저자는 기술 및 데이터 수집 지원 에반 Beisheim, 니콜 Capela의 앤드류 허버트-코플리을 인정합니다. 프로젝트 자금은 연구에 사용 된 스마트 폰을 포함한 자연 과학 및 캐나다 (NSERC)의 공학 연구 협의회 및 BlackBerry 회사로부터 받았습니다.

이 프로토콜은 오타와 건강 과학 네트워크 연구 윤리위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 1. 준비 <ol><li> , 연구의 개요와 참가자를 제공하는 모든 질문에 대답하고 동의를 구하십시오. 기록 참가자 특성 (예를 들어, 연령, 성별, 신장, 체중, 허리 둘레, 전방 우수한 내과에 골극에서 다리 높이) 데이터 시트에, 식별 코드, 날짜. 비디오를 캡처하는 데 사용되는 두 번째 스마트 폰 두 번째 캡처 속도 당 적어도 30 프레임으로 설정되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 안전하게 참가자의 전면 우측 벨트, 바지 허리에 전화 권총을 연결합니다. 모바일 폰에서 측정 된 센서 데이터 (즉, 데이터 기록 또는 WMMS 애플리케이션) 수집 애플리케이션 적절히 실행되고 있는지 확인하기 위해 사용되는 스마트 폰 애플리케이션을 시작한다. 장치의 뒷면 (후면 캘리포니아로, 홀스터에서 스마트 폰을 놓고바깥쪽으로 향하도록 메라). </li><li> 두 번째 스마트 폰에 디지털 비디오 녹화를 시작합니다. 익명 성을 위해, 사람의 얼굴을 나타내지 않고, 비교 화상을 기록하지만, 모든 활동을 기록하도록 전환되도록. 휴대 전화 핸드 헬드 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 활동 회로 <ol><li> 두 번째 스마트 폰에서, 자신의 행동 참가자 및 비디오를 따라가 연구자에 의해 말한 다음 작업을 수행하는 동안 : <ol><li> 서있는 위치에서, 재판의 시작을 표​​시하기 위해 스마트 폰을 흔들어. </li><li> 적어도 10 초 동안 서 계속합니다. 이 서 전화 상 방향 보정 14에 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 근처의 의자에 걸어 앉아. </li><li> 일어나서 엘리베이터 60​​ 미터 도보. </li><li> 서서 엘리베이터를 기다렸다가 엘리베이터로 걸어. </li><li> 2 층에 엘리베이터를 타고. </li><li> 전원을 켜고 가정 환경에 걸어. </li><li> 욕실과 SI에 걸어mulate 치아를 닦고. </li><li> 머리를 빗질 시뮬레이션합니다. </li><li> 손을 씻는 시뮬레이션합니다. </li><li> 수건을 사용하여 건조 손. </li><li> 부엌으로 걸어보세요. </li><li> 랙에서 요리를 가지고 카운터에 배치합니다. </li><li> 부엌 싱크대에서 물 주전자를 채우십시오. </li><li> 난로 요소에 주전자를 놓습니다. </li><li> 토스터에서 빵을 놓습니다. </li><li> 식당에 걸어보세요. </li><li> 식당 테이블에 앉아있다. </li><li> 테이블에서 식사를 시뮬레이션합니다. </li><li> 서서 다시 부엌 싱크대에 걸어. </li><li> 요리를 씻어 및 랙에 배치합니다. </li><li> 다시 엘리베이터에 부엌에서 도보. </li><li> 서서 엘리베이터를 기다렸다가 엘리베이터로 걸어. </li><li> 1 층에 엘리베이터를 타고. </li><li> 계단을 50 미터 도보. </li><li> 문을 열고 계단을 입력합니다. </li><li> (착륙 약 13 단계, 13 단계) 계단을 걸어보세요. </li><li> 복도에 계단의 문을 엽니 다. </li><li> 우회전 15 미터 복도를 걸어. </li><li> 돌아서 다시 계단 15 미터 도보. </li><li> 문을 열고 계단을 입력합니다. </li><li> (착륙 약 13 단계, 13 단계)를 계단 아래로 걸어보세요. </li><li> 계단을 종료하고 방으로 걸어. </li><li> 침대에 누워. </li><li> 일어나서 램프 10 미터 도보. </li><li> 다음 램프 (20m) 아래로 돌아서, 램프를 걸어. </li><li> 홀에 들어가는 계속 외부에 문을 엽니 다. </li><li> 포장 된 경로에 100 미터 도보. </li><li> 돌아서 다시 방에 걸어. </li><li> 방으로 걸어 출발점에 서있다. </li><li> 서 계속하고 재판의 끝을 나타 내기 위해 스마트 폰을 흔들어. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 시험 완료 <ol><li> 비디오 녹화 스마트 폰을 중지하고 제거하고 스마트 폰과 권총을 반환 할 참가자를 부탁드립니다. SMA에 대한 데이터 기록 또는 WMMS 애플리케이션을 중지rtphone. 후 처리를 위해 컴퓨터로 양쪽 전화기로부터 취득 된 모션 데이터 파일과 비디오 파일을 복사한다. </li></ol> 4. 후가공 <ol><li> 흔들림 동작이 시작될 때 시간을 결정하여 비디오 및 원시 센서 데이터 간의 타이밍을 동기화. 이 진동하는 움직임이 뚜렷한 가속도 신호 및 비디오 프레임에 대응한다. 센서 및 비디오 데이터 소스에서 시작 흔들림 시간에서 최종 흔들림 시간을 빼서 동기화 오류가 있는지 확인합니다. 시간차는 두 개의 데이터 세트 간 유사해야한다. </li><li> 활동 간의 전이에서 비디오 프레임 시작 진탕 시간과의 시차를 기록함으로써 금 표준 비디오의 실제 상태 변경 시간을 결정한다. 0.033 초 이내로 타이밍을 획득하기 위해 비디오 편집 소프트웨어를 사용하여 (즉, 제 2 비디오 율 30 프레임). 비교 변경-의 상태 센서 데이터로부터 생성하는 WMMS 소프트웨어를 사용합니다. </li><li> 두 데이터 세트를 생성 한진정한 활동 및 예측 활동 번째로, 각각의 비디오 프레임에 대한 활성을 레이블링 WMMS 출력으로부터 각 비디오 프레임의 시간에서 활성을 예측하고 계산 한 후 (타이밍의 상태 변화에 기초하여). WMMS 성능 평가를 위해, 금 표준 활동 사이에 진정한 양성, 음성 (false negative), 참 부정, 오탐 (false positive)을 계산하고 WMMS 활동을 예측했다. 민감도, 특이도, F-점수 결과 측정을 계산하려면이 매개 변수를 사용합니다. 주 : 분석되는 윈도우의 양쪽에 데이터 (3) 윈도우의 공차 설정 상태 변경 결과를 결정하는데 사용하고, 분류 결과에 대한 2 데이터 윈도우 될 수있다. 일초 데이터 창은이 연구에서 WMMS에 사용 된 이후이 허용 오차 내에서 연속적인 변화는 무시되도록 예를 들어, 3 초 전에 현재 창 후에는 조사 하였다. 고려 미만 3 초에서 일어나는 상태의 변화가 심한 구호 물자 무시 될 수 있습니다 것을이러한 상태 보낸 N 운동 분석은 일시적인 고려 될 것이다. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

착용 할 수있는 모바일 모니터링 시스템과 인간 활동의 인식으로 인해 착용 컴퓨팅 및 스마트 폰과 임상 의사 결정과 건강 개입의 평가에 도움이 정량 결과 측정에 대한 체계적인 요구 사항의 기술 발전에 최근 몇 년 동안 더 많은 관심을 받고있다. 이 문서에서 설명하는 방법은 활동 분류 오류가 일상 생활의 활동과 산책 시나리오의 넓은 범위를 평가에 포함되지 않은 경우 본 없었을 것이다 발?...

유비쿼터스 센싱으로 인해 더욱 강력하고, 소형, 저비용 컴퓨팅 및 장비 1 감지에 매력적인 연구 분야가되었다. 소비자 수준의 마이크로 고정밀 1 동작 특성을 검출 할 수 있기 때문에 착용 형 센서를 사용하여 이동성 모니터링은 많은 관심을 생성했다. 4 - 예비 연구 (2) 1990 년대 1980 년대에 수행과 함께 착용 할 수있는 센서를 이용하여 인간의 활동 인식 (HAR)는 연구의 최근의 영역입니다. 현대 스마트 폰은 이동 활성 인식에 필요한 센서 및 실시간 계산 능력을 포함하고있다. 디바이스에 대한 실시간 분석은 사용자 또는 연구자의 개입없이 활동 분류 및 데이터 업로드를 허용한다. 이동성 분석 소프트웨어와 스마트 폰은 감지, 집 또는 작업 자동화 및자가 관리 exercis 가을, 피트니스 추적, 상태 모니터링을 제공 할 수있다전자 프로그램 5. 스마트 폰은 내장 된 센서 출력 (6)으로 계산 수학 신호 생성 기능을 이용하여, 인간의 이동과 활동 이동 패턴을 검출하기위한 관성 측정 플랫폼이 고려 될 수있다. 일반적인 특성 생성 방법은 휴리스틱, 시간 영역, 주파수 영역, 및 웨이블릿 분석 기반 접근법 7을 포함한다. 지정된 활동 1,5,6,7를 검출 할 때 현대 스마트 폰 HAR 시스템은 높은 예측 정확도를 보여 주었다. 대부분의 연구가 자신의 트레이닝 세트, 환경 설정, 및 데이터 수집 프로토콜을 갖기 때문에 이러한 연구 평가 방법론뿐만 아니라 정확도가 다양. 민감도, 특이도, 정밀도, 소환, 정밀도 및 F 점수는 일반적으로 예측 품질을 기술하기 위해 사용된다. 그러나, 정보를 거의 실시간으로 활동의 변화를 감지 할 수있는 능력의 &quot;동시 활동&quot;인식과 평가 방법을 볼 수 있습니다1, 여러 활동을 분류하려고 시도 HAR 시스템. HAR 시스템의 정확성에 대한 평가 방법을 연구 사이에 실질적으로 다를 수 있습니다. 에 관계없이 분류 알고리즘 또는 적용 기능, 금 표준 평가 방법에 대한 설명은 대부분의 HAR 연구를위한 모호하다. 일상 생활 환경에서 활동 인식이 광범위하게 연구되지 ​​않았습니다. 대부분 폰 기반 활동 인식 시스템은 실제 환경에 알고리즘보다는 현실적인 것이 유리할 수있다 평가 프로토콜 선도, 제어 된 방식으로 평가된다. 자신의 평가 체계 내에서, 참가자들은 오히려 실제 이벤트를 모방, 연속적으로 수행하기 위해 참가자를위한 현실적인 활동의 넓은 범위를 적용하는 것보다 예측를 대상으로 만 작업을 수행 할 수 있습니다. 일부 스마트 폰 HAR은 계단과 도보로 함께 8,9 그룹 유사한 활동을, 연구하지만, 데이터 세트에서 다른 활동을 제외. 예측 정밀도는 다음 알고리즘이 목표 활동을 식별하는 방법도 결정한다. Dernbach 등. 9는 참가자들이 지속적인 변화의 상태 전이를 차단, 이동하기 전에 실행하려고했다 활동을 기록했다. 참가자가 일상 생활 속에서 자연의 작업을 수행하는 동안 HAR 시스템 평가는 알고리즘을 평가해야한다. 이 응용 프로그램의 일상적인 사용을 복제하는 실제 평가를 허용합니다. 현실적인 회로는 많은 사람들의 상태 변화-뿐만 아니라 시스템에 의해 예측 가능한되지 않은 조치의 혼합을 포함한다. 연구자는 이렇게 변칙적 인 움직임 알고리즘의 견고성을 평가, 이러한 추가 움직임에 알고리즘의 응답을 평가할 수 있습니다. 이 논문은 실제 일상 생활 환경을 반영하는 제어 과정을 사용하여 착용 할 수있는 모바일 모니터링 시스템 (WMMS) 평가 프로토콜을 제공합니다. WMMS평가는 제어하지만 현실 조건 하에서 이루어질 수있다. 이 프로토콜에서 우리는 오타와의 대학과 오타와 병원 연구소 11-15에서 개발 된 3 세대 WMMS를 사용합니다. WMMS은 3 축 가속도계 및 자이로 스코프와 스마트 폰을 위해 설계되었습니다. 이동성 알고리즘은 사용자를 차지하는 변동성 변경 -의 상태 확인을위한 위양성의 수의 감소를 제공하고, 활성 분류 감도를 증가시킨다. WMMS 더 WMMS 분류를 개선 상황에 맞는 활동 평가를 위해, 국가의 활동에 변화가 감지되는 짧은 동영상 촬영을 유발하기 때문에 오 탐지를 최소화하는 것이 중요합니다. 불필요한 영상 기록 저장 및 배터리 사용의 비 효율성을 만듭니다. WMMS 알고리즘 예지 레벨의 증가는 양의 증가를 의미하는 다른 예측 수치를 이용하여 낮은 연산 학습 모델로서 구성과 평가의 인식 행위.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1314">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:516px;">Smartphone or wearable measurement device</td>
			<td style="width:627px;">Blackberry</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Z10</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Smartphone for video recording</td>
			<td>Blackberry</td>
			<td>Z10 or 9800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phone holster</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Data logger application for the smartphone</td>
			<td>BlackBerry World - TOHRC Data Logger for BlackBerry 10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/32013891/?countrycode=CA">http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/32013891/?countrycode=CA</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Wearable mobility measurement</td>
			<td>Custom Blackberry 10 and Matlab software for mobility monitoring</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.irrd.ca/cag/smartphone/">http://www.irrd.ca/cag/smartphone/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Video editing or analysis software</td>
			<td>Motion Analysis Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.irrd.ca/cag/mat/">http://www.irrd.ca/cag/mat/</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of a smartphone-based human activity recognition system in a daily living environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

연구 프로토콜은 높이가 CM (11.4 ±) 173.9이었다, 누구의 평균 체중 68.9이었다 (11.1 ±) 열 다섯 수 바디 참가자의 편의를 샘플 kg으로 실시하고, 나이는 오타와 병원에서 모집, 26 (± 9) 년이었다 오타와 직원과 학생들의 대학. 스마트 폰은 40-50 Hz에서 가변 속도 센서 데이터를 캡쳐. 샘플 속도의 변화는 스마트 폰 센서 샘플링을위한 전형적인. 스마트 폰은 1280 × 720 초 (720)의 해상도에 디지털 비디오를 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment at JoVE.com

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

일상 생활 환경에서 스마트 폰 기반의 인간 활동 인식 시스템의 평가

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

evaluation-smartphone-based-human-activity-recognition-system-daily

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 조회수.  University of Ottawa. A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

비디오: Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

Construction of Microdrive Arrays for Chronic Neural Recordings in Awake Behaving Mice

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field potentials (LFPs) from populations of neurons and action potentials from individual cells, as the animal engages in experimentally relevant tasks. Chronically implanted microdrives allow for brain recordings to last over periods of several weeks. Miniaturized drives and lightweight components allow for these long-term recordings to occur in small mammals, such as mice. By using tetrodes, which consist of tightly braided bundles of four electrodes in which each wire has a diameter of 12.5 &mu;m, it is possible to isolate physiologically active neurons in superficial brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and subiculum, as well as deeper regions such as the striatum and the amygdala. Moreover, this technique insures stable, high-fidelity neural recordings as the animal is challenged with a variety of behavioral tasks. This manuscript describes several techniques that have been optimized to record from the mouse brain. First, we show how to fabricate tetrodes, load them into driveable tubes, and gold-plate their tips in order to reduce their impedance from M&Omega; to K&Omega; range. Second, we show how to construct a custom microdrive assembly for carrying and moving the tetrodes vertically, with the use of inexpensive materials. Third, we show the steps for assembling a commercially available microdrive (Neuralynx VersaDrive) that is designed to carry independently movable tetrodes. Finally, we present representative results of local field potentials and single-unit signals obtained in the dorsal subiculum of mice. These techniques can be easily modified to accommodate different types of electrode arrays and recording schemes in the mouse brain.

The design and assembly of microdrives for in vivo electrophysiological recordings of brain signals from the mouse is described. By attaching microelectrode bundles to sturdy driveable carriers, these techniques allow for long-term and stable neural recordings. The lightweight design allows for unrestricted behavioral performance by the animal following drive implantation.

깨어있는 행동을 한 쥐의 만성 신경 녹음을위한 마이크로 드라이브 배열의 건설

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field ...

연구

행동분석학

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically identified cells during behavior1-6. Here we describe methods to perform two-photon imaging in mouse cortex while the animal navigates a virtual reality environment. We focus on the aspects of the experimental procedures that are key to imaging in a behaving animal in a brightly lit virtual environment. The key problems that arise in this experimental setup that we here address are: minimizing brain motion related artifacts, minimizing light leak from the virtual reality projection system, and minimizing laser induced tissue damage. We also provide sample software to control the virtual reality environment and to do pupil tracking. With these procedures and resources it should be possible to convert a conventional two-photon microscope for use in behaving mice.

Here we describe the experimental procedures involved in two-photon imaging of mouse cortex during behavior in a virtual reality environment.

가상 현실 환경을 탐색 마우스의 두 광자 칼슘 이미징

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically ...

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; Treatment studies aimed at cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia not only require demonstration of improvements on cognitive tests, but also evidence that any cognitive changes lead to clinically meaningful improvements.&#160; Measures of &#8220;functional capacity&#8221; index the extent to which individuals have the potential to perform skills required for real world functioning. &#160;Current data do not support the recommendation of any single instrument for measurement of functional capacity.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is a novel, interactive gaming based measure of functional capacity that uses a realistic simulated environment to recreate routine activities of daily living. Studies are currently underway to evaluate and establish the VRFCAT&#8217;s sensitivity, reliability, validity, and practicality.&#160;This new measure of functional capacity is practical, relevant, easy to use, and has several features that improve validity and sensitivity of measurement of function in clinical trials of patients with CNS disorders.

A challenge for proving treatment efficacy for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia is finding the optimizing measurement of skills related to everyday functioning.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is an interactive gaming based computerized measure aimed at skills associated with everyday functioning, including baseline impairments and treatment related changes.

일상 생활 기술의 가상 현실 평가 개발

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

풍부한 환경에서의 주택 마우스를위한 프로토콜

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

왼쪽 오른쪽에 적응을 연구 하는 방법 반대로 오디션

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

유아의 사회적 커뮤니케이션의 신속한 직렬 평가 대 한 앵커를 득점 하는 비디오의 사용

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

가상 현실에서의 일상 생활 움직임 모션 캡처 시스템의 기구학을 측정

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

소설 개체 인식 및 행동 예산에 쥐에 테스트 개체 위치

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

훈련의 초기 단계에서 심장 트로포닌 T 수준에 고강도 간격 운동과 중간 강도 연속 운동의 영향

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of single neurons and region-specific transmitter release, up to whole neuronal circuitries in the central nervous system, and allows the direct measurement of behavioral outcomes. Neurons express optogenetic tools via an injection of viral vectors carrying the DNA of choice, such as Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). Light is brought into specific brain regions via chronic optical implants that terminate directly above the target region. After two weeks of recovery and proper tool-expression, mice can be repeatedly used for behavioral tests with optogenetic stimulation of the neurons of interest.
Optogenetic modulation has a high temporal and spatial resolution that can be accomplished with high cell specificity, compared to the commonly used methods such as chemical or electrical stimulation. The light does not harm neuronal tissue and can therefore be used for long-term experiments as well as for multiple behavioral experiments in one mouse. The possibilities of optogenetic tools are nearly unlimited and enable the activation or silencing of whole neurons, or even the manipulation of a specific receptor type by light.
The results of such behavioral experiments with integrated optogenetic stimulation directly visualizes changes in behavior caused by the manipulation. The behavior of the same animal without light stimulation as a baseline is a good control for induced changes. This allows a detailed overview of neuronal types or neurotransmitter systems involved in specific behaviors, such as anxiety. The plasticity of neuronal networks can also be investigated in great detail through long-term stimulation or behavioral observations after optical stimulation. Optogenetics will help to enlighten neuronal signaling in several kinds of neurological diseases.

With optogenetic manipulation of specific neuronal populations or brain regions, behavior can be modified with high temporal and spatial resolution in freely moving animals. By using different optogenetic tools in combination with chronically implanted optical fibers, a variety of neuronal modulations and behavioral testing can be performed.

자유롭게 움직이는 마우스에 있는 행동을 조절하기 위하여 신경 활동의 광유전학 조작

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of ...