Supported by grants from CIHR (MOP231122) and NSERC (RGPIN-2014-06503). We would like to thank Genevi&#232;ve Cyr for her help preparing experiments and supervising laboratory work. MAL received a scholarship from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

注：すべての手順は、動物の保護とモントリオール大学の倫理審査委員会のためのカナダ評議会の指令に従って行われました。 録音注入ピペットの1アセンブリ<ol><li>ピペットプラーを使用して、約7センチのガラスキャピラリー（1ミリメートル外径）を引き出します。 </li><li>キャピラリの先端を破壊し、光学顕微鏡下で開口部をチェックします。内径が40〜30μmの間のマイクロメートルであることを確認します。 </li><li>ガラスピペットの非テーパ状端から突出した約1cmを有するガラスキャピラリーに7センチメートル長い銀線を挿入します。 </li><li>ガラスキャピラリーに直交し、過剰なフィラメントを曲げます。 </li><li> 30 G注射針の軸に柔軟なプラスチック接着剤の液滴を適用します。 </li><li> 図1に示す回路図に従って、ガラスピペットで30 Gの皮下注射針を挿入します</stro&gt; NG。 </li><li>ガラスピペットと注射針との間の接合部からの適切なシールを確保するために、接着剤の第二のコーティングを追加します。 </li><li>先端が接着剤の適切な硬化を確実にするために約12時間上に向けて乾燥するピペットを残します。完成した結果を図2に示されています。 </li></ol>注：この手順は、急性実験に行われ、ピペットチップの滅菌が必要とされていません。 2.動物の準備<ol><li>麻酔ボックスにラットを配置します。 </li><li> 5〜10分間、4％イソフルランを用いて麻酔を誘導します。 </li><li> 37℃の体温を維持するために加熱パッドおよび直腸プローブと定位テーブルの上に動物を配置します。 2％イソフルランで麻酔を維持するためにノーズコーンを使用します。耳のバーや歯ホルダーを使用して、ラットの頭を固定します。 </li><li>アトロピンは、瞳孔拡張を支援するために低下1％を含む眼軟膏や点眼薬を適用します。乾燥を防ぐために、ドロップ潤滑適用約30分ごとです。 </li><li>頭を剃る、10％ポビドンヨードを使用してクリーニングします。 </li><li>局所麻酔のために、皮膚を持ち上げ、針の先端を挿入することにより、2-3の場所で頭皮の下で2％リドカインの0.5ミリリットルを注入。 </li><li>つま先のピンチを行い、運動の欠如を観察することにより、麻酔の適切なレベルを確認してください。また、それは正常値（300〜400拍/分）の範囲内にあることを確実にするために心拍数を監視します。 </li><li>冠状および矢状縫合の両方を公開するために＃10手術用メスの刃を用いて正中に沿って直線状に頭皮を切開。 </li><li>手術用スパチュラで頭蓋を覆っている組織を脇に押して、ラムダとブレグマ点を明らかにしました。 </li><li>ブレグマとラムダ位置は同一平面上にあるように、頭蓋を水平に。 </li><li>基準点を設定するには、右のブレグマの上にそれを設定するために取り付けられたガラス管を定位デバイスを使用しています。これは、前後およびMEDのために &quot;ゼロ&quot;になりますIAL-横測定座標。 </li><li>定位は、必要な座標にマウント定位座標をメモして開頭が行われる場所をマークターゲット領域の周囲に四角形を描画移動させることにより、目的のポイントを設定します。 </li><li>ゆっくりと骨材を除去するために圧力をかけずにゆっくりとマークされた正方形に沿って滅菌ドリルで外科用ドリルを使用してください。それは熱を発生し、皮質の病変の原因となるように、同じ地域に長すぎるドリルしないように注意してください。 </li><li>開頭術を区切る骨が十分に薄くなってきた場合には、慎重に皮質を露出するようにピンセットで頭蓋セクションを削除。 </li><li>よく組織乾燥を防止するために、人工脳脊髄液で露光野を灌漑。 注：injectrodeの先端が貫通するのに十分頑丈であるように硬膜除去はラットに不必要です。 </li></ol> 3.充填と噴射システムのマウント<ol><li>塗りつぶし鉱物油との吸引により、5〜10μlをマイクロシリンジ。 </li><li> 0.5％シカゴスカイブルー（CSB）および300μMのγアミノ酪酸（GABA）または0.5％CSB 9で2％リドカイン溶液の溶液で固定したガラスピペットを用いて皮下注射針を埋めます。生理食塩水ですべてのソリューションを希釈します。 <ol><li>豊富な物質の場合には、定期的な注射器を用いて充填し、気泡の形成を避けるために、通常の予防的技術を使用します。 </li><li>より高価な物質の場合には、injectrodeを埋めるためにミネラルオイルを使用し、化学薬品は、次いで、吸引により導入することができます。鉱物油と水との間の密度差が比較的高いように、この物質は、水溶液の注入のための良好な候補です。 注：染料の両方の液体との間の分離を確認するために加えることができます。 </li></ol></li><li>注射ピペットを充填するために、吸引によって液で1mlシリンジを充填した後、ゆっくり溶液を注入注入ピペットに。 </li><li>クリーンこれらの領域を拭き取り、さらに注射器でゆっくり溶液を注入することによって漏れを観察することによって、図1に示した領域で漏れの細心の注意を払ってください。 </li><li> 1mlシリンジを取り外します。その際、真空注入用ピペットから溶液を除去しないように、プランジャーに光の圧力を保つようにしてください。 </li><li>吸引によりミネラルオイルとマイクロシリンジを記入し、充填された注入ピペットにしっかりとそれを添付し、慎重にガーゼで組み立てinjectrodeから余分な溶液を乾いた布で拭き取ってください。 </li><li>先端がガラスピペットの先端に形成小滴を参照するのに十分な非常に小さな体積を注入することによってブロックされていないことを確認します。 </li><li>マイクロポンプシステムのinjectrodeをマウントし、それが十分に固定されていることを確認してください。 </li><li>慎重に目標座標でinjectrodeチップを配置し、皮質の表面に先端を下げます。 </li><li>ゆっくりinjectrを下げます適切な解剖学的座標を用いて、ターゲット構造（ここでは上丘）への定位固定装置を使用して頌歌。 </li><li>組織乾燥を防ぐために、温かい寒天で露光野をカバーしています。 </li></ol> 4.インジェクションと可逆的不活性化<ol><li>注入を開始するには40 NL / minであり、プレスランで400〜800 NLを注入するマイクロインジェクションポンプを設定します。そのスパイク率は注入中削減が表示されます注意してください。 注：実験では、神経活動は、GABAの配信の終了後1時間以内に回復しました。任意に較正機械装置は、注入を行うためにマイクロインジェクションシリンジに圧力を適用するために使用することができます。 </li><li>電気生理学的データを取得した後、地元の動物倫理コミュニティに承認方法を使用して安楽死させます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Martin, J. H., Ghez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+inactivation+in+the+analysis+of+the+central+control+of+movement.">Pharmacological inactivation in the analysis of the central control of movement.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 145-159 (1999).</li><li>Ponce, C. R., Hunter, J. N., Pack, C. C., Lomber, S. G., Born, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+indirect+pathways+to+visual+response+properties+in+macaque+middle+temporal+area+MT.">Contributions of indirect pathways to visual response properties in macaque middle temporal area MT.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 31 (10), 3894-3903 (2011).</li><li>Lomber, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+advantages+and+limitations+of+permanent+or+reversible+deactivation+techniques+in+the+assessment+of+neural+function.">The advantages and limitations of permanent or reversible deactivation techniques in the assessment of neural function.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 109-117 (1999).</li><li>Malpeli, J., Schiller, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+reversible+inactivation+of+small+regions+of+brain+tissue.">A method of reversible inactivation of small regions of brain tissue.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 1 (2), 143-151 (1979).</li><li>Lomber, S. 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We have nothing to disclose.

提案されたプロトコルは、現在の可逆的不活性化の方法から生じる課題を解決するために設計されました。具体的には、このプロジェクトは、特に脳深部構造において、神経活動を調節する物質の化学的微量注入のために使用される方法を改良することを目的と。セットアップのこのタイプから出る技術的課題は、注射部位での正確な記録を得るために、in vivoで同じ限られた空間内に...

皮質領域および皮質下核の不活性化は、様々な脳構造2-4との間の機能の関係を研究する上で重要です。最近の文献は、脳構造2,5の役割を研究するための機能喪失化学的又は極低温技術を採用しています。周囲組織6,7の巻き添え被害を最小限に抑えながら、薬理微量注入に関しては、薬物の少量は、制御された速度で、脳の領域に投与することができます。この技術は、ニューロン活性に異なる薬理学的標的の効果を研究するために、特定のアゴニスト、インバースアゴニストまたはアンタゴニストを送達するために使用することができます。このような効果はまた、研究者が、異なる皮質および皮質下構造の間の関係を研究することができ、遠隔地からの神経応答の変化を測定することによって調べることができます。 ここでは、BOが可能な装置の組立、injectrodeを実証します電気生理学的信号を記録し、目標位置での薬物の少量を送達目。我々は、ラットの上丘では、GABA、神経活動の一般的な阻害剤を注入することによって、このシステムの能力を実証します。この領域は、私たちはinjectrodeの局在を確認するために、視覚的に誘発されたマルチユニット活動の使用を許可視覚刺激に敏感で​​す。不活性化の可逆性は、GABA注射の終了後、通常の神経活動の回復により評価しました。 注射部位からマルチユニット活動を監視する能力は、所望の薬力学的応答を達成するの​​に必要な注入速度や体積の微調整を可能にします。最小の有効体積が注入されているのでしたがって、この手法の利点は、微小灌流によって引き起こされる組織損傷の制限電位です。提案されたプロトコルは、使い捨てのハードウェアnecessarを生成するためのコスト効率的な方法を提供します薬物送達およびローカルニューロンの活動記録が望まれている実験を行うためのY。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="981">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Name of the reagent</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Injection pump (UltraMicroPump III)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">#UMP3</td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Injection console (Micro4 Controller)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">#SYS-MICRO4</td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:280px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Hamliton</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">(80301) 701LT 10 &#181;L SYR</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Syringes between 5 and 10 &#956;L used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:280px;">Gel cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Krazy Glue</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">KG86648R</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">The gel form is easier to apply on the shaft of the 30G hypodermic needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:280px;">Glass pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">#TW100F-4</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Thin wall, 1mm OD, 0.75mm ID with filament pipettes used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">720 Needle Pipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">720</td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Silver wire</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">A-M Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">782500</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Bare 0.010&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous electrophysiological recording and micro-injections of inhibitory agents in the rodent brain

ここでは、商業的にアクセス可能で、手頃な価格の部品を使用して、単回使用」injectrode」を構築するための方法を説明します。プロービングシステムが影響を受けた神経細胞の集団からの電気生理学的信号を記録しながら、薬剤を注入するのを可能にするように開発されました。この方法は、商業的なソリューションに簡単かつ経済的な代替手段を提供します。ガラスピペットは、皮下注射針と銀のフィラメントと組み合わせることによって変更されました。 injectrodeは、薬物送達のための商業的なマイクロポンプに取り付けられています。これは、薬物送達の部位に由来するマルチユニットの細胞外シグナルを介してリアルタイムの薬力学フィードバックを提供する技術をもたらします。コンセプトの証明として、我々は同時にinjectrodeを介して薬物の送達と、ラットでの光の点滅によって誘発さ上丘からニューロン活動を記録しました。 injectrodeの記録容量は、INJの機能解析を可能にします薬物送達の局在を正確に制御する有利ectionサイト​​。 injectrodeにロードされた化学物質の選択は、解剖学的実験のためのマーカーを追跡するなど、広大であるように、この方法の適用はまた、これまでここで実証されているものを超えています。

injectrodeの構造は、ワイヤの屈曲部とガラスピペット（D）に供給され、開口部から突出している図1の銀線（C）に示されています。 30 G針（B）が取り付けられ、接着剤でガラスピペットの開口部に封止されています。ピペット注入物質で充填された後に、ガラスマイクロシリンジ（A）は、針に取り付けられています。これは、マイクロシリンジは針（E）に接続し、銀線がガラス?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

同時電気生理学的記録およびげっ歯類の脳における阻害剤のマイクロ注射

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing ...

simultaneous-electrophysiological-recording-micro-injections

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.0K ビュー.  Université de Montréal. Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

ビデオ: Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

齧歯類の脳における同時fMRIと電気生理学

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

神経科学

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial products are often expensive, not easily customized, and not submersible. Here we describe a method to design and build a customized, integrated circuit headstage for simultaneous 4-channel neural recording and 2-channel simulation in awake, behaving animals. The headstage is designed using a free, commercially available CAD-type design package, and can be modified easily to accommodate different scales (e.g. to add channels). A customized printed circuit board is built using surface mount resistors, capacitors and operational amplifiers to construct the unity gain source follower circuit. The headstage is made water-proof with a combination of epoxy, parafilm and a synthetic rubber putty. We have successfully used this device to record local field potentials and stimulate different brain regions simultaneously via independent channels in rats swimming in a water maze. The total cost is &lt; $30/unit and can be manufactured readily.

We present a low-cost method to design and construct a light headstage pre-amplifier system with simultaneous neural recording and stimulation capability. This device can be waterproofed for use in swimming animals.

水迷路における同時神経刺激および記録のためのコスト効率のヘッドステージの設計と構築

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

からの同時プリとポストシナプスの電気生理学的記録<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;神経筋共培養

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

同時電気生理学的記録および視交叉上核ニューロンのカルシウムイメージング

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

無傷アダルトゼブラフィッシュの脳における電気生理学的記録

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful analysis of synaptic transmission modulation when performing field potential or intracellular recordings. This manuscript describes methodological aspects that might be helpful in improving experimental conditions for the maintenance of acute brain slices and for recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in a commercially available submersion chamber with an outflow-carbogenation unit. The outflow-carbogenation helps to stabilize the oxygen level in experiments that rely on the recycling of a small buffer reservoir to enhance the cost-efficiency of drug experiments. In addition, the manuscript presents representative experiments that examine the effects of different carbogenation modes and stimulation paradigms on the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of synaptic transmission.

This protocol describes the stabilization of the oxygen level in a small volume of recycled buffer and methodological aspects of recording activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in submerged acute hippocampal slices.

少量循環、血流 - と水没型チャンバー システムで管理急性海馬スライスにおけるシナプス可塑性を記録

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful ...

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Anesthesia arguably provides one of the only systematic ways to study the neural correlates of global consciousness/unconsciousness. However to date most neuroimaging or neurophysiological investigations in humans have been confined to the study of &#947;-Amino-Butyric-Acid-(GABA)-receptor-agonist-based anesthetics, while the effects of dissociative N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-(NMDA)-receptor-antagonist-based anesthetics ketamine, nitrous oxide (N2O) and xenon (Xe) are largely unknown. This paper describes the methods underlying the simultaneous recording of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) from healthy males during inhalation of the gaseous anesthetic agents N2O and Xe. Combining MEG and EEG data enables the assessment of electromagnetic brain activity during anesthesia at high temporal, and moderate spatial, resolution. Here we describe a detailed protocol, refined over multiple recording sessions, that includes subject recruitment, anesthesia equipment setup in the MEG scanner room, data collection and basic data analysis. In this protocol each participant is exposed to varying levels of Xe and N2O in a repeated measures cross-over design. Following relevant baseline recordings participants are exposed to step-wise increasing inspired concentrations of Xe and N2O of 8, 16, 24 and 42%, and 16, 32 and 47% respectively, during which their level of responsiveness is tracked with an auditory continuous performance task (aCPT). Results are presented for a number of recordings to highlight the sensor-level properties of the raw data, the spectral topography, the minimization of head movements, and the unequivocal level dependent effects on the auditory evoked responses. This paradigm describes a general approach to the recording of electromagnetic signals associated with the action of different kinds of gaseous anesthetics, which can be readily adapted to be used with volatile and intravenous anesthetic agents. It is expected that the method outlined can contribute to the understanding of the macro-scale mechanisms of anesthesia by enabling methodological extensions involving source space imaging and functional network analysis.

Simultaneous magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography provides a useful tool to search for common and distinct macro-scale mechanisms of reductions in consciousness induced by different anesthetics. This paper illustrates the empirical methods underlying the recording of such data from healthy humans during N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-(NMDA)-receptor-antagonist-based anesthesia during inhalation of nitrous oxide and xenon.

気体の麻酔薬は、キセノンと亜酸化窒素の健康なボランティアの管理中に記録脳波電磁

Anesthesia arguably provides one of the only systematic ways to study the neural correlates of global consciousness/unconsciousness. However to date most ...

Recording and Modulation of Epileptiform Activity in Rodent Brain Slices Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach when pharmacological treatment fails or neurosurgery is not recommended. Acute brain slices coupled to microelectrode arrays (MEAs) represent a valuable tool to study neuronal network interactions and their modulation by electrical stimulation. As compared to conventional extracellular recording techniques, they provide the added advantages of a greater number of observation points and a known inter-electrode distance, which allow studying the propagation path and speed of electrophysiological signals. However, tissue oxygenation may be greatly impaired during MEA recording, requiring a high perfusion rate, which comes at the cost of decreased signal-to-noise ratio and higher oscillations in the experimental temperature. Electrical stimulation further stresses the brain tissue, making it difficult to pursue prolonged recording/stimulation epochs. Moreover, electrical modulation of brain slice activity needs to target specific structures/pathways within the brain slice, requiring that electrode mapping be easily and quickly performed live during the experiment. Here, we illustrate how to perform the recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using planar MEAs. We show that the brain tissue obtained from mice outperforms rat brain tissue and is thus better suited for MEA experiments. This protocol guarantees the generation and maintenance of a stable epileptiform pattern that faithfully reproduces the electrophysiological features observed with conventional field potential recording, persists for several hours, and outlasts sustained electrical stimulation for prolonged epochs. Tissue viability throughout the experiment is achieved thanks to the use of a small-volume custom recording chamber allowing for laminar flow and quick solution exchange even at low (1 mL/min) perfusion rates. Quick MEA mapping for real-time monitoring and selection of stimulating electrodes is performed by a custom graphic user interface (GUI).

We illustrate how to perform recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using microelectrode arrays. A custom recording chamber maintains tissue viability throughout prolonged experimental sessions. Live electrode mapping and selection of stimulating pairs are performed by a custom graphical user interface.

記録と電極アレイに結合された齧歯動物の脳スライスにおけるてんかん活動の変調

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

自由に泳ぐ魚における可動テトロデスによるニューロンの無線電気生理学的記録

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective neural modulation or monitoring. As specific types of neuronal cells can be genetically modified to express opsin proteins, optogenetics enables optical stimulation or inhibition of the selected neurons. There have been several technological advances in the optical system for optogenetics. Recently, it was proposed to combine the optical waveguide for light delivery with electrophysiological recording to simultaneously monitor the neural responses to optogenetic stimulation or inhibition. In this study, an implantable optrode array (2x2 optical fibers) was developed with embedded multichannel electrodes. 
A light-emitting diode (LED) was employed as a light source, and a microfabricated microlens array was integrated to provide sufficient light power at the tip of the optical fibers. The optrode array system comprises the disposable part and the reusable part. The disposable part has optical fibers and electrodes, while the reusable part has the LED and electronic circuitry for light control and neural signal processing. The novel design of the implantable optrode array system is introduced in the accompanying video in addition to the procedure of the optrode implantation surgery, optogenetic light stimulation, and the electrophysiological neural recording. The results of in vivo experiments successfully showed time-locked neural spikes evoked by the light stimuli from hippocampal excitatory neurons of mice.

Here, we present the fabrication method of an optrode system with optical fibers for light delivery and an electrode array for neural recording. In vivo experiments with transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 show the feasibility of the system for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recording.

同時光遺伝学的変調と電気的神経記録のためのオプトロードアレイ

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...