資金源：HL084087、HL089885、HL091475、S10RR027946、T32 GM07356

1。イメージングのための準備<ol><li>仰臥位での動物の処理プラットフォームへのイソフルラン麻酔マウスを確保することから始めます。動物の鼻と麻酔を維持するためにイソフルラン0.5から1パーセントを提供するために口にノーズコーンを置きます。 </li><li>ゲルを行うと電極パッドにマウスの足を確保する。適切な心電図、37℃体温℃、撮影時の生理学的評価のための呼吸数をチェック。を確認してください</li><li>マウスの胸部と上腹部に脱毛クリームを塗る。 </li><li> 2分後、クリームに削除濡れたガーゼを使用してください。 </li></ol> 2。左胸骨傍長軸像<ol><li>マウスが画像化のために準備されると、動物のハンドリングプラットフォームをanterioposterior軸について30度を回転させるプラットフォームの左側を傾けます。 </li><li>オリエントは、縦位置でのトランスデューサとマウスの後部に向かって指摘ノッチと反時計回りに10度回転させます。 </li><li>心が見えてくるまで次の、二次元の表示/ビデオ&quot;B -モード&quot;中に、左胸骨傍の回線上でトランスデューサを下げる。肺動脈が見えてくると、画像を収集し、それらを保存する。 </li><li>それでもB -モードで、大動脈流出と頂部が出てくるまで右に左または変換器を移動する。プローブのいくつかの回転は、心臓の長軸との適切なアライメントを確保するために必要となる場合があります。 </li><li>その後の分析のためのデータを取得するためにビデオキャプチャを使用してください。下流地域の歪み解析のために可能な限り高いフレームレートを確保するために視野を最小限に抑える。ビデオがキャプチャされるたびに、前の100フレームが保存されます。 </li><li>選択して、カラードップラーモードに切り替えて&quot;カラードップラーを。&quot;カラードプラは、ヒトにおける30年以上にわたって利用されていますが、この技術は、ごく最近げっ歯類の超音波検査で可能になっている。 </li><li>すぐに血流の方向と速度を監視するには、ドップラーウィンドウのオーバーレイは、離れてプローブからの流れを示し、青に、プローブに向かって流れを示し、赤からの流れをデジタル化。画像キャプチャで必要な画像を取得する。 </li><li>すべてのカラードップラーデータを取得した後、パルス波ドップラーモード、デジタル時間をかけて血流の方向と速度を評価するために使用される一次元のビューに楽器を切り替えます。 </li><li>肺動脈が見えてくるまで、マウスの頭部に向かってわずかにプローブを移動します。心不全のコンテキストでは、肺動脈のPW /カラードップラーの測定は、右心の機能の代用として使用することができます。必要に応じて画像をキャプチャ。 </li></ol> 3。左半ば乳頭短軸<ol><li>短軸心エコー検査は、同心円状に収縮全体左心室のビューを提供し、可能にするための正確なB -および心臓機能と形態のMモードベースの評価。 </li><li> Bモードでは、胸骨長軸像から、乳頭筋のレベルで左胸骨長軸像に直交変換器を回転させる。 </li><li>左心室の長さに沿って適切な場所を確認してください。両方の乳頭筋は、水平方向の断面図を与えて、はっきりと分離されたはずです。 </li><li> M -モードで、心室の中心を通ってサンプルのボリュームを配置し、データを取得する。 </li><li>必要に応じて、完全な3次元再構築のために必要な画像を得るために3次元運動を開始し、利用する、添付してください。 </li><li>呼吸数および心電図を含む生理学の設定は、拡張末期におけるゲー3D画像キャプチャ用に設定されています</li><li> 3D画像のモーターは、拡張末期のイメージキャプチャが開始されます。 </li><li>拡張末期の3Dキャプチャが完了すると、呼吸数および心電図のための生理学の設定は、収縮末期における3D画像のキャプチャは、ゲーティングのために設定されています</li><li> 3D画像のモーターは、収縮末期の画像のキャプチャが開始されます。 </li></ol> 4。肋骨下の（4チャンバー）ビュー<ol><li>肋骨下のビューには、僧帽弁を越え能力と圧力勾配を測定するための最良の方法です。 </li><li>プラットフォームの左上隅のすべての方法を倒します。マウスの右の肩に向かって東洋ではトランスデューサ、プローブの短軸の回転を維持する。 </li><li>それが下のダイヤフラムを休むようにB -モードでは、上腹部を介してトランスデューサを下げる。前に説明したようにカラードプラを用いて僧帽弁を視覚化する。 </li></ol> 5。大動脈ビュー<ol><li>左側臥位に動物の処理プラットフォームを回転させます。プラットフォームの左側は、可能な限り傾ける必要があります。次に、オリエントトランスデューサは、のレベルでマウスの長さに沿って、限り最高できるだけ傾ける肩甲骨。 </li><li>前腋窩線に沿って右の肩に劣るトランスデューサを下ろします。大動脈弓を視覚化し、画像を取得。 </li><li>マウスの頭部を持ち上げ、そしてマウスの胸骨上のノッチにトランスデューサを下げる。カラードップラーを用いて血流を可視化し、画像を取得。 </li></ol> 6。代表的な結果<ol><li>これは左心室と右心室の小さな部分の両方を示すB -モードで心の長軸像である。 </li><li>ここで、別の心臓の左短軸像は、Mモードで撮影されました。上側の画像は、チャンバーの中心を通る黄色のサンプルのボリュームラインの位置を示しています。下の画像は、一次元の時間をかけて上記のラインのトレースだけでなく、シアンの形態計測の計算です。 </li><li>これは、B -モードにおける大動脈弓のビューです。閉じた大動脈弁は左に見ることができ、マウスの頭部と上肢を供給する血管が右に見ることができます。 </li><li>ラジアルひずみ解析は、下の画像に示すように、前に心臓の上部の図のように機能不全、およびグローバルhypokinesisと地域の同期不全を持つマウスを開発するためにマウスで行われた。両方の表現型は、横方向の大動脈狭窄、増加後負荷のマウスモデルを介して誘導された。 </li><li>図では、時間がパーセンテージで、y軸上に表示され、x軸と半径方向の歪みに表示されます。ひずみ解析は、特にそのような唯一の直接前方自由壁および後壁の機能を測定するM -モード、のような従来の技術では見逃される可能性があります心機能の地域的評価が可能になります。 </li><li>前自由壁は緑で表示されます。ピンクの線は、横方向の壁がピンク色で示されていることを示しています。後壁はシアン色で示されています。劣った自由壁は青で示されています。後部中隔壁は黄色で示されています。前中隔はマゼンタで示され、平均は黒で示されています。 </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1は、。B -モードにおける胸骨長軸像を左。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig2.jpg" alt="図2" /> 図2 M -モードで左短軸像。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig3.jpg" alt="図3" /> 図3：B -モードにおける大動脈弓の眺め。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig4.jpg" alt="図4" /> 図4つのマウス12週間後のTACのラジアルひずみ解析。グリーン=アリ。自由壁。ピンクは=側壁。シアン=後壁。青= infファイル。自由壁。黄色=ポスト。隔壁。マゼンタは=前中隔。ブラック=平均A）保存された機能を持つマウス。グローバルhypokinesisと地域同期不全とB）マウス。

<ol>
	<li>Patten, R. D., Hall-Porter, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+heart+failure:+development+of+novel+therapies,+past+and+present.">Small animal models of heart failure: development of novel therapies, past and present.</a> Circ Heart Fail. 2, 138-144 (2009).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+MRI+Validation+of+Regional+Contractile+Dysfunction+in+Mice+Post+Myocardial+Infarction+Using+High+Resolution+Ultrasound.">Quantification and MRI Validation of Regional Contractile Dysfunction in Mice Post Myocardial Infarction Using High Resolution Ultrasound.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &#38; Biology. 33, 894-904 (2007).</li><li>Gardin, J. M., Siri, F. M., Kitsis, R. N., Edwards, J. G., Leinwand, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+Assessment+of+Left+Ventricular+Mass+and+Systolic+Function+in+Mice.">Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass and Systolic Function in Mice.</a> Circ Res. 76, 907-914 (1995).</li><li>JG, S. t. e. v. e. n. s. o. n., Weiler, T. B. M., EA, H. o. w. a. r. d., Eyer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+multigate+Doppler+with+color+echo+and+Doppler+display+-+Diagnosis+of+atrial+and+ventricular+septal+defects.">Digital multigate Doppler with color echo and Doppler display - Diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defects.</a> Circulation. 60, (1979).</li><li>Patten, R. D., Aronovitz, M. J., Bridgman, P., Pandian, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+pulse+wave+and+color+flow+Doppler+echocardiography+in+mouse+models+of+human+disease.">Use of pulse wave and color flow Doppler echocardiography in mouse models of human disease.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15, 708-714 (2002).</li><li>Hoit, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+characterization+of+the+cardiovascular+phenotype+in+rodent+models.">Echocardiographic characterization of the cardiovascular phenotype in rodent models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 34, 105-110 (2006).</li></ol>

Pistner、ベルモンテ、Blaxallは：クルサードを開示することを何もVisualsonicsのフルタイム従業員ではありません。

シリアル高周波エコー検査は、特に心臓病のマウスモデルでは、心臓の形態と機能の非侵襲的な、高解像度の評価のための強力なツールとして登場しました。マウス間で比較可能な心拍数は、画像を取得する前に麻酔のレベルを調整することによってだけでなく、生理的な体温を維持し、この方法の成功に不可欠です。すべての画像は、同じバイオマーカーを（乳頭筋において、例えば傍胸?...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=2100">Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging</a>. There was an error in the author, Burns Blaxalls', name and the article title. The authors name has been corrected to:
Burns C. Blaxall
instead of:
Burns Blaxall
The article title was changed to:
Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging
instead of:
Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

A correction to an author's name and the article title has been made for the article Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging.

Erratum: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

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<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging System (120V)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Visual Sonics</td>
<td>VS-11945</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging Station 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Visual Sonics</td>
<td>SA-11982</td>
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<td>Ultrasound Gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Parker Laboratories</td>
<td>01-08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abbott Laboratories</td>
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murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

心臓の病態生理の齧歯類モデルでは、病気のメカニズムだけでなく、テストの新しい治療法を調査する貴重な研究ツールを表して1心エコー検査は、直列に生きている動物の心臓の形態計測と機能を評価するために強力な、非侵襲的なツールを提供する。2しかし、このテクニックを使用してマウスに小さなサイズと、これらの動物の急速な心拍数のおかげで固有の課題を提起。3は最近まで、少数の超音波システムは、マウスで品質の心エコー検査を行うことが可能であり、それらは一般的に画像の解像度と真に定量的な測定値を得るために必要なフレームレートを欠いていた。このようなVisualSonics Vevo2100として新たにリリースされたシステムは、慎重かつ非侵襲的にマウスの心機能を調査する研究者のための新しいツールを提供しています。このシステムは、高解像度の画像を生成し、人間の患者で使用されるものと同様の解析機能を提供します。カラードップラーでは、ヒトにおいて30年以上にわたって利用されていますが、この貴重な技術は、ごく最近の齧歯類の超音波検査で可能になっている。4,5カラードプラはすぐに容器に、バルブを通る流れの方向性を評価する能力を含む心エコー検査のための広範なアプリケーションがあり、と急速に弁逆流を識別する。ひずみ解析は、定量的に局所的な心筋機能を測定するために利用される重要な前進です。6このテクニックは、以前の従来の手法よりも、病理の変化、または病理学の解像度を検出する可能性を秘めている。三次元画像再構成の追加と相まって、全体の臓器の体積の評価は、心臓や血管構造の可視化および評価を含め、可能です。マウス互換のコントラストイメージングは​​、体積の測定と組織の血流評価のためにも許可することができます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging at JoVE.com

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

このビデオでは、麻酔マウスの心エコー検査を実行するためにレールマウント高周波超音波プローブの使用方法を示します。方法は、カラードップラー、歪みの解析だけでなく、一般と標的コントラストイメージングなどの新しい、より強力なツールに加え、心機能の両方を従来の2次元およびMモードの測定値を説明します。

マウス心エコー検査と超音波イメージング

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

murine-echocardiography-and-ultrasound-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

35.2K ビュー.  University of Rochester. このビデオでは、麻酔マウスの心エコー検査を実行するためにレールマウント高周波超音波プローブの使用方法を示します。方法は、カラードップラー、歪みの解析だけでなく、一般と標的コントラストイメージングなどの新しい、より強力なツールに加え、心機能の両方を従来の2次元およびMモードの測定値を説明します。

ビデオ: Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

マウスにおける経胸壁心エコー

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

医学

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

ネズミの胎児心エコー検査

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

胎児心エコー検査と子宮内発育制限のウサギモデルにおけるパルス波ドップラー超音波

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

筋骨格超音波画像の新規応用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

マウス絞り機能の診断用超音波イメージング

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

マウス子宮頸部リンパ節の高周波超音波イメージング

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

左心房、大動脈、肺動脈のマウス心エコー

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

3 D の超音波画像診断: 筋骨格系組織の迅速かつコスト効果の高い計測

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

ゴルフスイング中の輝度モード超音波を使用した視覚的バイオフィードバックの提供

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

コア持久力運動中のモーションモード超音波と表面筋電図で得られる筋機能

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...