著者は、技術およびデータ収集の支援のためにエヴァンBeisheim、ニコールカペラ、アンドリュー・ハーバート・コプリーを認めます。プロジェクトの資金を研究に使用するスマートフォンなど、自然科学とカナダの工学研究評議会（NSERC）とBlackBerry社から受け取りました。

このプロトコルは、オタワ健康科学ネットワーク研究倫理委員会によって承認されました。 1.準備<ol><li>研究の概要と参加者を提供し、ご質問にお答えし、インフォームドコンセントを得ます。データシート上の（内果に例えば、年齢 、性別、身長、体重、ウエスト周囲径、上前腸骨棘から脚の高さ）レコード参加者の特徴、識別コード、および日付。ビデオをキャプチャするために使用される第2のスマートフォンは、第二の捕捉率あたり少なくとも30フレームに設定されていることを確認してください。 </li><li>安全参加者の右フロントベルトやズボンの腰に携帯電話のホルスターを接続します。移動度測定のスマートフォンでセンサデータを収集するために使用されるスマートフォンのアプリケーション（ すなわち 、データロギングやWMMSアプリケーション）を起動し、アプリケーションが適切に実行されていることを確認してください。デバイスの背面（背面C​​Aで、ホルスターにスマートフォンを配置外側に向けメラ）。 </li><li>二スマートフォンでデジタルビデオ録画を開始します。匿名性のために、人の顔を示すことなく、比較のビデオを記録するが、すべてのアクティビティの遷移を記録することを確認してください。携帯電話は、ハンドヘルドすることができます。 </li></ol> 2.活動サーキット<ol><li>彼らは研究者によって話され、次のアクションを実行しながら、第二のスマートフォンで、参加者とビデオ彼らの行動に従ってください： <ol><li>立ち位置からは、裁判の開始を示すために、スマートフォンを振ります。 </li><li>少なくとも10秒間立って続行します。この立っ相電話姿勢校正14のために使用することができます。 </li><li>近くの椅子に歩き、座ります。 </li><li>立ち上がって、エレベーターに60メートルを歩きます。 </li><li>スタンドとエレベーターを待ってから、エレベーターの中に入ります。 </li><li>二階にエレベーターを取ります。 </li><li>電源を入れて、家庭環境の中に入ります。 </li><li>バスルーム、SIの中に入ります歯を磨くmulate。 </li><li>髪をコーミングシミュレートします。 </li><li>手洗いをシミュレートします。 </li><li>タオルを用いて乾燥した手。 </li><li>台所に歩いてください。 </li><li>ラックから料理を取り、カウンターの上に置きます。 </li><li>台所のシンクからの水とのやかんを埋めます。 </li><li>ストーブ​​の要素にやかんを置きます。 </li><li>トースターでパンを置きます。 </li><li>ダイニングルームに歩いてください。 </li><li>ダイニングルームのテーブルに座っています。 </li><li>テーブルで食事をシミュレートします。 </li><li>スタンドと台所の流しに戻って歩いてください。 </li><li>料理を洗い流すと、ラックに配置します。 </li><li>バックエレベーターに台所から徒歩。 </li><li>スタンドとエレベーターを待ってから、エレベーターの中に入ります。 </li><li>一階にエレベーターを取ります。 </li><li>階段に50メートルを歩きます。 </li><li>ドアを開けて、階段を入力してください。 </li><li> （着陸約13段階、13段階の）階段を歩きます。 </li><li>廊下に階段のドアを開きます。 </li><li>右折して15メートルのために廊下を歩きます。 </li><li>振り向くとバック吹き抜けに15メートルを歩きます。 </li><li>ドアを開けて、階段を入力してください。 </li><li> （着陸約13段階、13段階の）階段を歩いて。 </li><li>階段を終了し、部屋に歩いてください。 </li><li>ベッドの上で横になって。 </li><li>アップ取得し、ランプに10メートルを歩きます。 </li><li>その後、ランプ（20メートル）の下、好転、ランプを歩きます。 </li><li>ホールに歩いて続行し、外部への扉を開きます。 </li><li>舗装された経路上の100メートルを歩きます。 </li><li>振り向くと、奥の部屋に歩いてください。 </li><li>部屋に入ると、出発点に立っています。 </li><li>立って続行した後、試験終了を示すために、スマートフォンを振ります。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.試用完了<ol><li>ビデオ録画スマートフォンを停止し、削除して、スマートフォンやホルスターを返すために、参加者に依頼してください。 SMAのデータロギングまたはWMMSアプリケーションを停止しますrtphone。後処理のためにコンピュータに両方の電話機から取得したモーションデータファイルとビデオ​​ファイルをコピーします。 </li></ol> 4.後処理<ol><li>シェイクアクションが開始された時刻を決定することにより、映像と生のセンサデータとの間のタイミングを同期させます。この振とう運動は、異なる加速度計信号及びビデオフレームに対応します。センサーと映像データ・ソースの場合、スタートブレ時間から終了ぶれ時間を減算することにより、同期エラーをチェックします。時間差は、2つのデータセット間の類似していなければなりません。 </li><li>アクティビティ間の遷移でビデオフレームの開始ぶれ時間から時間差を記録することによって、金標準ビデオからの実際の状態変化回数を決定します。 0.033秒以内にタイミングを得るためにビデオ編集ソフトウェアを使用する（ すなわち 、第2のビデオレート毎秒30フレーム）。同等の変化 - の状態センサデータからを生成するWMMSソフトウェアを使用してください。 </li><li>二つのデータセットを生成する一真の活動予測活性を有する第二に、各ビデオフレームのための活動を標識することによってWMMS出力から各ビデオフレーム時間における予測の活性を計算し、次に（状態タイミングの変化に基づいて）。 WMMS性能評価のために、金の標準的なアクティビティの間で真の陽性、偽陰性、真陰性、偽陽性を計算し、WMMSは活動を予測しました。感度、特異性、およびF-スコアアウトカム指標を計算するためにこれらのパラメータを使用します。 注：ウィンドウのいずれかの側の3つのデータウィンドウが分析されるの許容範囲の設定は、変化の状態の結果、分類の結果のための2つのデータウィンドウを決定するために使用することができます。 1第二のデータウィンドウがこの研究にWMMSのために使用されたので、この許容範囲内の連続変化が無視されるように、例えば、3秒前と現在のウィンドウの後を調べました。対価は3秒未満で起こる状態の変化が総フーマーのために無視することができるということでしたこれらの状態以降のn個の運動解析を一時的と考えられます。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

ウェアラブルモビリティ監視システムと人間の活動の認識はウェアラブルコンピューティングやスマートフォンの技術の進歩と臨床意思決定と健康介入の評価に役立つ定量的なアウトカム指標のための体系的なニーズのために、近年ではより多くの注目を集めています。活動分類エラーは日常生活や歩行シナリオの幅広い活動が評価に含まれていなかった場合に存在していないことが判明し?...

ユビキタスセンシングが原因で、ますます強力な、小型で低コストのコンピューティングおよび感知装置1に係研究領域となっています。消費者レベルのマイクロエレクトロニクスは、高精度で1運動特性を検出することが可能であるため、ウェアラブルセンサを用いて移動度のモニタリングは、大きな関心を生成しました。 4 -ウェアラブルセンサを用いて人間の行動認識（HAR）は、1980年代と1990年代2で行われる予備的研究と、研究の最近の領域です。 現代のスマートフォンは、移動性活動認識のために必要なセンサおよびリアルタイム計算能力を含みます。デバイス上のリアルタイム解析は、ユーザーや研究者の介入なしに活動の分類とデータのアップロードが可能になります。移動度分析ソフトウェアを使用してスマートフォンを検出、自宅や作業の自動化、および自己管理exercis秋、フィットネス追跡、ヘルスモニタリングを提供することができますEプログラム5。スマートフォンは、オンボードセンサ出力6で計算数学信号生成機能を使用して、ヒトにおいてモバイル活動及びモバイルパターンを検出するための慣性計測プラットフォームと考えることができます。共通の特徴の生成方法は、ヒューリスティック、時間領域、周波数領域、及びウェーブレット解析に基づくアプローチ7を含みます 。 指定されたアクティビティ-1,5,6,7-を検出する現代のスマートフォンHARシステムは、高い予測精度を示しました。ほとんどの研究が自分のトレーニングセット、環境設定、及びデータ収集プロトコルを持っているので、これらの研究は、評価方法と同様の精度が変化します。感度、特異性、精度、再現率、精度、およびF-スコアは、一般的に、予測品質を記述するために使用されます。しかし、情報のほとんどは、リアルタイムでの活動の変化を検出する能力の「コンカレント活動」の認識と評価のための方法で提供されています1、いくつかの活動を分類しようとするHARシステム用。 HARのシステム精度のための評価法は、研究の間で実質的に変化。かかわらず、分類アルゴリズムまたは適用される機能の、金の説明は、標準的な評価方法は、ほとんどのHAR研究の曖昧です。 日常生活環境で活動認識が広く研究されていません。ほとんどのスマートフォンに基づく行動認識システムは、実世界環境にアルゴリズムではなく、現実的に有利であり得る評価プロトコルにつながる、制御された方法で評価しました。その評価制度の中で、参加者は多くの場合、現実の事象を模倣ではなく、連続して実行するために、参加者のための現実的な活動の広い範囲を適用するよりも、予測のために意図されたアクションのみを実行します。 一部のスマートフォンのHARは、階段や歩行のように、一緒に8,9グループ同様の活動を研究ただし、データセットから他の活動を除外します。予測精度は、アルゴリズムが標的活性を同定する方法もすることによって決定されます。 Dernbach ら 9は、参加者が連続チェンジの状態遷移を中断し、移動する前に、実行しようとした活動を記述していました。参加者は日常生活の設定で自然なアクションを実行しながら、HARシステムの評価はアルゴリズムを評価すべきです。これは、アプリケーションの毎日の使用を複製現実の評価を可能にするであろう。現実的な回路は、多くの状態変化、ならびにシステムによって断定ないアクションのミックスが含まれています。研究者はその後、このように異常な動きに、アルゴリズムの堅牢性を評価、これらの追加の動きに対するアルゴリズムの応答を評価することができます。 本論文では、現実の日常生活の環境を反映した制御コースを使用するウェアラブルモビリティモニタリングシステム（WMMS）評価プロトコルを提示します。 WMMS評価はその後、制御されていても、現実的な条件の下で行うことができます。このプロトコルでは、オタワ大学で開発された第三世代WMMSを使用して、オタワ病院研究所11-15。 WMMSは、3軸加速度計とジャイロスコープを持つスマートフォン用に設計されました。モビリティアルゴリズムは、ユーザの変動を考慮し、変化の状態を同定するための偽陽性の数の減少を提供し、活動の分類に感度を増大させます。 WMMSはさらにWMMS分類を改善状況依存活性評価のために、状態の活動の変化が検出された短いビデオクリップ撮影をトリガーするため、誤検知を最小にすることが重要です。不要な映像記録が保管し、バッテリ使用中の非効率性を作成します。 WMMSアルゴリズムは、予測値の増加は量の増加を意味する異なる予測レベルを用いて低計算学習モデルとして構成され、評価されています認識可能なアクションの。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1314">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:516px;">Smartphone or wearable measurement device</td>
			<td style="width:627px;">Blackberry</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Z10</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Smartphone for video recording</td>
			<td>Blackberry</td>
			<td>Z10 or 9800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phone holster</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Data logger application for the smartphone</td>
			<td>BlackBerry World - TOHRC Data Logger for BlackBerry 10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/32013891/?countrycode=CA">http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/32013891/?countrycode=CA</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Wearable mobility measurement</td>
			<td>Custom Blackberry 10 and Matlab software for mobility monitoring</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.irrd.ca/cag/smartphone/">http://www.irrd.ca/cag/smartphone/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Video editing or analysis software</td>
			<td>Motion Analysis Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.irrd.ca/cag/mat/">http://www.irrd.ca/cag/mat/</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of a smartphone-based human activity recognition system in a daily living environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

研究プロトコルは、オタワ病院から募集平均体重（11.1±）68.9だっキロ、高さは（11.4±）cmの173.9で、年齢は26（±9）であった年間15健常者の利便性のサンプルで実施されました大学オタワのスタッフと学生。スマートフォンは、変数40〜50 Hzのレートでセンサデータを捕獲しました。サンプルレートの変動は、スマートフォンのセンサーサンプリングのための典型的なものです。第二のスマート...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment at JoVE.com

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

日常生活環境におけるスマートフォンベースの人間活動の認識システムの評価

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

evaluation-smartphone-based-human-activity-recognition-system-daily

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K ビュー.  University of Ottawa. A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

ビデオ: Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

Construction of Microdrive Arrays for Chronic Neural Recordings in Awake Behaving Mice

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field potentials (LFPs) from populations of neurons and action potentials from individual cells, as the animal engages in experimentally relevant tasks. Chronically implanted microdrives allow for brain recordings to last over periods of several weeks. Miniaturized drives and lightweight components allow for these long-term recordings to occur in small mammals, such as mice. By using tetrodes, which consist of tightly braided bundles of four electrodes in which each wire has a diameter of 12.5 &mu;m, it is possible to isolate physiologically active neurons in superficial brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and subiculum, as well as deeper regions such as the striatum and the amygdala. Moreover, this technique insures stable, high-fidelity neural recordings as the animal is challenged with a variety of behavioral tasks. This manuscript describes several techniques that have been optimized to record from the mouse brain. First, we show how to fabricate tetrodes, load them into driveable tubes, and gold-plate their tips in order to reduce their impedance from M&Omega; to K&Omega; range. Second, we show how to construct a custom microdrive assembly for carrying and moving the tetrodes vertically, with the use of inexpensive materials. Third, we show the steps for assembling a commercially available microdrive (Neuralynx VersaDrive) that is designed to carry independently movable tetrodes. Finally, we present representative results of local field potentials and single-unit signals obtained in the dorsal subiculum of mice. These techniques can be easily modified to accommodate different types of electrode arrays and recording schemes in the mouse brain.

The design and assembly of microdrives for in vivo electrophysiological recordings of brain signals from the mouse is described. By attaching microelectrode bundles to sturdy driveable carriers, these techniques allow for long-term and stable neural recordings. The lightweight design allows for unrestricted behavioral performance by the animal following drive implantation.

アウェイク行動マウスにおける慢性神経録音のためにマイクロドライブアレイの構築

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field ...

行動学

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically identified cells during behavior1-6. Here we describe methods to perform two-photon imaging in mouse cortex while the animal navigates a virtual reality environment. We focus on the aspects of the experimental procedures that are key to imaging in a behaving animal in a brightly lit virtual environment. The key problems that arise in this experimental setup that we here address are: minimizing brain motion related artifacts, minimizing light leak from the virtual reality projection system, and minimizing laser induced tissue damage. We also provide sample software to control the virtual reality environment and to do pupil tracking. With these procedures and resources it should be possible to convert a conventional two-photon microscope for use in behaving mice.

Here we describe the experimental procedures involved in two-photon imaging of mouse cortex during behavior in a virtual reality environment.

仮想現実環境をナビゲートマウスにおける二光子カルシウムイメージング

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically ...

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; Treatment studies aimed at cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia not only require demonstration of improvements on cognitive tests, but also evidence that any cognitive changes lead to clinically meaningful improvements.&#160; Measures of &#8220;functional capacity&#8221; index the extent to which individuals have the potential to perform skills required for real world functioning. &#160;Current data do not support the recommendation of any single instrument for measurement of functional capacity.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is a novel, interactive gaming based measure of functional capacity that uses a realistic simulated environment to recreate routine activities of daily living. Studies are currently underway to evaluate and establish the VRFCAT&#8217;s sensitivity, reliability, validity, and practicality.&#160;This new measure of functional capacity is practical, relevant, easy to use, and has several features that improve validity and sensitivity of measurement of function in clinical trials of patients with CNS disorders.

A challenge for proving treatment efficacy for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia is finding the optimizing measurement of skills related to everyday functioning.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is an interactive gaming based computerized measure aimed at skills associated with everyday functioning, including baseline impairments and treatment related changes.

日常生活スキルのバーチャルリアリティ評価の開発

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

豊かな環境の住宅マウス用のプロトコル

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

左から右への適応を研究する方法を逆にオーディション

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

幼児の社会的なコミュニケーションの急速なシリアル評価のためアンカーを得点ビデオの使用

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

バーチャル ・ リアリティーのモーション キャプチャ システムで日常の生活動作の運動を測定

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

新規オブジェクト認識と行動の予算上のマウスでテスト オブジェクトの場所

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

トレーニングの初期段階における高強度インターバル運動と中強度連続運動が心臓トロポニンTレベルに及ぼす影響

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of single neurons and region-specific transmitter release, up to whole neuronal circuitries in the central nervous system, and allows the direct measurement of behavioral outcomes. Neurons express optogenetic tools via an injection of viral vectors carrying the DNA of choice, such as Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). Light is brought into specific brain regions via chronic optical implants that terminate directly above the target region. After two weeks of recovery and proper tool-expression, mice can be repeatedly used for behavioral tests with optogenetic stimulation of the neurons of interest.
Optogenetic modulation has a high temporal and spatial resolution that can be accomplished with high cell specificity, compared to the commonly used methods such as chemical or electrical stimulation. The light does not harm neuronal tissue and can therefore be used for long-term experiments as well as for multiple behavioral experiments in one mouse. The possibilities of optogenetic tools are nearly unlimited and enable the activation or silencing of whole neurons, or even the manipulation of a specific receptor type by light.
The results of such behavioral experiments with integrated optogenetic stimulation directly visualizes changes in behavior caused by the manipulation. The behavior of the same animal without light stimulation as a baseline is a good control for induced changes. This allows a detailed overview of neuronal types or neurotransmitter systems involved in specific behaviors, such as anxiety. The plasticity of neuronal networks can also be investigated in great detail through long-term stimulation or behavioral observations after optical stimulation. Optogenetics will help to enlighten neuronal signaling in several kinds of neurological diseases.

With optogenetic manipulation of specific neuronal populations or brain regions, behavior can be modified with high temporal and spatial resolution in freely moving animals. By using different optogenetic tools in combination with chronically implanted optical fibers, a variety of neuronal modulations and behavioral testing can be performed.

自由に動くマウスの行動を調節する神経活動の光遺伝学的操作

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of ...