This project was funded by, in part, by start-up funds from Wayne State University to M.H. Malek.

すべての手順は、ヒト対象のための大学の施設内倫理委員会によって承認されました。 参加者の脚の調製<ol><li>参加者がきちんと目的の脚のために彼らのパンツをロールアップしています。大腿四頭筋は筋群が露出し、参加者が剃る必要のある領域の周りに線を描画されている大腿ように、そしてパンツをテープで固定します。 </li><li>重要：これはEMG信号を妨害する可能性がないstubblesがないことを保証するよう、参加者がテストではなく、前の日の前に自分の足を剃るてもらいます。 </li><li>参加者は、脚の所望の領域を剃る終了すると、EMG信号を妨害することがシェービングジェル（またはクリーム）のない残骸がないことを確認するために消毒用アルコールで剃毛面積を清掃してください。 </li></ol>電極配置のための脚の2測定<ol><li>外側広筋の筋のEMG電極を配置するためには、FOを作りますllowing測定<ol><li>参加者は研究者が直面しているまっすぐに立っています。 </li><li>優れた（ASIS）腸骨前方脊椎と膝蓋骨の側方を探します。 ASISは、股関節の骨です。臍下の腹部の両側に手を置くことによって、それを触診。 </li><li>巻尺を使用すると、上記識別される2つの位置の間の距離を測定し、膝蓋骨の側方へのASISから行にその値の2/3を取ります。注：http://www.seniam.org/：EMG電極の配置に関するさらなる情報は、SENIAM（筋肉の非侵襲的評価のための表面筋電図）URLで見つけることができます</li></ol></li></ol> EMG電極の3配置<ol><li>外側広筋の位置が特定された後、接着SHを除去せずに外側広筋上のEMG電極（ほとんどの研究者は、市販の使い捨てのAg-Ag系のCl電極を使用）と起こりますield。そして、ペンで電極のゲル部分は、筋肉と接触する領域をマーク。電極間距離が20mmの中心であることを確認してください。 </li><li>優しく皮膚の表面層を除去するために、この2つの領域を研磨するためにサンドペーパー（60粗い）の一部を使用してください。この間、参​​加者に不快感のレベルを求めます。参加者は地域が暖かい示すとき研磨を停止します。 </li><li>アルコールまたはアルコール綿棒をこすりを浸したタオルで摩耗領域を清掃してください。脚部の面積はEMG電極を配置する前に乾燥することができます。 </li><li> （ 図2）研磨されたサイトにEMG電極を配置します。腸脛靱帯（IT帯）に電極を配置しないように注意してください。外側広筋を触診するために、大腿四頭筋を収縮し、参加者を確認して下さい。それはIT帯にされないようにするために、筋肉に電極を配置します。注：ITバンドの電極場合、EMG信号wou参加者が契約を最大限にするように求められたときにLDは減衰させること。 </li><li>このようなASISは、このように、運動の試合中に下肢の動きに干渉しないようBONEYの付着部位の基準電極（ 第 3 電極 ）を配置します。 </li></ol> 4. EMG信号の確認<ol><li>運動負荷試験を開始する前に、極間インピーダンスを確認してください。 注：信号があまりにも多くのノイズを持っているならば、運動負荷試験中に収集されたEMGデータは無効となりますので、このステップは非常に重要です。 <ol><li>参加者が椅子に座って、EMGは、参加者の脚部に取り付けられ、それぞれの電極につながる接続しています。 </li><li>この時点で、参加者は筋肉には緊張を有していない、彼らの足をリラックスできます。そして緩和の約30秒後に、参加者は最大5秒間その大腿四頭筋を収縮させ、その後、完全にリラックスしているに戻っています。 </li><li>タスクAを実行する場合BOVE（ステップ4.1.2）、コンピューター上で参加者EMG信号を記録します。 </li><li>極間インピーダンスが&lt;2,000オームであることを確認してください。電圧計は、実験室で利用可能である場合また、その後、ベースラインノイズをチェックして、5μV以下に保ちます。また、千Hzのサンプリング周波数を設定します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.設定アップサイクルエルゴメーター<ol><li>極間インピーダンスを確認した後、サイクルエルゴメーターに椅子からの参加者の動きを持っています。 </li><li>参加者は、サイクルエルゴメーターの隣に立って、太ももが地面と平行になるまで自分の膝を上げています。その後、参加者は、この位置を保持し、参加者の大腿部と同じ高さに合わせて、シートの高さを調整しています。 </li><li>その後、参加者は、サイクルエルゴメーター席に座ると、彼らはシートの高さに慣れている場合は、それらを求めながら、数回のペダルがあります。必要に応じて、座面の高さを調整します。 </li><li> THAを確認参加者の足T各ペダル回転中に膝のわずかな曲がり（〜5°）との完全な拡張子の近くにあります。 </li><li>心拍数は、運動試験にわたって文書化することができるようにテストを開始する前に、参加者は、極性心拍数モニタを着用しています。 </li></ol> 6. EMG疲労しきい値のプロトコルを実行します<ol><li>参加者は、サイクリングを開始し、徐々に/分70回転にそのリズムを増やす必要があります。次に、50 Wにサイクルエルゴメーターの電源出力を増加させます</li><li>約2〜3分間、このパワー出力で参加者のサイクルを持っています。 注：これは、低強度の運動であり、ウォームアップとして機能します。 </li><li>参加者は、もはや70回転/分のリズムを維持することができるか、試験を中止することを要求するまでのウォームアップ期間の後、毎分2 W 25による電力出力を増加しません。 注：これは、運動試験中に、EMG信号が10のために記録されることに留意されたいです秒秒10-20、30-40、50-60、70-80、90-100のための各2分の段階でエポック、および110〜120 21。ほとんどのEMGシステムは、所望の間隔で自動記録を設定するオプションがあります。このように、各ステージのための6つのデータファイルがあるはずです。 </li><li>増分テストが終了した後、参加者は50 W.でクールダウン実行しているクールの長さダウンがウォームアップフェーズの間に値に参加者の心拍数の戻りを有する対応することを確認してください。極性の心拍数モニターを使用して、参加者の心拍数をチェックして、これを監視します。 </li><li>クールダウンが完了すると、EMGリード削除し、参加者が、サイクルエルゴメーターを降りると椅子に戻っています。その後、慎重にEMG電極を除去し、アルコールまたはアルコール綿棒をこすりで湿らせた清潔なタオルでエリアを拭いてください。 </li></ol> 7. EMG信号を処理<ol><li>テストが完了すると、プロデータはEMG疲労閾値を決定するために使用することができるように運動負荷試験中に収集された生EMGデータファイルをCESS。 <ol><li> EMG信号を収集するために使用されるソフトウェアや、MATLABやLabVIEWのような様々なプラットフォームを使用してカスタム書かれたソフトウェアのいずれかでEMG信号の処理を実行します。 </li><li>バンドパスフィルターを用いて収集EMG信号をフィルタ。 10〜500ヘルツの設定を使用します。注：これは、&lt;環境から（10ヘルツ、高周波アーチファクトEMGリード）の動き（&gt; 500ヘルツ）の低周波数アーチファクトが除去されるように、信号の周波数を変化させます。コンピュータまたはEMGシステムの電源からの干渉がある場合には60Hzのノッチフィルタを使用してください。 </li><li>信号がフィルタリングされた後、信号の二乗値を平均平方根を計算することによって信号の振幅を決定する：正方形のデータ点のそれぞれは、それらを合計し、データポイントの数で除算し、次いで、得られた値の平方根を取ります。上記のソフトウェアを使用してこれらの計算を実行します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 8.各参加者のEMG疲労閾値を決定します<ol><li>参加者ごとに以下の手順を実行します。 <ol><li> EMG信号は、処理された後、統計プログラム（ 例 ：グラフパッドプリズム）を使用し、テストのために使用される電力出力と最初の列「時間」とそれに続く列にラベルを付けます。 </li><li>各電力出力の場合は、フィルイン、各20秒間隔での対応EMG振幅値。 </li><li>各電力出力は、回帰直線の傾きがゼロとは異なる（p &lt;0.05）有意であるかどうかを決定するために線形回帰とEMG振幅（y軸）の関係対時間（x軸）を分析します。 </li><li>線形回帰を実行すると、すべての電力出力のために分析した後、非有意（P&gt; 0.05）の傾きで最高の電力出力を識別します。 </li><li>そして、Lを識別に有意な（p &lt;0.05）の傾きを有するowest電力出力。 </li><li>これらの2つの電源出力が識別されると、それらを追加し、2で割ます。結果として得られる出力は推定EMG疲労閾値です。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここでは、大腿四頭筋に神経筋疲労を決定するための方法は、動的運動のために筋肉を大腿提示します。この方法は、表面筋電図を用いて簡単にかつ非侵襲的なアプローチを提供します。また、この方法の汎用性は、研究者は、トレッドミル20のような運動の他のモードに適応させることができるということです。 理論的には、EMGの疲労閾値で以下の強度のため?...

表面筋電図（EMG）は、等角投影1-3時のモータユニットの動員、等速4-6、または連続7-10筋活動を研究する非侵襲的なアプローチです。 EMG信号の振幅は、活性運動単位の数は、モータユニットの発射速度、または両方の11から構成され、筋肉の活性化を表します。 EMG疲労閾値の概念は、個人がEMG振幅8を増加させることなく無制限に運動可能な最高の負荷を示すために使用されます。 これは、EMGの疲労閾値の起源について簡単に議論することが重要です。デブリーズら 12による最初の研究は、EMGの振幅が各作業の試合のための時間に対してプロットした（通常は3から4）不連続な作業の試合、複数から構成されたプロトコルを関与しました。電力出力は、その後、時間RELA対EMG振幅の傾き係数に対してプロットしました<html>シップ、およびゼロスロープ（y切片）12に外挿し。著者ら12はもともと、そのプロトコルに疲労閾値（PWCFT）での物理的な作業能力と呼ばれます。別の研究では、デブリーズら 13は、不連続作業発作を使用しますが、時間の関係に対するEMG振幅に大きな傾きが生じた第1の電力出力を見つけるために線形回帰を使用していました。著者ら13は 、文献にもいくつかの混乱を作成し、そのプロトコルPWCFTと呼ばれます。その後の記事では、デブリーズら 14は、それらの以前のプロトコル13を修正し、継続的な増分のプロトコルを開発しました。 EMG振幅は、各電源出力の時間に対してプロットし、PWCFTは時間をかけてEMG振幅に変化がないと時間14にわたってEMG振幅が増加した最低電力出力が得られた最高の電力出力の平均値として定義しました。 ENTは&quot;&gt;これは、PWCは、もともと1950年代後半15,16に導入された用語は、文献の過多（過去、現在、そして様々な国全体で）特定のワークロード17で有酸素能力を調べることと同義であることに留意されたい。また、この用語は、このような組立工場18内の個人として8時間の作業日の間に繰り返し動作を行う労働者の日々の生産性に焦点を当て、人間工学的および工業文献で ​​使用されています。 彼らは時間の関係に対するEMG振幅の傾き係数対パワー出力をプロットし、勾配がゼロに外挿するデブリーズ12プロトコルを変更した後、長期EMG疲労閾値は、最初は松本ら19で使用されていました。さらに最近では、ガフィーら 20とブリスコーら 8デブリーズらの方法を使用していました。14松本らaの用語運用EMG疲労しきい値を定義するには、l。19。今後は、用語EMG疲労閾値を使用することをお勧めします。したがって、時間的関係に対するEMG振幅は各電力出力に対してプロットし、線形回帰分析（ 図1）を用いて分析しました。 EMG疲労閾値を推定するために、有意な（p &lt;0.05）と有意でない（p&gt; 0.05）、傾きおよび最低電力出力と最高出力が勾配が同定され、次いで、平均14を算出します。このプロトコルは、シンプル、便利、かつ15〜20分以内で完了です。さらに、増分率は習慣的な身体活動の個々のレベルに基づいて調節することができるので、臨床での潜在的用途を有します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>839 E Monark cycle ergometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Monark Exercise AB</td>
			<td>839 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart rate monitor</td>
			<td>Polar</td>
			<td>Polar H1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell Inspiron</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td>any laptop computer with USB slots should work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG amplifiers</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>100B</td>
			<td>100C are the latest version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>EL-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sandpaper</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>9 in. x 11 in. 60 Grit course no-slip grip Advanced Sandpaper (3-Pack)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining the electromyographic fatigue threshold following a single visit exercise test

理論的には、筋電（EMG）疲労閾値は、個人がEMGの振幅の増加に関連付けられている複数のモータユニットを補充することなく、無期限に維持することができる運動強度です。異なるプロトコルは、EMG疲労閾値を推定するために使用されてきたが、それらは、臨床設定では非実用的である複数の訪問を必要とします。ここでは、単一の訪問を必要とするサイクルエルゴメータ運動負荷試験法のためのEMG疲労閾値を推定するためのプロトコルを提示します。このプロトコルは、したがって、臨床医は運動処方に使用できるツールに翻訳される可能性を持っている、シンプルで便利で15〜20分以内で完了です。

図1に示すように、単一の参加者のために、完成された各出力は外側広筋の筋肉のためのEMG振幅を表す6つのデータ点を有します。重大と最低電力出力（P &lt;0.05）、傾きがこの参加者のためにEMG、したがって225 W.あるのに対ししたがって、この例では、非有意（P&gt; 0.05）、傾きの最高出力は200ワットでありますEMG疲労閾値はその後推測統計を行うことができ、各参加...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test at JoVE.com

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

シングル訪問運動試験後の電疲労閾値を決定します

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

determining-electromyographic-fatigue-threshold-following-single

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.4K ビュー.  Wayne State University. This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

ビデオ: Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

IMAPのテストバッテリー：リスニングの意味を理解する

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

医学

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

心理的ストレスを誘導するためのトリーアの社会ストレステストプロトコル

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

間歇性跛行患者における姿勢制御評価のためのコンピュータ化されたダイナミックPosturography

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

内皮機能の超音波評価：フロー依存性血管拡張テストの技術ガイドライン

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be small; therefore, sensitive tools are fundamental to exercise physiology. There are currently many exercise tests that allow for the examination of exercise capacity in able-bodied athletes, with protocols mainly for lower-body or whole-body exercise. There is a trend to test athletes in a sport-specific setting that closely resembles the actions that the participants are used to performing. Only a few protocols test short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity in participants with an impairment of the lower body. Most of these protocols are very sport-specific and are not applicable to a wide range of athletes. One well-known test protocol is the 30 s Wingate test, which is well-established in cycling and in arm crank exercise testing. This test analyzes high-intensity exercise performance over a 30 s time duration. In order to monitor exercise performance over a longer duration, a different method was modified for application to the upper body. The 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test allows athletes to be tested in a manner specific to 1,500 m wheelchair racing (in terms of exercise duration), as well as to upper body exercises such as rowing or hand-cycling. In order to increase the reliability with identical test conditions, it is crucial to precisely replicate settings such as the resistance (i.e., torque factor) and the position of the participants (i.e., the height of the crank, the distance between the crank and the participant, and the fixation of the participant). Another important issue concerns the beginning of the exercise test. Fixed revolutions per minute are required to standardize the test conditions for the start of the exercise test. This exercise protocol shows the importance of accurate operations to reproduce identical test conditions and settings.

We present a protocol to test the aerobic and anaerobic power of the upper body muscles over a duration of 3 min in able-bodied as well as in paraplegic and tetraplegic individuals. The protocol presents specific modifications in its application for upper-body exercise in individuals with or without disability.

脊髄損傷および肥満者における3分間の全身アームクランク運動試験の実験プロトコル

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

非ジアテルミー法による腹部皮下脂肪の生検のためのテクニック

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement classic taste-testing methods in two ways. First, we explain how to do a brief assessment of the mouth, including the tongue, to ensure that taste papillae are present and to note evidence of relevant disease. Second, we draw on genetics to validate taste test data by comparing reports of perceived bitterness intensity and inborn receptor genotypes. Discordance between objective measures of genotype and subjective reports of taste experience can identify data collection errors, distracted subjects or those who have not understood or followed instructions. Our expectation is that fast and valid taste tests may persuade researchers and clinicians to assess taste regularly, making taste testing as common as testing for hearing and vision. Finally, because many tissues of the body express taste receptors, taste responses may provide a proxy for tissue sensitivity elsewhere in the body and, thereby, serve as a rapid, point-of-care test to guide diagnosis and a research tool to evaluate taste receptor protein function.

This protocol measures human taste responses and includes a brief anatomical assessment, a short taste test, and a validation method using the subject&#39;s reported sensation and taste receptor genotype.

味試験: 検証して簡単なテスト

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized in clinical trials, despite being a burden for both study participants and researchers. This method requires participant literacy, it is time consuming, labor intensive, and can easily lead to under-reporting. With advancements in technology, there is a growing interest in electronic diaries that automate the dietary assessment process. These are focused on improving accuracy, reducing both time and cost and providing users with a visual and more enjoyable experience. The methodology presented here aimed to validate the &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39;, a novel web-based platform for self-recording of food and drink items, compared to a traditional estimated food diary. The application was also rated on a satisfaction scale by study participants using a paper-based questionnaire. Sixty-seven participants completed the dietary measures on both the three-day electronic and paper food diaries. For the analysis, only dietary data completed at both study time points (baseline and week six) was utilized. Despite small mean differences between dietary data collection methods, Bland Altman analysis showed fairly wide 95% limits of agreement between the electronic platform and the written estimated food diary and there were few cases which did not fall within the 95% confidence intervals. Overall, participants found the electronic food diary to be more fun than the paper method and as easy to use as hard copy diaries. The new platform has potential as a self-recording tool for the collection of dietary data, particularly when utilized in clinical trial settings. However, further validation studies are needed to improve the validity of this novel electronic dietary data collection tool.

&#039;Boden Food Plate&#039;: Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

The &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39; is an electronic food diary designed to be an interactive and fun method to collect dietary intake using visual depictions. The purpose of this study was to validate the web-based application against a traditional three-day estimated food diary method.

「ボーデン食品皿」: インタラクティブな Web ベース手法の食事摂取量の評価

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

最大及び最大下運動生理・生物学的ヒトにおける急性運動レスポンスを測定するテストを実施

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to improve resident physician communication and leadership strategies in high-acuity situations. The blindfolded code training exercise removes visual stimuli from the team leader, forcing the team leader to effectively utilize closed-loop communication. The simple act of blindfolding the team leader creates a learning environment where the leader must utilize a conceptual framework and critical thinking strategies to organize the team and manage the resuscitation. An advantage to this teaching technique is that it does not require any special simulation equipment, making it a low-cost approach. The blindfolded code training exercise can be applied to the management of any critically ill patient where the primary objective is to focus on developing communication skills in acute resuscitations. The purpose of the description of the blindfolded code training exercise is to provide guidance on how to perform this innovative teaching technique to force effective closed-loop communication.

The blindfolded code training exercise, which blindfolds the team leader in a code resuscitation simulation, is an advanced teaching technique to improve closed-loop communication, organizational skills, and critical thinking.&#160;

セットアップと目隠しコード訓練の実行

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to ...