This work was supported in part by the Lupus Research Institute, NCI grant CA138617, NIDDK grant DK090978, Charlotte Schmidlapp Award (to E.M.J.), and the Albert J. Ryan Fellowship (to J.K.). We are grateful for the support and instrumentation provided by the Research Flow Cytometry Core in the Division of Rheumatology at Cincinnati Children&#8217;s Hospital Medical Center, supported in part by NIH AR-47363, NIH DK78392 and NIH DK90971.

<ol>
	<li>Helmick, C. G., Felson, D. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Part+I.+Arthritis+Rheum.">Part I. Arthritis Rheum.</a> Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. 58, 15-25 (2008).</li><li>Somers, E. C., Marder, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population-based+incidence+and+prevalence+of+systemic+lupus+erythematosus:+The+Michigan+lupus+epidemiology+and+surveillance+program.">Population-based incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: The Michigan lupus epidemiology and surveillance program.</a> Arthritis and Rheumatol. 66, 369-378 (2014).</li><li>Perry, D., Sang, A., Yin, Y., Zheng, Y. -. Y., Morel, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+models+of+systemic+lupus+erythematosus.">Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus.</a> J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011, 271694 (2011).</li><li>Lindholm, L., Rydberg, L., Stranneg&#229;rd, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+host+plasma+cells+during+graft-versus-host+reactions+in+mice.">Development of host plasma cells during graft-versus-host reactions in mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 3 (8), 511-515 (1973).</li><li>Fialkow, P. J., Gilchrist, C., Allison, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmunity+in+chronic+graft-versus-host+disease.">Autoimmunity in chronic graft-versus-host disease.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 13, 479-486 (1973).</li><li>Streilein, J. W., Stone, M. J., Duncan, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+Specificity+of+Autoantibodies+Produced+in+Systemic+Graft-vs-Host+Disease.">Studies on the Specificity of Autoantibodies Produced in Systemic Graft-vs-Host Disease.</a> J Immunol. 114 (1), 255-260 (1975).</li><li>Gleichmann, E., Gleichmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diseases+caused+by+reactions+of+T+lymphocytes+to+in+compatible+structures+of+the+major+histocompatibility+complex.+I.+Autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia.">Diseases caused by reactions of T lymphocytes to in compatible structures of the major histocompatibility complex. I. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.</a> Eur J Immunol. 6 (12), 899 (1976).</li><li>Morris, S., Cohen, P. L., Eisenberg, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+induction+of+systemic+lupus+erythematosus+by+recognition+of+foreign+Ia.">Experimental induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by recognition of foreign Ia.</a> Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 57 (2), 263-273 (1990).</li><li>Chen, F., Maldonado, M., Madaio, M., Eisenberg, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Host+(Endogenous)+T+Cells+in+Chronic+Graft-Versus-Host+Autoimmune+Disease.">The Role of Host (Endogenous) T Cells in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Autoimmune Disease.</a> J Immunol. 161 (11), 5880-5885 (1998).</li><li>Klarquist, J., Hennies, C. M., Lehn, M. A., Reboulet, R. A., Feau, S., Janssen, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STING-Mediated+DNA+Sensing+Promotes+Antitumor+and+Autoimmune+Responses+to+Dying+Cells.">STING-Mediated DNA Sensing Promotes Antitumor and Autoimmune Responses to Dying Cells.</a> J Immunol. 193, 6124-6134 (2014).</li><li>Petri, M., Orbai, A. -. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+and+validation+of+systemic+lupus+international+collaborating+clinics+classification+criteria+for+systemic+lupus+erythematosus.">Derivation and validation of systemic lupus international collaborating clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 64 (8), 2677-2686 (2012).</li><li>Zangala, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+genomic+DNA+from+mouse+tails.">Isolation of genomic DNA from mouse tails.</a> J Vis Exp. (6), e246 (2007).</li><li>Lorenz, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymerase+Chain+Reaction:+Basic+Protocol+Plus+Troubleshooting+and+Optimization+Strategies.">Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies.</a> J Vis Exp. (63), e3998 (2012).</li><li>. Product information: Thermo Scientific FastDigest PsuI Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/manuals/MAN0012567_FastDigest_PsuI_UG.pdf">https://tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/manuals/MAN0012567_FastDigest_PsuI_UG.pdf</a> (2012)</li><li>Matheu, M. P., Parker, I., Cahalan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+and+2-photon+imaging+of+peripheral+lymph+nodes+in+mice.">Dissection and 2-photon imaging of peripheral lymph nodes in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (7), e265 (2007).</li><li>Harrell, M. I., Iritani, B. M., Ruddell, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymph+node+mapping+in+the+mouse.">Lymph node mapping in the mouse.</a> J Immunol Methods. 332 (1-2), 170-174 (2008).</li><li>Covelli, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+3,+Internal+examination.">Chapter 3, Internal examination.</a> Guide to the necroscopy of the mouse. , (2009).</li><li>Quah, B. J. C., Parish, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+carboxyfluorescein+diacetate+succinimidyl+ester+(CFSE)+to+monitor+lymphocyte+proliferation.">The use of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to monitor lymphocyte proliferation.</a> J Vis Exp. (44), e2259 (2010).</li><li>Matheu, M. P., Cahalan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+CD4++T+cells+from+mouse+lymph+nodes+using+Miltenyi+MACS+purification.">Isolation of CD4+ T cells from mouse lymph nodes using Miltenyi MACS purification.</a> J Vis Exp. (9), e53319 (2007).</li><li>Machholz, E., Mulder, G., Ruiz, C., Corning, B. F., Pritchett-Corning, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manual+Restraint+and+Common+Compound+Administration+Routes+in+Mice+and+Rats.">Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats.</a> J Vis Exp. (67), e2771 (2012).</li><li>Hoff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+of+Blood+Collection+in+the+Mouse.">Methods of Blood Collection in the Mouse.</a> Lab Animal. 29 (10), 47-53 (2000).</li><li>Cohen, M., Varki, N. M., Jankowski, M. D., Gagneux, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Unfixed,+Frozen+Tissues+to+Study+Natural+Mucin+Distribution.">Using Unfixed, Frozen Tissues to Study Natural Mucin Distribution.</a> J Vis Exp. (67), e3928 (2012).</li><li>Cohen, P. L., Maldonado, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+SLE.">Animal models for SLE.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol.. Chapter 15, Unit 15.20 (2003).</li><li>Seavey, M. M., Lu, L. D., Stump, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+systemic+lupus+erythematosus+(SLE)+and+ex+vivo+assay+design+for+drug+discovery.">Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ex vivo assay design for drug discovery.</a> Curr Protoc Pharmacol. Chapter 5, Unit 5 (2011).</li><li>McKenna, K. C., Vicetti Miguel, R. D., Beatty, K. M., Bilonick, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+caveat+for+T+cell+transfer+studies:+generation+of+cytotoxic+anti-Thy1.2+antibodies+in+Thy1.1+congenic+mice+given+Thy1.2++tumors+or+T+cells.">A caveat for T cell transfer studies: generation of cytotoxic anti-Thy1.2 antibodies in Thy1.1 congenic mice given Thy1.2+ tumors or T cells.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 89 (2), 291-300 (2011).</li><li>Scott, D. M., Ehrmann, I. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+mouse+male-specific+transplantation+antigen+H-Y..">Identification of a mouse male-specific transplantation antigen H-Y..</a> Nature. 376, 695-698 (1995).</li><li>Joly, E., Hudrisier, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+is+trogocytosis+and+what+is+its+purpose.">What is trogocytosis and what is its purpose.</a> Nat Immunol. 4 (9), 815 (2003).</li><li>Brown, D. R., Calpe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+an+NK+cell-independent+role+for+Slamf4+in+controlling+humoral+autoimmunity.">Cutting edge: an NK cell-independent role for Slamf4 in controlling humoral autoimmunity.</a> J Immunol. 187 (1), 21-25 (2011).</li><li>Morris, S. C., Cheek, R. L., Cohen, P. L., Eisenberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allotype-specific+immunoregulation+of+autoantibody+production+by+host+B+cells+in+chronic+graft-versus+host+disease.">Allotype-specific immunoregulation of autoantibody production by host B cells in chronic graft-versus host disease.</a> J Immunol. 144 (3), 916-922 (1990).</li><li>Choudhury, A., Cohen, P. L., Eisenberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cells+require+&#8220;nurturing&#8221;+by+CD4+T+cells+during+development+in+order+to+respond+in+chronic+graft-versus-host+model+of+systemic+lupus+erythematosus.">B cells require &#8220;nurturing&#8221; by CD4 T cells during development in order to respond in chronic graft-versus-host model of systemic lupus erythematosus.</a> Clin Immunol. 136 (1), 105-115 (2010).</li><li>Slifka, M. K., Antia, R., Whitmire, J. K., Ahmed, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humoral+immunity+due+to+long-lived+plasma+cells.">Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells.</a> Immunity. 8 (3), 363-372 (1998).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

BM12誘導モデルは、SLEの細胞および分子プロセスを研究するための比較的容易かつ効率的な方法です。自己抗原に対する養子移入CD4 T細胞の慢性的活性化は、ここで説明したように、フローサイトメトリーによって測定することができるTFH、GC B細胞および形質細胞の蓄積につながります。このモデルを使用して、将来の研究は、迅速かつ容易にSLEを有する患者において生じるものに似ている?...

全身性エリテマトーデス（SLE）は、抗核抗体（ANA）の生産及び糸球体腎炎によって原型特徴複雑な自己免疫疾患です。多数の他の皮膚などの後遺症、心肺、および肝病変はいくつかの個体における疾患と関連しています。米国での有病率の推定値は、女性やマイノリティ3で特に高頻度で、150,000-1,500,000 1,2から、大きく異なります。 SLEの病因を識別することは困難であったが、それは全身性自己免疫で終わる様々な遺伝的及び環境的要因の相互作用から生じると考えられています。 多数の動物モデルは、疾患の発症と進行をもたらす因子を研究するために使用されてきました。 SLEのクラシックマウスモデルは、PなどNZWのF1モデルとそのNZM誘導体、MLR / LPR株、およびBXSB /のYaa株、および誘導系NZB Xを含む遺伝的素因のマウス系統を含み、ristaneおよび慢性移植片対宿主病（cGVHDの）モデル4。 GVHDモデルにおける自己抗体の産生の初期の報告では、F1の転送5に親のための様々なマウス系統またはハムスター株を使用- 8。ループス様疾患を研究するために使用されるより一般的な方法は、現在、DBA / 2親→（C57BL / 6×DBA / 2）F1を含み、BM12伝達モデルは、ここで説明します。各モデルは、独自の警告を持っていますが、それらは一般にヒトの疾患の臨床的特徴と相関機能の共通セットを共有しています。マウスモデルの中で最も頻繁に報告されたパラメータは、脾腫、リンパ節症、腎炎、ANAの生産、および細胞レベルで、T濾胞ヘルパー細胞（TFH）、胚中心（GC）B細胞および形質細胞の増殖が含まれます。 H2 - - Ab1のBM12 / KhEgJ（BM12）マウス、系統iは、誘導性BM12モデルは、IA BM12 B6（C）からのリンパ球の養子移入することによって達成されますIA bはC57BL / 6（B6）マウスに、MHCクラスII上の3個のアミノ酸置換を除いて、C57BL / 6にdentical。受信者APCによるドナーCD4 T細胞のAlloactivati​​onは密接にSLEに似た症状をcGVHDのにつながります。具体的には、これらはドナー由来TFH、レシピエント由来のGCのB細胞および形質細胞の増殖、及び抗dsDNA、抗ssDNAを、抗クロマチン、及び抗RBC抗体9を含むアナスの生産の拡大を含みます。時間が経つにつれて、レシピエントマウスは、糸球体、間質中のIgG沈着、腎臓10の血管領域に関連する糸球体腎炎を発症します。我々は最近、ヒト疾患と同様に、私はこのモデル11で型IFNの重要な役割もある、ということを示しています。注目すべきは、人間SLEの定義基準は、このマウスモデルの顕著な特徴であり、どちらも抗dsDNA抗体12の存在下で、SLEと互換性腎炎の開発が含まれています。 SEがあります自発的なモデルの上にBM12モデルのveral利点。 SLEのような兆候を開発するクラシックモデルは、自然にノックアウトするために交差またはその他の遺伝的に改変されたマウスは難しく、時間がかかる行うハイブリッドマウス系統、近交系マウス系統ではないB6の背景に、またはB6の背景に大きな遺伝子座のいずれかに依存しています。 BM12誘導モデルでは、遺伝的に改変されたマウスは、特定の遺伝子が疾患のために重要であり得る、細胞コンパートメントのより迅速な同定を可能にする、ドナーまたはレシピエントのいずれかとして機能することができます。また、BM12モデルにおける疾患の発生は、ほとんどの自発的なモデルのために数ヶ月に比べ、アナスの出現まで、わずか2週間を必要とする、はるかに高速です。また、異なる時点で疾患を発症する自発的なモデルとは対照的に、BM12ー→B6モデルにおける疾患の発症および進行は非常に同期化されます。これは、bのできる適切なサイズのコホートの生成を可能にしますeは、疾患の発生の任意の段階で介入または治療戦略のために使用されます。 以下は、B6の背景に、C57BL / 6マウスにBM12リンパ球の養子移入、または遺伝的変異によって、SLEのような自己免疫を開始するための詳細なプロトコルです。さらに、我々はTFH、GC B細胞、およびヒト疾患に関連する形質細胞 - 細胞タイプを列挙するためのフローサイトメトリー染色プロトコルを記述する。重要なことは、これらのプロトコルはまた、SLEのほとんどのマウスモデルにおける疾患を特徴付ける、および他の疾患モデルでTFH、GC B細胞および形質細胞を同定するために使用され得ます。

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>001162</td>
			<td>CD45.1+ BoyJ mouse strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6(C)-H2-Ab1bm12/KhEgJ</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>001162</td>
			<td>Bm12 mouse strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest PsuI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>FD1554</td>
			<td>Restriction digest enzyme for genotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X RBC Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>00-4333-57</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30228.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma Separation Tube (PST)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>365974</td>
			<td>Blood collection tube with Dipotassium EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum Separation Tube (SST)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>365967</td>
			<td>Blood collection tube with Clot activator / SST Gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-02&#160;</td>
			<td>High density cell separation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lympholyte-M</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>CL5030</td>
			<td>High density cell separation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GL-7-biotin</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>13-5902-82&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin-BUV395</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>564176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD138-BV421</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>142508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-BV510</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>100559</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCR&#946;-BV605</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>562840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45.1-BV711</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>110739</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45.2-FITC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>109806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD-1-PE</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>135206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD19-PerCP</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>115532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fas-PE-Cy7</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>557653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CXCR5-APC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>145506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixable Viability Dye ef780</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>65-0865-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-BV421</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>100443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.2 ml FACS tube inserts, racked</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1412-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Falcon&#8482; Round-Bottom Tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the bm12 inducible model of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) in c57bl/6 mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible animal models mirror common components of human disease, including the bm12 transfer model. Upon transfer of bm12 splenocytes or purified CD4 T cells, C57BL/6 mice rapidly develop large frequencies of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasma cells followed by high levels of circulating anti-nuclear antibodies. Since this model utilizes mice on a pure C57BL/6 background, researchers can quickly and easily study disease progression in transgenic or knockout mouse strains in a relatively short period of time. Here we describe protocols for the induction of the model and the quantitation Tfh, GC B cells, and plasma cells by multi-color flow cytometry. Importantly, these protocols can also be used to characterize disease in most mouse models of SLE and identify Tfh, GC B cells, and plasma cells in other disease models.

罹患マウスは、質量および細胞性（ 図2）の面で健康なマウスの脾臓2-3倍のサイズを示す、わずか14日間で脾腫を開発しています。 脾細胞を順次光散乱（SSC-AによるFSC-A）にゲートされ、ダブレット（FSC-AによるFSC-Wまたは-H）、生細胞（生存性染料の低い染色）、 および CD4 +TCRβ+（ 図の排除図3（a））。ドナー細胞は?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice at JoVE.com

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

The transfer of bm12 lymphocytes into a C57BL/6 recipient is an established model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we describe how to initiate disease using this model and how to characterize T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells and plasma cells by flow cytometry.

C57BL / 6マウスにおける全身性エリテマトーデス（SLE）のBM12誘導モデル

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible ...

the-bm12-inducible-model-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-c57bl6

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

17.1K ビュー.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. The transfer of bm12 lymphocytes into a C57BL/6 recipient is an established model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we describe how to initiate disease using this model and how to characterize T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells and plasma cells by flow cytometry.

ビデオ: The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia i.e. pain due to tactile stimuli that do not normally provoke a painful response [1]. 
The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact [2]. The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. The non-operated side of the mouse can be used as a control. The advantages of the SNI model are the robustness of the response and that it doesn&#x2019;t require expert microsurgical skills.
The threshold for mechanical pain response is determined by testing with von Frey filaments of increasing bending force, which are repetitively pressed against the lateral area of the paw [3], [4]. A positive pain reaction is defined as sudden paw withdrawal, flinching and/or paw licking induced by the filament. A positive response in three out of five repetitive stimuli is defined as the pain threshold. 
As demonstrated in the video protocol, C57BL/6 mice experience profound allodynia as early as the day following surgery and maintain this for several weeks.

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury animal model is described here as a mouse model of peripheral neuropathic pain following partial denervation of the sciatic nerve by lesioning the tibial and common peroneal nerve branches, leaving the remaining sural nerve intact. Behavioral modification resulting from mechanical allodynia is quantified by von Frey filaments.

マウスで誘導機械的異痛症の倹約神経損傷（SNI）モデル

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

医学

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

脛骨神経切断 - マウスにおける脱神経誘発性骨格筋萎縮のために標準化されたモデル

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is less straightforward than it is in human patients. A widely used behavioral surrogate for hypnosis in rodents is the loss of righting reflex (LORR), or the point at which the animal no longer responds to their innate instinct to avoid the vulnerability of dorsal recumbency. We have developed a system to assess LORR in 24 mice simultaneously while carefully controlling for potential confounds, including temperature fluctuations and varying gas flows. These chambers permit reliable assessment of anesthetic sensitivity as measured by latency to return of the righting reflex (RORR) following a fixed anesthetic exposure. Alternatively, using stepwise increases (or decreases) in anesthetic concentration, the chambers also enable determination of a population's sensitivity to induction (or emergence) as measured by EC50 and Hill slope. Finally, the controlled environmental chambers described here can be adapted for a variety of alternative uses, including inhaled delivery of other drugs, toxicology studies, and simultaneous real-time monitoring of vital signs.

Loss of the righting reflex has long served as a standard behavioral surrogate for unconsciousness, also called hypnosis, in laboratory animals. Alterations in volatile anesthetic sensitivity caused by pharmacological interventions can be detected with a carefully controlled high-throughput assessment system, which may be adapted for delivery of any inhaled therapeutic.

局所または全身薬理学的介入後のマウスの揮発性全身麻酔の感度変化を評価する

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is  the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is  less ...

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in injured sensory neurons and along the entire nociceptive pathway within the central nervous system. It is usually chronic and challenging to treat. In order to study neuropathic pain and its treatments, different models have been developed in rodents. These models derive from known etiologies, thus reproducing peripheral nerve injuries, central injuries, and metabolic-, infectious- or chemotherapy-related neuropathies. Murine models of peripheral nerve injury often target the sciatic nerve which is easy to access and allows nociceptive tests on the hind paw. These models rely on a compression and/or a section. Here, the detailed surgery procedure for the &#34;cuff model&#34; of neuropathic pain in mice is described. In this model, a cuff of PE-20 polyethylene tubing of standardized length (2 mm) is unilaterally implanted around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. It induces a long-lasting mechanical allodynia, i.e., a nociceptive response to a normally non-nociceptive stimulus that can be evaluated by using von Frey filaments. Besides the detailed surgery and testing procedures, the interest of this model for the study of neuropathic pain mechanism, for the study of neuropathic pain sensory and anxiodepressive aspects, and for the study of neuropathic pain treatments are also discussed.

Neuropathic pain is a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. The &#8220;cuff model&#8221; of neuropathic pain in mice consists of the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Mechanical allodynia is tested using von Frey filaments.

マウスにおける神経因性疼痛の坐骨神経細胞浸潤モデル

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in ...

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

マウスにおける全身および肝血行動態パラメータの監視

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Utilizing Murine Inducible Telomerase Alleles in the Studies of Tissue Degeneration/Regeneration and Cancer

Telomere dysfunction-induced loss of genome integrity and its associated DNA damage signaling and checkpoint responses are well-established drivers that cause tissue degeneration during ageing. Cancer, with incidence rates greatly increasing with age, is characterized by short telomere lengths and high telomerase activity. To study the roles of telomere dysfunction and telomerase reactivation in ageing and cancer, the protocol shows how to generate two murine inducible telomerase knock-in alleles 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT)-inducible TERT-Estrogen Receptor (mTERT-ER) and Lox-Stopper-LoxTERT (LSL-mTERT). The protocol describes the procedures to induce telomere dysfunction and reactivate telomerase activity in mTERT-ER and LSL-mTERT mice in vivo. The representative data show that reactivation of telomerase activity can ameliorate the tissue degenerative phenotypes induced by telomere dysfunction. In order to determine the impact of telomerase reactivation on tumorigenesis, we generated prostate tumor model G4 PB-Cre4 PtenL/L p53L/L LSL-mTERTL/L and thymic T-cell lymphoma model G4 Atm-/- mTERTER/ER. The representative data show that telomerase reactivation in the backdrop of genomic instability induced by telomere dysfunction can greatly enhance tumorigenesis. The protocol also describes the procedures used to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) from mTERT-ER and LSL-mTERT mice and reactivate telomerase activity in NSCs in vitro. The representative data show that reactivation of telomerase can enhance the self-renewal capability and neurogenesis in vitro. Finally, the protocol describes the procedures for performing telomere FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) on both mouse FFPE (Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded) brain tissues and metaphase chromosomes of cultured cells.

Telomere and telomerase play essential roles in ageing and tumorigenesis. The goal of this protocol is to show how to generate two murine inducible telomerase knock-in alleles and how to utilize them in the studies of tissue degeneration/regeneration and cancer.

組織の変性/再生と癌の研究におけるマウス誘導テロメラーゼ対立遺伝子を利用

Telomere dysfunction-induced loss of genome integrity and its associated DNA damage signaling and checkpoint responses are well-established drivers that ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

マウスにおける加速アテローム性動脈硬化症の誘導:ワイヤー傷害モデル

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) is frequently selected to recapitulate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Here we present a protocol of SE induction by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine and monitoring of chronic recurring seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram (EEG) system. We demonstrated notable behavioral changes that need attention after pilocarpine injection and their correlation with hippocampal neuronal loss at 7 days and 6 weeks post-pilocarpine. We also describe the experimental procedures of electrode implantation for video and EEG recording, and analysis of the frequency and duration of chronic recurrent seizures. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons why the expected results are not achieved in each case. This provides a basic overview of modeling chronic epilepsy in mice and guidelines for troubleshooting. We believe this protocol can serve as a baseline for suitable models of chronic epilepsy and epileptogenesis.

This manuscript describes a method of inducing status epilepticus by systemic pilocarpine injection and of monitoring spontaneous recurrent seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram system. This protocol can be utilized for studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and acute seizures.

側頭葉てんかんと脳波監視テレメーター システムを使用してマウスのピロカルピン モデル

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a diverting enterostomy. The etiology of this disease remains ill-defined but appears to differ from that of classical inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Research aimed to decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of this disease has been severely hampered by the lack of an appropriate murine model. This protocol generates a murine model of DC that facilitates the study of the immune system's role and its interaction with the microbiome in the development of DC. In this model using C57BL/6 animals, distal parts of the colon are excluded from the fecal stream by creating a distal colostomy, triggering the development of mild to moderate inflammation in the excluded bowel segments and reproducing the hallmark lesions of human DC with a moderate systemic inflammatory response. In contrast to the rat model, a large number of genetically-modified murine models on the C57BL/6 background are available. The combination of these animals with our model allows the potential roles of individual cytokines, chemokines, or receptors of bioactive molecules (e.g., interleukin (IL)-17; IL-10, chemokine CXCL13, chemokine receptors CXCR5 and CCR7, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4) to be assessed in the pathogenesis of DC. The availability of congenic mouse strains on the C57BL/6 background largely facilitates transfer experiments to establish the roles of distinct cell types involved in the etiology of DC. Finally, the model offers the opportunity to assess the influences of local interventions (e.g., modification of the local microbiome or local anti-inflammatory therapy) on mucosal immunity in affected and non-affected bowel segments and the on systemic immune homeostasis.

Murine distal colostomy provides a murine model for human diversion colitis, a predominantly lymphocytic colitis in colon segment excluded from the fecal stream.

マウスの遠位人工肛門、転用 c57bl/6 マウス大腸炎の新たなモデル

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...