We thank the nurses (appearing on film) for supporting the neonates. 
We thank J. Hagoort, MA, linguist, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children&#8217;s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for reading and correcting the manuscript.

注：このプロトコルは、地元の人間研究倫理委員会のガイドラインに従っています。 1.一般的な考慮事項注：機器、データストレージおよび安全性に関する一般的な考慮事項は議論に対処されている。 <ol><li> （説明を参照）の周波数帯域に複数の変換器と、高解像度、リアルタイム、モバイル2D超音波装置を用いて画像を取得する。一般的に、7.5から8.5までの周波数でプローブを使用して良質の画像を得る。 </li></ol> CUS試験の調製<ol><li>それはそのような血液採取などの他の手順と一致しないように、CUSの検査をスケジュールします。 </li><li>そのような新生児個別発達ケアと評価プログラム6の原理に基づくもののような戦略を使用して、検査中に新生児を医療従事者や親がサポートする使用可能であることを確認し、および/ ​​または快適さ&lt;/ SUP&gt;。 </li></ol>大泉門を通して3.審査<ol><li>インキュベーターまたはベビーベッドに沿って超音波装置を取り付けます。 </li><li>プローブと皮膚との間の良好な接触を確実にするために、プローブにトランスデューサゲルを適用する。使用前にゲルを暖め考えてみましょう。 </li><li> Bモードで凸プローブと大泉門を通してイメージングを開始します。新生児の右側になってプローブ上のマーカーと泉門の真ん中にプローブを配置します。脳の左側は、モニタの右側に表示される。 NOTE：大泉門を通してイメージングは、任意の位置3で ​​新生児を行うことができる。研究目的のためには、標準的なヘッド位置のために努力する必要があるかもしれない。 <ol><li>少なくとも5つの冠状および5矢状面におけるレコードのイメージ。最初の画像に頭蓋の輪郭を含むセクタを充填する画像を生成する深さ、ゲイン、時間利得補償の設定を調整し、回避明るすぎたり暗いイメージをると近く、より深い構造物からの反射との間の平衡を目指して。 </li><li>冠状面 注：完全に対称画像を得るようにしてください。前頭葉の凸部の近くに病変が疑われる場合には1半球が（ 図1）より良い詳細に表示されるように、特定の斜めの冠状切片を記録することを検討してください。 <ol><li>冠状前頭前野画像の場合、角度プローブは前方には、嗅覚脳溝のレベルで、側脳室の正面の角に前方に前頭葉を可視化した。 </li><li>モンローのレベルでのコロナル像については、角度側脳室の正面の角を描写するためにテラの脈絡膜への冠状断面の前方を可視化するプローブ、耳甲隔pellucidi、脳梁、溝のcinguli。大脳基底核の部分のエコー源性に注意してください。 </li><li>視床のレベルでのコロナル像の場合、角度は、プローブは後方後半を識別するためにRAL亀裂、第三脳室と側頭葉の屋根でテラ脈絡膜。大脳基底核に関連する視床（特に腹外側核）のエコー源性に注意してください。視床枕でネットワーク障害がちょうど心房の前に余分な冠状断面で可視化することができることに注意してください。 </li><li>心房のレベルでのコロナル画像について、脈絡叢のレベルで側脳を視覚化する。頭葉と小脳半球を特定します。脈絡叢に比べて脳室周囲白質のエコー源性に注意してください。早産新生児における心房に上記と横通常の高エコー領域と光学的放射を比較してください。 </li><li>冠状頭頂後頭の画像の場合、頭頂後頭溝のレベルにプローブ後方に角度が頭頂後頭ローブを識別します。 </li></ol></li><li>サジタルプレーン<ol><li>新生児の顔の方を向いて、プローブ上のマーカーでプローブ90°回転します。目脳の電子の前方部分は、モニタの左側に表示されます。以下の構造（ 図2）のレベルで画像を記録する。 </li><li>正中矢状画像の場合は、脳梁、耳甲隔pellucidi（CSP）、第3および第4脳室、虫部、大槽、橋と中脳を視覚化する。腔Vergaeと耳甲ヴェリinterpositi 7の存在に注意してください。 </li><li> 1 gangliothalamic卵形を通して矢状画像（ 例えば 、右）のために、側脳室を通じて矢ビュー用のプローブ横向きの角度。脈絡叢を特定し、視床や大脳基底核のエコー源性に注意してください。矢状面のためのスキャンされた側が適切にテキストツールで示されるべきである。 </li><li>矢島画像、島を経て、さらに横方向の角度プローブ用。横方向の亀裂とfrontal-、temporal-、parietal-と後頭葉を識別します。 </li><li> Tを繰り返し矢のイメージ彼の反対側（ すなわち 、左）。 </li></ol></li><li>カラードップラー<ol><li>カラードップラーを使用して凸状のプローブで大泉門を通してイメージングを続行します。大脳動脈と静脈の流速を評価し、派生インデックスを取得することを検討してください。 注： - 拡張末期速度/ピーク収縮期速度抵抗指数（RI）は、ピーク収縮期速度として定義されている。 RIは角度に依存しない、絶対速度の値は8-10ではありません。 RIは異なる口径の動脈で類似していない。同じ容器の正確な同じ場所で行われた場合に一連の測定にのみ有用である。 </li></ol></li><li>以下の血管の冠状面での記録画像（ 図3）： <ol><li>小脳のレベルで横洞を視覚化。 1つまたは全く横洞が可視化されている場合、パルス繰り返し周波数（PRF）を下げてください。当時はまだ一つだけまたは横洞の。ない場合大泉門を介して同定することができ、乳様突起泉門を通して可視化するための高周波リニアプローブを使用します（セクション4.4.2を参照）。 </li><li>内頸動脈、中大脳動脈とウィリス動脈輪を視覚化し、側脳室の正面の角のレベルで脳動脈を前方。左右の前大脳動脈を区別することは、しばしば困難であるが、通常は不要です。動脈の線条体燭台を特定します。 </li><li>角度後方に隣接する頸静脈と脳底動脈を可視化するプローブ。 </li><li>さらに後方に角度が内部脳と視床線条体静脈を可視化した。 </li></ol></li><li> 1前大脳動脈（ 図4）の矢状面に画像を記録します。 （通常は脳梁の膝の下）この容器の特定の部分での流速とRIを評価する。近く内部大脳静脈における正中線速度が可能容易に測定。 </li><li>大泉門に前頭面の高周波リニアプローブを用いて、上矢状静脈洞を識別する。これは、失敗泉門のプローブを用いて適用される圧力の量を減らす必要がある場合。 NOTE：リニアプローブは、表面構造（髄膜、くも膜及び硬膜下腔、皮質）の詳細な視覚化のために使用することができる。タンジェンシャル船がくも膜下腔にある。理想的には、前の手順で説明したようにドップラーイメージングは​​、新生児の最初のCUSの検査中に実行されます。フォローアップ検査中のステップの一部は省略してもよい。ステップ3.3.5.1に記載されているように疑われる脳sinovenous血栓症ドップラーイメージングの場合には、3.3.7と4.4.2を実行する必要があります。 </li></ol></li></ol>オルタナティブアコースティック窓から4.審査<ol><li>次に、別の音響窓から審査を継続する。 </li><li> （POSラムダを通して画像を記録考えてみましょう凸プローブ（ 図5）を使用して、内部を塗っ）泉門。後部泉門は、矢状及びラムダ縫合3,11の接合部に位置しています。側臥位で新生児を配置することによって事後泉門を介して画像。 注記：良好な画像も仰臥位3に幼児と矢状縫合の後方側面によって得ることができる多くの未熟児で。 <ol><li>矢状ビューの事後泉門の中央にプローブを配置します。角度側脳室とその後頭部ホーンの本体を識別するために、わずかに正中線オフプローブ。冠状ビューを取得するためにおよそ90°プローブを回します。側脳室の後頭の角を特定します。 </li></ol></li><li>耳（ 図6）上記凸状または直線状のプローブを用いて、横方向（時間）窓から画像を記録することを検討してください。 <ol><li>必要であれば、許可する横窓を通して画像を得る脳幹12の詳細図。耳の前に水平に上記と少しプローブを配置します。脳花梗が可視化されるまでプローブを移動します。 注：他の構造を同定することができる第三脳室、水道橋と頭葉である。カラードップラーを使用して、ウィリス動脈輪を可視化することができる。 </li></ol></li><li>乳様突起泉門を通して録音画像（ 図7）。乳様突起泉門は、時間、頭頂と後頭部の骨4の接合部に、耳の後ろに位置しています。側臥位3で新生児を配置することによって乳様突起泉門スルー画像。 注：乳様突起の泉門を経て画像が得られた場合、当社の経験では、新生児は、多くの場合、不快感の兆候を示している。したがって、大泉門と他の音響窓から撮影した後、これを行うのがベストでしょう。我々は、この不快感がPULSに聴覚反応のメカニズムによって引き起こされる可能性があることを仮定した高周波エネルギー13のES。 <ol><li>凸状のプローブを使用した乳様突起の泉門を介して画像。冠状ビューを得るために、耳にプローブを平行に配置してください。小脳半球、虫部、第3および第4脳室、脳橋と大槽を識別するために、前後にプローブをスイープ。小さなpretermsでは対側小脳半球はうまく描くことができる。 </li><li>リニアプローブを用いた乳様突起の泉門を介して画像。 （一）横洞が大泉門を介して同定することができない場合には、乳様突起泉門を通って可視化するための高周波線形プローブを使用する。冠状ビューを得るために、耳たぶにプローブを平行に配置してください。 <ol><li>小脳半球と第四脳室を識別します。カラードップラーを使用して、横方向およびS状静脈洞、tentorial洞と使者静脈を識別する。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>大後頭孔14を介して後頭蓋窩の追加の可視化を考えてみましょう。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

私たちは、記述し、新生児のドップラーCUSのための最先端のアプローチを実証する。経験豊富な手では、これは安全で、シリアルベッドサイド新生児の脳イメージングのための優れたツールです。多くのNICUsに記載されて可能性が最適に使用されていません。ドップラー研究を追加すると、頭蓋内動脈と静脈の開通のスクリーニングが可能になります。流速が評価指標を得ることができる。?...

Since its clinical introduction in the late 1970&#8217;s cranial ultrasound (CUS) has been widely used for detecting congenital anomalies and acquired brain lesions during the neonatal period. In many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), CUS has become indispensable in the care for critically ill neonates. Major advantages are its relatively low cost and the fact that it can be performed at bedside, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows for serial imaging. Another technique often used for neuroimaging in critically ill neonates is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides excellent image quality, but its clinical use in NICU&#8217;s is currently limited because of logistic and safety issues1. 
Over time, quality of CUS has drastically improved, with advancing technique leading to higher resolution, faster image processing and digital display and back-up. Important brain structures can be adequately visualized using optimal settings. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. This approach is less suitable for evaluation of infratentorial structures because they are located far away from the transducer and the highly echoic tentorium impedes their assessment. Use of high-frequency linear transducers through alternative acoustic windows and adapted settings also provides access to these brain regions. Examples of these supplemental acoustic windows are the lambdoid (posterior), mastoid and lateral (temporal) fontanels. So far, however, only few NICUs use these additional acoustic windows routinely2-5. Doppler techniques can be used for screening patency of intracranial vessels. Flow velocities and indices in cerebral arteries can also be obtained. Some manufacturers now provide hardware to visualize flow around 2 cm/sec (Raets, et al., unpublished data). Small vessels are well displayed: medullary trunks and channels, subependymal veins tributing to the thalamostriate veins, and perforator arteries. 
We present our approach of neonatal CUS, focusing on the use of different transducers, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. Neonatologists and radiologists use this approach in daily clinical practice but is also suitable for research purposes. In the practical part of the video we demonstrate bedside use in the NICU.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="693">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MyLab 70</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Esaote (Genoa, Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Ultrasound system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

state of the art cranial ultrasound imaging in neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

7 -記載されたプロトコールに従って作製イメージングの例は、 図1に示されている。画像は慎重に経験豊富な観察者によって解釈されるべきである。対称的なイメージングは、大泉門（ 図1）を介して行わコロナル画像の適切な解釈のために必要である。疑わしい病変は大泉門以外の音響窓を通して冠状及び（ミッド）矢状面の両方で、または可視化に?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates at JoVE.com

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

新生児におけるアート頭蓋超音波画像の状態

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

state-of-the-art-cranial-ultrasound-imaging-in-neonates

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.9K ビュー.  Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital. Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique. 

ビデオ: State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans.

A dual-mode imaging system was developed for non-contact assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function.

皮膚組織の酸素化と血管機能のデュアルモードイメージング

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health ...

医学

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

マウス心エコー検査と超音波イメージング

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

ラットモデルでの経頭蓋集束超音波を用いた血液脳関門のMRI誘導破壊

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

磁気共鳴イメージング、体積CT画像と超音波を用いた乳がんの骨転移のヌードラットモデルにおける血管新生のマルチモーダルイメージング

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers patients only modest benefits, as most patients do not survive more than five years following diagnosis due to glioma relapse 1,2. The discovery of cancer stem cells in human brain tumors holds promise for having an enormous impact on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for glioma 3. Cancer stem cells are defined by their ability both to self-renew and to differentiate, and are thought to be the only cells in a tumor that have the capacity to initiate new tumors 4. Glioma relapse following radiation therapy is thought to arise from resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to therapy 5-10. In vivo, GSCs are shown to reside in a perivascular niche that is important for maintaining their stem cell-like characteristics 11-14. Central to the organization of the GSC niche are vascular endothelial cells 12. Existing evidence suggests that GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells are important for tumor development, and identify GSCs and their interaction with endothelial cells as important therapeutic targets for glioma. The presence of GSCs is determined experimentally by their capability to initiate new tumors upon orthotopic transplantation 15. This is typically achieved by injecting a specific number of GBM cells isolated from human tumors into the brains of severely immuno-deficient mice, or of mouse GBM cells into the brains of congenic host mice. Assays for tumor growth are then performed following sufficient time to allow GSCs among the injected GBM cells to give rise to new tumors-typically several weeks or months. Hence, existing assays do not allow examination of the important pathological process of tumor initiation from single GSCs in vivo. Consequently, essential insights into the specific roles of GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells in the early stages of tumor initiation are lacking. Such insights are critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies for glioma, and will have great implications for preventing glioma relapse in patients. Here we have adapted the PoRTS cranial window procedure 16and in vivo two-photon microscopy to allow visualization of tumor initiation from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse. Our technique will pave the way for future efforts to elucidate the key signaling mechanisms between GSCs and vascular endothelial cells during glioma initiation.

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

By combining a polished and reinforced thin-skull (PoRTS) cranial window and glioblastoma (GBM) cell injection, we can observe glioma initiation and growth from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse longitudinally.

イメージンググリオーマ開始<emインビボで&gt;</em&gt;ポリッシュと補強シン頭蓋骨頭蓋窓スルー

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

筋骨格超音波画像の新規応用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Vertical transmission is an area of interest among researchers studying infectious diseases, including prion disease, and these investigations require efficient methods for evaluating the effects of maternal infection on reproductive performance. Ultrasonographic examination is a well-established tool for diagnosing pregnancy and assessing fetal health in many animal species1-7, including several species of farmed cervids8-19, however this technique has not been described in Reeves' muntjac deer. Here we describe the application of transabdominal ultrasound to detect pregnancy in muntjac does and to evaluate fetal growth and development throughout the gestational period. Using this procedure, pregnant animals were identified as early as 35 days following doe-buck pairing and this was an effective means to safely monitor the pregnancy at regular intervals. Future goals of this work will include establishing normal fetal measurement references for estimation of gestational age, determining sensitivity and specificity of the technique for diagnosing pregnancy at various stages of gestation, and identifying variations in fetal growth and development under different experimental conditions.

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves&#039; Muntjac Deer

Transabdominal ultrasound is described as an effective, noninvasive means for assessing reproductive status in Reeves' muntjac deer. These methods can be used to achieve early pregnancy diagnosis and to evaluate fetal viability. Future applications of this technique include estimation of gestational age and effects of maternal disease on fetal development.

リーブスのムンジャク鹿における妊娠診断のための腹腔内超音波

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

マウス絞り機能の診断用超音波イメージング

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest capillaries, arterioles and venules. The magnifying effect visualizes the flow pattern of erythrocytes through these vessels.
It's non-invasive character makes it suitable to apply in (preterm) neonates, even in cardiorespiratory unstable patients. In adults and children, MI is mainly performed sublingually, but this is not possible in preterm infants as these cannot cooperate and the size of the probe is problematic. In preterm infants, MI is therefore performed transcutaneously. Their thin skin makes it possible to obtain high quality images of peripheral microcirculation. 
In this manuscript we will demonstrate the method of transcutaneous MI in preterm infants. We will focus on the different techniques and provide tips to optimize image quality. The highlights of software settings, safety and offline analysis are also addressed.

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is used to monitor peripheral perfusion in critically ill or preterm neonates. This manuscript and video demonstrates the optimal approach for obtaining high-quality images.

早産新生児における経皮微小循環イメージング

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

マウス脳動脈瘤のサイズを調べるために胸部、腹部の大動脈の超音波断層像

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...