This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. We thank Doug Howard, Chris Richie, Lowella Fortuno, and Josh Hinkle for their contributions to developing this method.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

このプロトコルは 、インビトロを強調し、GLUC-SERCaMPの生体ユーティリティで、ERカルシウムの枯渇をモニターします。 SERCaMPを生成するタンパク質修飾は、他のレポータータンパク質12に一般に見えますが、我々は他のルシフェラーゼ18と比較して（200〜1,000倍以上）の強固な生物発光のためのガウシアルシフェラーゼを選択しました。私たちは、初?...

タンパク質の折り畳み、タンパク質分泌、脂質ホメオスタシス、および1の細胞内シグナル伝達を含む多くの細胞容量の小胞体（ER）機能。通常のER機能の中心は〜5000倍細胞質2-4に見られるもので、管腔のカルシウム濃度を維持しています。このエネルギー集約的なプロセスはsarco /小胞体カルシウムATPアーゼ（SERCA）、ERへのカルシウムイオンを移動させるポンプによって調整されます。 ERからのカルシウムの流出は、主としてリアノジン（のRyR）およびイノシトール三リン酸（IP3R）受容体によって媒介されます。多くのERプロセスは、カルシウムに依存しているので、店を中断すると、小胞体ストレスと最終的に細胞死につながることができます。 ERのカルシウム調節不全は、心筋症、糖尿病、アルツハイマー病、およびパーキンソン病を含む5において観察されています。これらの疾患の進行性の性質のために、それは因果再描写するために挑戦されています小胞体カルシウムストアの病因および変更の間lationship。多くの技術は、染料および遺伝的にコードされたカルシウム指標（GECIs）を含む、ERカルシウム動態の理解における大きな進歩のために許可されています。 Ca 2+と結合すると蛍光の増加低親和性のカルシウム色素は、カルシウム6の高濃度の細胞内コンパートメントを調べるために、細胞内にロードすることができます。このようD1ERと捕手としてGECIs、細胞内局在7-9のより正確な制御とカルシウムの変動の監視を可能にします。最近、GECIsの別のクラスは、カルシウム測定オルガネラ封入タンパク質指標（CEPIA）は10に記載されていると呼ばれます。遺伝学とエステル系カルシウム色素11（ERに標的化）遺伝的にコードされたカルボキシルエステラーゼを利用する小分子の化学的性質を標的エステラーゼされる色素充填（TED）を組み合わせた第三のアプローチ。 aforながらementionedアプローチは彼らが蛍光の急性測定によって、ERカルシウム動態に貴重な洞察を提供することができ、固有の長所と短所を持っています。これらは、しかしながら、多くの場合、疾患の進行を調査するために必要な縦断的研究のために最適ではありません。長時間にわたりカルシウム動態を監視するための方法を考案することを目的として、我々は、タンパク質（SERCaMPs）12を監視し 、分泌小胞体カルシウムを作成するために、タンパク質修飾を特定し、開発しました。 SERCaMPを繰り返し、ERカルシウムストアを調べるために低侵襲的アプローチを提供することによって、他の方法に関連したいくつかの制限を回避します。我々は以前に、カルボキシ末端ペプチドASARTDL（アラニン、セリン、アラニン、アルギニン、トレオニン - アスパラギン酸 - ロイシン）がER保持を促進するのに十分であることを実証しました。しかしながら、ERカルシウムの減少を引き起こす条件下で、ペプチド配列は、もはやER localizatioを保持することができませんnと、タンパク質が13分泌されます。 SERCaMP技術の基礎は、分泌タンパク質のカルボキシ末端の分泌は、このように、ERのカルシウム調節不全12の強固なレポーターを作成し、小胞体カルシウム枯渇によってトリガーされるように（例えば、 ガウシアルシフェラーゼ 、またはGLUC）にASARTDLの付属物です。トランスジェニック方法によるGLUC-SERCaMPの発現は、ERカルシウム恒常性の指標としてGLUC活性の変化について分析される細胞培養培地および血漿などの生体液を可能にします。この方法は 、インビトロおよびインビボの両方のERカルシウムストアの進行変化の縦断的研究のための用途を有します。以下のプロトコルは、ERカルシウム恒常性を研究するためにGLUCベースSERCaMPを使用するための一般的なアウトラインとして書かれているが、このプロトコルは、代替レポーターSERCaMPsためのガイドとして機能することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5mL tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>02-682-550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% NP-40 solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>28324</td>
			<td>for intracellular GLuc assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mL luer-lok syringes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200uL filter tips</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>RT-L200F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-0 surgical sutures</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9598192</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30g needles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-821-13A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive microplate sealing sheets</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>AB-0558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>22-246-073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia Auto Flow System</td>
			<td>E-Z Anesthesia</td>
			<td>EZ-AF9000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal recovery chamber</td>
			<td>Lyon Vet</td>
			<td>ICU-912-004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9386574</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine growth serum</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>SH30541.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coelenterazine, Native</td>
			<td>Regis Technologies</td>
			<td>1-361204-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>806-WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cutting needles 3/8 circle sutures</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>501803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital ultrasconic cleaner</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FS60D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose, GlutaMAX, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10569-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA mass ladder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10496-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gaussia luciferase (recombinant protein)</td>
			<td>Nanolight</td>
			<td>321-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gaussia luciferase antibody (for WB, ICC, or IHC)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>E8023S</td>
			<td>1:2000 (WB)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500</td>
			<td>CellPoint Scientific</td>
			<td>DS-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gluc assay plates (96 well, opaque)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>07-200-589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14175-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Allmedtech</td>
			<td>63323-276-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>995-2949</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kwik Stop Styptic powder</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>5867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>a452-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge 22R Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Bekman Colter</td>
			<td>368831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neosporin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>19-898-143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Stereoscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ745T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nucleospin Gel and PCR Cleanup</td>
			<td>Machery-Nagel</td>
			<td>740609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P200 pipet</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>L-200XLS+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p24 Lenti-X rapid titer kit</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR film seal</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>AB0558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReFresh Charcoal Filter canister</td>
			<td>E-Z Anesthesia</td>
			<td>EZ-258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blades, #10</td>
			<td>Fine Science tools Inc</td>
			<td>10010-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD rats 150-200g</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>Rats</td>
			<td>rats ordered at 150-200g.&#160; Surgery 5 days after arrival</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal ear tags</td>
			<td>National Band and Tag co</td>
			<td>1005-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical drapes</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>SP-MPS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synergy 2 plate reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4304437</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thapsigargin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9033</td>
			<td>harmful to human health</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Virapower lentiviral packaging mix</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>K4975-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xfect Transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>631318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Valley Vet</td>
			<td>468RX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

monitoring endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis using a gaussia luciferase sercamp

小胞体（ER）は、細胞質のレベルよりも約5,000倍高い濃度で細胞内カルシウムの最高レベルを、含まれています。 ERカルシウムを厳格にコントロールは、タンパク質の折り畳み、修正や人身売買のために不可欠です。 ERカルシウムの摂動は、小胞体ストレス応答、三つ又のERストレス応答機構の活性化をもたらす、および種々の疾患で病因に寄与することができます。疾患の発症と進行の間に、ERカルシウムの変化を監視する能力は、実際にはまだ挑戦的、原理的には重要です。現在、このようなカルシウム依存性蛍光色素やタンパク質などERカルシウムを監視するための利用可能な方法は、細胞内の小胞体のカルシウム動態への洞察を提供してきたが、これらのツールは、in vivoでの研究のためにはあまり適していません。私たちの研究室では、 ガウシアルシフェラーゼのカルボキシ末端への変更は、に応じて、レポーターの分泌を与えることを実証しました小胞体カルシウム枯渇。 インビトロ及びインビボ用途においてルシフェラーゼベースの分泌ERカルシウム監視タンパク質（SERCaMP）を使用するための方法は、本明細書中に記載されています。このビデオでは、ERカルシウムの長手方向の監視のために肝臓の注射、GLUC-SERCaMP、血液収集および処理の薬理学的操作、およびアッセイパラメータを強調しています。

GLUC-SERCaMP方法は、細胞外液をサンプリングすることにより、ERカルシウム恒常性の評価が可能になります。いくつかのコントロールは、結果の解釈を強化するために実験計画に含めることができます。まず、（C末端ASARTDLまたは「GLUC-タグはありません」なし例えば GLUC）構成的に分泌されたレポーターの使用は分泌経路（グローバル細胞分泌）および導入遺伝子発現に関する実験治療?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP at JoVE.com

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

Endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis is disrupted in diverse pathologies. A secreted ER calcium monitoring protein (SERCaMP) reporter can be used to detect disruptions in the ER calcium store. This protocol describes the use of a Gaussia luciferase SERCaMP to examine ER calcium homeostasis in vitro and in vivo.

使用して小胞体カルシウムの恒常性の監視<em&gt;ガウ</em&gt;ルシフェラーゼSERCaMP

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains the highest level of intracellular calcium, with concentrations approximately 5,000-fold greater than cytoplasmic ...

monitoring-endoplasmic-reticulum-calcium-homeostasis-using-gaussia

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

13.0K ビュー.  National Institutes of Health. Endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis is disrupted in diverse pathologies. A secreted ER calcium monitoring protein (SERCaMP) reporter can be used to detect disruptions in the ER calcium store. This protocol describes the use of a Gaussia luciferase SERCaMP to examine ER calcium homeostasis in vitro and in vivo.

ビデオ: Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane biogenesis occurs rapidly and in an inducible manner. We have found that phagocytosis of latex beads is practical for these purposes as cells rapidly synthesize membrane lipids to replenish membrane pools lost as  wrapping material  during particle engulfment. Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-Glo  Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-GloTM Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

ルシフェラーゼベースのレポーター遺伝子アッセイで膜の生合成を研究して

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

生物学

Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Dynamic changes in intracellular calcium concentration in response to various stimuli regulates many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis1. During apoptosis, calcium accumulation in mitochondria promotes the release of pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria into the cytosol2. It is therefore of interest to directly measure mitochondrial calcium in living cells in situ during apoptosis. High-resolution fluorescent imaging of cells loaded with dual-excitation ratiometric and non-ratiometric synthetic calcium indicator dyes has been proven to be a reliable and versatile tool to study various aspects of intracellular calcium signaling. Measuring cytosolic calcium fluxes using these techniques is relatively straightforward. However, measuring intramitochondrial calcium levels in intact cells using synthetic calcium indicators such as rhod-2 and rhod-FF is more challenging. Synthetic indicators targeted to mitochondria have blunted responses to repetitive increases in mitochondrial calcium, and disrupt mitochondrial morphology3. Additionally, synthetic indicators tend to leak out of mitochondria over several hours which makes them unsuitable for long-term experiments. Thus, genetically encoded calcium indicators based upon green fluorescent protein (GFP)4 or aequorin5 targeted to mitochondria have greatly facilitated measurement of mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Here, we describe a simple method for real-time measurement of mitochondrial calcium fluxes in response to different stimuli. The method is based on fluorescence microscopy of 'ratiometric-pericam' which is selectively targeted to mitochondria. Ratiometric pericam is a calcium indicator based on a fusion of circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein and calmodulin4. Binding of calcium to ratiometric pericam causes a shift of its excitation peak from 415 nm to 494 nm, while the emission spectrum, which peaks around 515 nm, remains unchanged. Ratiometric pericam binds a single calcium ion with a dissociation constant in vitro of ~1.7 &mu;M4. These properties of ratiometric pericam allow the quantification of rapid and long-term changes in mitochondrial calcium concentration. Furthermore, we describe adaptation of this methodology to a standard wide-field calcium imaging microscope with commonly available filter sets. Using two distinct agonists, the purinergic agonist ATP and apoptosis-inducing drug staurosporine, we demonstrate that this method is appropriate for monitoring changes in mitochondrial calcium concentration with a temporal resolution of seconds to hours. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that ratiometric pericam is also useful for measuring mitochondrial fission/fragmentation during apoptosis. Thus, ratiometric pericam is particularly well suited for continuous long-term measurement of mitochondrial calcium dynamics during apoptosis.

This protocol describes a method for real-time measurement of mitochondrial calcium fluxes by fluorescent imaging. The method takes advantage of a circularly permutated YFP-based dual-excitation ratiometric calcium sensor (ratiometric pericam-mt) selectively expressed in mitochondria.

遺伝的にコードされたカルシウムのセンサを用いたアポトーシス時のミトコンドリア内カルシウム濃度の動的変更の監視

Dynamic changes in intracellular calcium concentration in response to various stimuli regulates many cellular processes such as proliferation, ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

HeLa細胞のトランスフェクションに続いてGaussiaルシフェラーゼmRNA のインビトロ転写とキャッピングの

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms5,8-13.
Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection13,16,17 or stable transduction5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells20. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.

Circadian clocks function within individual cells, i.e., they are cell-autonomous. Here, we describe methods for generating cell-autonomous clock models using non-invasive, luciferase-based real-time bioluminescence technology. Reporter cells provide tractable, functional model systems for studying circadian biology.

ルシフェラーゼ生物発光レポーターを用いた遺伝子発現のモニタリング細胞自律的な概日時計のリズム

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the visualization of these mRNAs can be challenging. This is especially true when only a fraction of the mRNA is ER-associated and their distribution to this organelle is obstructed by non-targeted (i.e. "free") transcripts. In order to monitor ER-associated mRNAs, we have developed a method in which cells are treated with a short exposure to a digitonin extraction solution that selectively permeabilizes the plasma membrane, and thus removes the cytoplasmic contents, while simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the ER. When this method is coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), one can clearly visualize ER-bound mRNAs by fluorescent microscopy. Using this protocol the degree of ER-association for either bulk poly(A) transcripts or specific mRNAs can be assessed and even quantified. In the process, one can use this assay to investigate the nature of mRNA-ER interactions.

Here we describe a method to visualize endoplasmic reticulum-associated mRNAs in mammalian tissue culture cells. This technique involves the selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane with digitonin to remove cytoplasmic contents followed by fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect either bulk poly(A) mRNA or specific transcripts.

哺乳動物細胞における小胞体ローカライズされたmRNAの可視化

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

自家製デュアルグロールシフェラーゼアッセイを用いて、ハイスループット機能スクリーニング

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

The lipids and proteins in eukaryotic cells are continuously exchanged between cell compartments, although these retain their distinctive composition and functions despite the intense interorganelle molecular traffic. The techniques described in this paper are powerful means of studying protein and lipid mobility and trafficking in vivo and in their physiological environment. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) are widely used live-cell imaging techniques for studying intracellular trafficking through the exo-endocytic pathway, the continuity between organelles or subcompartments, the formation of protein complexes, and protein localization in lipid microdomains, all of which can be observed under physiological and pathological conditions. The limitations of these approaches are mainly due to the use of fluorescent fusion proteins, and their potential drawbacks include artifactual over-expression in cells and the possibility of differences in the folding and localization of tagged and native proteins. Finally, as the limit of resolution of optical microscopy (about 200 nm) does not allow investigation of the fine structure of the ER or the specific subcompartments that can originate in cells under stress (i.e. hypoxia, drug administration, the over-expression of transmembrane ER resident proteins) or under pathological conditions, we combine live-cell imaging of cultured transfected cells with ultrastructural analyses based on transmission electron microscopy.

We describe the imaging approaches we use to investigate the distribution and mobility of the transfected fluorescent proteins resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by means of the confocal imaging of living cells. We also ultrastructurally analyze the effect of their expression on the architecture of this subcellular compartment.

培養細胞における小胞体サブドメインの可視化

The lipids and proteins in eukaryotic cells are continuously exchanged between cell compartments, although these retain their distinctive composition and ...

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

ルシフェラーゼレポーター遺伝子でRAW264.7細胞をトランスフェクト

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall health. A significant portion of intracellular Ca2+ content is found within the SR stores in VSMCs. As the only intracellular organelle with a close association to the surrounding extracellular space through plasma membrane-SR junctions, the SR can be considered to constitute the first line of response to any irregularity in Ca2+ transients, or stress experienced by the cell. Among its many functions, one of the most important is its role in the transmission of Ca2+-regulated signals throughout the cell to induce further cell-wide reactions downstream. The more common use of cytoplasmic Ca2+ indicators in this regard is overall insufficient for research into the highly dynamic changes to the intraluminal SR Ca2+ store that have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the direct and clear measurement of luminal SR Ca2+. This tool is useful for investigation into the nuanced changes in SR Ca2+ that have significant subsequent effects on the normal function and health of the cell. Fluctuations in SR Ca2+ content specifically can provide us with a significant amount of information pertaining to cellular responses to disease or stress conditions experienced by the cell. In this method, a modified version of a SR-targeted Ca2+ indicator, D1SR, is used to detect Ca2+ fluctuations in response to the introduction of agents to cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Following incubation with the D1SR indicator, confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based imaging are used to directly observe changes to intraluminal SR Ca2+ levels under control conditions and with the addition of agonist agents that function to induce intracellular Ca2+ movement.

Currently, most available calcium indicators are used to quantify cytoplasmic calcium transients as indirect measures of calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured smooth muscle cells. This protocol describes the use of a specific FRET-based indicator that allows direct measurement of calcium signals within the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.

FRETベースの共焦点イメージングを使用した培養平滑筋細胞の小胞体内カルシウム変動の測定

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall ...