この作品は、OU一般財源G110および生物医学研究およびOSU-HRS基金013000の優良研究基金の助成金によってサポートされています。著者はこの原稿を作成する際に、彼女の援助のためローレン·チェンに感謝したいと思います。

動物を対象とするすべての手順は、オハイオ州立大学施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）の規制やガイドラインに従っておよびコンプライアンスに承認され、完了した。 1。マウス麻酔<ol><li>外科タオルに包まれた加熱された等温パッドでクリーンな手順テーブルを設定します。加熱パッドは、動物への潜在的な応力を低減しつつ、動物の中核温度を安定化させるために30°Cと34°Cの間に維持されるべきである。 </li><li>次のパラメータを使用して麻酔導入室でマウスを配置します。酸素流量は1.5リットル/分、3.5％に設定さイソフルラン気化器にセット。完全な鎮静は1〜2分以内に行われるべきである。導入室が利用できない場合、ベルジャーをイソフルランと直接動物の接触を避けるために底部に配置金網で使用することができる。 </li><li>すぐに誘導室からマウスを削除するには、一度（マウスは自発的な運動機能を失ったときに達成される）、完全に麻酔をかける。麻酔の維持のために動物にノーズコーンを適用します。酸素流量は約0.5 L /分に低減されるべきであるとイソフルラン気化器は、1.5から2.5パーセントの範囲に設定されるべきである。 <ol><li>目の乾き8を減らすために角膜に直接眼軟膏を少量を適用します。また、麻酔中、マウスは粘膜がピンク色のまま必要があり、呼吸が安定した表示され、ペダル引っ込め反射がないことを維持する必要があります。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。超音波診断イメージング手続きの準備<ol><li>このような外科テープなどの取り外し可能な接着剤を用いて加熱された手順テーブルの上でマウスの各脚を抑制。 </li><li>電気かみそりを使用して、胸腔まで腹部と半分の方法間の腹側の体表面の毛を削除します。さらに再除毛クリームを塗るかみそりでカットされていない残りの髪​​を移動します。 2〜3分後に湿ったガーゼパッドでクリームを拭き取ってください。 </li><li>水で湿らせたガーゼパッドを使用して余分な毛を削除し、70％アルコールや消毒薬と同等で剃毛地域を清掃してください。超音波プローブは、絞り機能を可視化するためにこの領域に適用される。局所用鎮痛剤は、毛髪除去に起因する軽度の皮膚刺激を経験した動物に提供することができる。 </li></ol> 3。超音波診断イメージング·プロトコル<ol><li>超音波装置の電源をオンにして、最適な解像度を得るために、パーセンテージで機器に出力電力を必要に応じて調整してください。 </li><li>マウス横隔膜の収縮を適切に可視化を可能にし、B（明るさ）モード、M（モーション）モード、またはその両方イメージング前に、次のいずれかに超音波装置を設定します。 </li><li>マウスの上腹部に超音波ゲルを少量を適用し、胸腔に向かってゲルをマッサージ。 </li><li>超を配置心に向けたこの分野でのトランスデューサと上向きの角度に聞こえる。画像の最適化された解像度が達成されるまで、プローブを調整します。注意：このプロトコルのために、マイクロコンベックスアレイまたはリニアフェイズドアレイトランスデューサは、小さなフットプリントと優れた距離分解能9に使用するのに理想的なプローブである。周波数帯域にわたって調整されると、これらの実験のために6.5から12メガヘルツの範囲を利用することができる必要がある。 </li><li>一時的にダイヤフラムの画像を保存し、選択された収縮を表示するには、フリーズボタンを押してください。 </li><li>横隔膜遠足など呼吸数の後の測定が可能になるシネ·ループなどの記録を保存します。注意：画像のフレームは将来の分析9にコンピュータ内にまたは外付けハードドライブに保存することができます。 <ol><li>正確に超音波ソフトウェアの一部である電子ノギスを使用して収縮緩和から横隔膜の動きの深さを測定します。 </li><li>変換MPEGファイルにシネループファイルおよび記録期間横隔膜収縮の回数をカウントすることによって、呼吸速度を決定する。あるいは、分（呼吸数）当たりの収縮数をMモード画像から数えてもよい。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。ポスト麻酔動物の回復<ol><li>マウスが完全に1時間以内に麻酔から回復する必要があります。それは胸骨横臥位を維持するのに十分な意識を取り戻したまでは無人の動物を放置しないでください。 </li></ol>

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著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

現在の実験プロトコルは、非侵襲性のインビボのアプローチを介して、マウスモデルにおける絞り活性に特異的な診断用超音波イメージング技術を開発する。麻酔器の設定は、個々のマウスを麻酔に異なって応答することができるので、わずかに各動物について調整してもよい近似値である。不適切な麻酔の投与を防止するためには、定期的に、心拍数、呼吸数、および体温を含むマ?...

近年、超音波診断技術は、腎血管性高血圧および膵臓癌1,2のマウスモデルに適用されている。しかしながら、これらの技術が広く齧歯類呼吸筋機能アッセイにおいて使用されていない。したがって、我々はマウスにおけるダイヤフラムの移動の長手インビボ評価のための貴重なツールとして、超音波診断法を開発した。 診断用超音波イメージングにはいくつかの利点がある。例えば、それは、非侵襲的に安全、ポータブルであり、比較的低コストで3リアルタイム測定を可能にする。特に、特定の低周波数超音波装置は、空気トラッピング、重度の気流の制限〜4の軽度の慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）の臨床的特徴を検出することができた。従って、診断用超音波イメージングは​​、リアルタイム監視のための容易にアクセス可能で再現可能なスクリーニング方法として機能することができる<html>呼吸器疾患の。 診断用超音波イメージング技術は、しばしば、大型動物またはヒト対象に適用される。しかし、小規模なテーマについて、超音波を実施する課題への可能性が高いマウスモデルでの超音波イメージング研究、限られた数がありました。現在のプロトコルは、マウスに絞り機能を測定するための新たな手順の概要を説明します。絞り機能に関するいくつかのげっ歯類の研究が行われているが、また、結果のほとんどは安楽死させ、動物5-7から直接、筋肉片を単離することによって生成した。対照的に、ダイヤフラム活性を分析するためのインビボ診断超音波イメージング法を用いて、実験のために屠殺した動物の数を減少させるであろう。また、振動板の収縮性の強化に焦点を当てた長期治療を正確に動物を犠牲にすることなく、げっ歯類モデルにおける超音波によって評価してもよい。 ntent」は&gt;我々の研究室では、可視化、ならびに、 生体内で絞り機能の理解を助ける動物に侵襲的な方法を回避し、治療薬の開発を補助する超音波装置を用いて、マウスの横隔膜活性を分析するための有効な方法を開発した呼吸機能障害の治療。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

齧歯類呼吸骨格筋の機能解析、特にダイヤフラムは、一般に侵襲性外科手術手順を使用して筋肉ストリップを単離することによって行われる。これは、インビトロ絞り活性を評価する有効な方法であるが、非生存手術を伴う。 この生体内における方法のような非侵襲性の超音波イメージングのアプリケーションは、屠殺動物の数を減少させるのみならずので有益であるが、生きたマウスにおける疾患の進行をモニターするのに適している。したがって、我々の超音波イメージング方法は、おそらく、種々の呼吸器疾患によって誘発される筋肉損傷を軽減する新規な治療法の開発を支援することができる。特に、閉塞性肺疾患の臨床診断において、超音波撮像は、横隔膜筋疲労の早期発症を検出するための他の標準的試験と併せて使用する可能性を有する。現在のプロトコルでは、我々は正確にダイヤフラムcontractiを評価する方法について説明診断用超音波イメージング技術を用いてマウスモデルでのリティ。

マウスの横隔膜の典型的な超音波画像を、 図1Aに示されている。マウスの横隔膜の最大垂直変位を記録した。この距離は、正確に超音波ソフトウェア。 表1に、三つの異なるマウスからの横隔膜収縮のこれらの距離測定値の一部である電子カリパスを用いて収縮弛緩ダイアフラムの動きの深さを測定することにより算出した。 MPEGファイルにシネループファイルを変?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

診断用超音波イメージングは​​、ヒトおよび動物対象の様々な呼吸器疾患の診断に有効であることが証明されている。我々は、特異的マウスモデルにおいて振動板動態を分析するためにZuoの博士の研究室によって利用される総合的な超音波プロトコルを示す。これはまた、マウス呼吸筋機能に関する定量的情報を提供することができる非侵襲的な研究技術である。

マウス絞り機能の診断用超音波イメージング

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

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15.9K ビュー.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine. 診断用超音波イメージングは​​、ヒトおよび動物対象の様々な呼吸器疾患の診断に有効であることが証明されている。我々は、特異的マウスモデルにおいて振動板動態を分析するためにZuoの博士の研究室によって利用される総合的な超音波プロトコルを示す。これはまた、マウス呼吸筋機能に関する定量的情報を提供することができる非侵襲的な研究?...

ビデオ: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

マウス心エコー検査と超音波イメージング

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

医学

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

筋骨格超音波画像の新規応用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

新生児におけるアート頭蓋超音波画像の状態

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

マウス子宮頸部リンパ節の高周波超音波イメージング

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

男性と女性で骨盤臓器脱の磁気共鳴画像による挙筋アニ裂孔拡大の定量化

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

疑わしい心臓血栓の評価のための心臓磁気共鳴:従来技術と新興技術

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

胸膜普及のマウスモデルに対する近赤外光免疫療法

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

介入診断手順:冠状血管機能の評価のための実用的なガイド

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

Drug Treatment by Central Venous Catheter in a Mouse Model of Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Monitoring by 3D Ultrasound

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse models, are applied to advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Testing novel drug candidates to block AAA growth in these models generally requires repeated drug administration during the time course of the experiment. Here, we describe a compiled protocol for AAA induction, insertion of an intravenous catheter to facilitate prolonged therapy, and serial AAA monitoring by 3D ultrasound. Aneurysms are induced in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice by angiotensin II release over 28 days from osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously into the mouse back. Subsequently, the surgical procedure for external jugular vein catheterization is conducted to allow for daily intravenous drug treatment or repeated blood sampling via a subcutaneous vascular access button. Despite the two dorsal implants, the monitoring of AAA development is readily facilitated by sequential semi-automated 3D ultrasound analysis, which yields comprehensive information on the expansion of aortic diameter and volume and on aneurysm morphology, as illustrated by experimental examples.

This protocol describes the consecutive implantation of an osmotic pump to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm by angiotensin II release in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice and of a vascular access port with a jugular vein catheter for repeated drug treatment. Monitoring of aneurysm development by 3D ultrasound is effectively conducted despite dorsal implants.

アンジオテンシンII誘発腹部大動脈瘤のマウスモデルにおける中心静脈カテーテルによる薬物治療と3D超音波によるモニタリング

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

コア持久力運動中のモーションモード超音波と表面筋電図で得られる筋機能

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...