. We demonstrate that lentiviral vectors support high efficiency of transduction and cell type-specific gene expression in primary cultured cells from CNS.

In this protocol we describe production, purification and titration of lentiviral vectors. We provide an example of lentiviral vector-mediated gene delivery in primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Our methods may also apply to other cell types in vitro and in vivo.

中枢神経系から細胞を変換するためのレンチウイルスベクターの生産

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

神経科学

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell lineage development. In vitro expansion of neural progenitors from fetal CNS tissue has been well characterized. Despite the identification and isolation of glial progenitors from adult human sub-cortical white matter and development of various culture conditions to direct differentiation of fetal neural progenitors into myelin producing oligodendrocytes, acquiring sufficient human oligodendrocytes for in vitro experimentation remains difficult. Differentiation of galactocerebroside+ (GalC) and O4+ oligodendrocyte precursor or progenitor cells (OPC) from neural precursor cells has been reported using second trimester fetal brain. However, these cells do not proliferate in the absence of support cells including astrocytes and neurons, and are lost quickly over time in culture. The need remains for a culture system to produce cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suitable for in vitro experimentation.
Culture of primary human oligodendrocytes could, for example, be a useful model to study the pathogenesis of neurotropic infectious agents like the human polyomavirus, JCV, that in vivo infects those cells. These cultured cells could also provide models of other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential neural progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons (progenitor-derived neurons, PDN) and astrocytes (progenitor-derived astrocytes, PDA) This study shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through many of the stages of oligodendrocytic lineage development (progenitor-derived oligodendrocytes, PDO). We culture neural progenitor cells in DMEM-F12 serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), Sonic hedgehog (Shh), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), N-2 and triiodothyronine (T3). The cultured cells are passaged at 2.5e6 cells per 75cm flasks approximately every seven days. Using these conditions, the majority of the cells in culture maintain a morphology characterized by few processes and express markers of pre-oligodendrocyte cells, such as A2B5 and O-4. When we remove the four growth factors (GF) (bFGF, PDGF-AA, Shh, NT-3) and add conditioned media from PDN, the cells start to acquire more processes and express markers specific of oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as GalC and myelin basic protein (MBP). We performed phenotypic characterization using multicolor flow cytometry to identify unique markers of oligodendrocyte.

Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. This work shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through stages of the oligodendrocytic lineage by conditioning with select growth factors.

ヒト胎児脳から由来オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞培養システム

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

生物学

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

神経細胞死とマウス プライマリ小脳顆粒ニューロンの変性をモデリング

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

マウスの主なオリゴデンドロ サイトの特異的・迅速免疫分離

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it contributes to disease development and progression, particularly in the gray matter of the brain, remains largely unknown. The dysfunction of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is hallmarked by deficiencies in myelination and impaired self-renewal of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These two defects are caused at least in part by the disruption of interactions between neuron and oligodendrocytes along the buildup of pathology. OPCs give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development. In the mature brain cortex, OPCs are the major proliferative cells (comprising ~5% of total brain cells) and control new myelin formation in a neural activity-dependent manner. Such neuron-to-oligodendrocyte communications are significantly understudied, especially in the context of neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, due to the lack of appropriate tools. In recent years, our group and others have made significant progress to improve currently available protocols to generate functional neurons and oligodendrocytes individually from human pluripotent stem cells. In this manuscript, we describe our optimized procedures, including the establishment of a co-culture system to model the neuron-oligodendrocyte connections. Our illustrative results suggest an unexpected contribution from OPCs/oligodendrocytes to the brain amyloidosis and synapse integrity and highlight the utility of this methodology for AD research. This reductionist approach is a powerful tool to dissect the specific hetero-cellular interactions out of the inherent complexity inside the brain. The protocols we describe here are expected to facilitate future studies on oligodendroglial defects in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.

The neuron-glial interactions in neurodegeneration are not well understood due to inadequate tools and methods. Here, we describe optimized protocols to obtain induced neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and oligodendrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells and provide examples of the values of these methods in understanding cell-type-specific contributions in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

多能性幹細胞からのヒト神経細胞および希突起膠細胞の作製によるニューロン-希突起膠細胞相互作用のモデル化

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it ...

Optimal Lentivirus Production and Cell Culture Conditions Necessary to Successfully Transduce Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of airway cell differentiation and function. In the past few years, the use of lentiviral vectors for transgene delivery became common practice. While there are reports of transduction of fully differentiated airway epithelial cells with certain non-HIV pseudo-typed lentiviruses, the overall transduction efficiency is usually less than 15%. The protocol presented here provides a reliable and efficient method to produce lentiviruses and to transduce primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using undifferentiated bronchial epithelial cells, transduction in bronchial epithelial growth media, while the cells attach, with a multiplicity of infection factor of 4 provides efficiencies close to 100%. This protocol describes, step-by-step, the preparation and concentration of high-titer lentiviral vectors and the transduction process. It discusses the experiments that determined the optimal culture conditions to achieve highly efficient transductions of primary human bronchial epithelial cells.

Primary human bronchial epithelial cells are difficult to transduce. This protocol describes the production of lentiviruses and their concentration as well as the optimal culture conditions necessary to achieve highly efficient transductions in these cells throughout differentiation to a pseudostratified epithelium.

正常に伝達する初代ヒト気管支上皮細胞に必要な最適なレンチウイルスの生産および細胞培養条件

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of ...

生産と選択的に伝達する一次オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞へのレンチを使用するための

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

デュアル赤外線蛍光スキャンを用いてラットオリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞培養およびOligodendrogenesisの定量化の準備

レンチウイルスベクター人間にエピゲノム編集ツールの効率的な配信用誘導多能性幹細胞由来の疾患モデル

生化神経建築研究における工学的神経前駆体の脳内移植

中枢神経系から細胞を変換するためのレンチウイルスベクターの生産

ヒト胎児脳から由来オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞培養システム

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

神経細胞死とマウスプライマリ小脳顆粒ニューロンの変性をモデリング

マウスの主なオリゴデンドロサイトの特異的・迅速免疫分離

多能性幹細胞からのヒト神経細胞および希突起膠細胞の作製によるニューロン-希突起膠細胞相互作用のモデル化

正常に伝達する初代ヒト気管支上皮細胞に必要な最適なレンチウイルスの生産および細胞培養条件

生産と選択的に伝達する一次オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞へのレンチを使用するための

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

デュアル赤外線蛍光スキャンを用いてラットオリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞培養およびOligodendrogenesisの定量化の準備

レンチウイルスベクター人間にエピゲノム編集ツールの効率的な配信用誘導多能性幹細胞由来の疾患モデル

生化神経建築研究における工学的神経前駆体の脳内移植

中枢神経系から細胞を変換するためのレンチウイルスベクターの生産

ヒト胎児脳から由来オリゴデンドロサイト前駆細胞培養システム

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

神経細胞死とマウス プライマリ小脳顆粒ニューロンの変性をモデリング

マウスの主なオリゴデンドロ サイトの特異的・迅速免疫分離

多能性幹細胞からのヒト神経細胞および希突起膠細胞の作製によるニューロン-希突起膠細胞相互作用のモデル化

正常に伝達する初代ヒト気管支上皮細胞に必要な最適なレンチウイルスの生産および細胞培養条件

神経細胞死とマウスプライマリ小脳顆粒ニューロンの変性をモデリング

マウスの主なオリゴデンドロサイトの特異的・迅速免疫分離