Njoku博士は、このモデルの策定につながった彼の指導と洞察に満ちた議論について、MD博士のNoel R. Rose博士に感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
	<li>Castiella, A., Zapata, E., Lucena, M. I., Andrade, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-induced+autoimmune+liver+disease:+A+diagnostic+dilemma+of+an+increasingly+reported+disease.">Drug-induced autoimmune liver disease: A diagnostic dilemma of an increasingly reported disease.</a> World J. Hepatology. 6 (4), 160-168 (2014).</li><li>Bjornsson, E. S., Bergmann, O. M., Bjornsson, H. K., Kvaran, R. B., Olafsson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence,+presentation,+and+outcomes+in+patients+with+drug-induced+liver+injury+in+the+general+population+of+Iceland.">Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland.</a> Gastroenterology. 144 (7), 1419-1425 (2013).</li><li>Castiella, A., Lucena, M. I., Zapata, E. M., Otazua, P., Andrade, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-induced+autoimmune-like+hepatitis:+a+diagnostic+challenge.">Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis: a diagnostic challenge.</a> Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 56 (8), 2501-2502 (2011).</li><li>Czaja, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-induced+autoimmune-like+hepatitis.">Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis.</a> Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 56 (4), 958-976 (2011).</li><li>Pohl, L. R., Thomassen, D., Pumford, N. R., Butler, L. E., Satoh, H., Ferrans, V. J., Perrone, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hapten+carrier+conjugates+associated+with+halothane+hepatitis.">Hapten carrier conjugates associated with halothane hepatitis.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 283, 111-120 (1991).</li><li>Njoku, D. B., Talor, M. V., Fairweather, D., Frisancho-Kiss, S., Odumade, O. A., Rose, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+model+of+drug+hapten-induced+hepatitis+with+increased+mast+cells+in+the+BALB/c+mouse.">A novel model of drug hapten-induced hepatitis with increased mast cells in the BALB/c mouse.</a> Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 78 (2), 87-100 (2005).</li><li>Cottagiri, M., Nyandjo, M., Stephens, M., Mantilla, J., Saito, H., Mackay, I. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+drug-induced,+immune-mediated+hepatitis,+interleukin-33+reduces+hepatitis+and+improves+survival+independently+and+as+a+consequence+of+FoxP3++T-cell+activity.">In drug-induced, immune-mediated hepatitis, interleukin-33 reduces hepatitis and improves survival independently and as a consequence of FoxP3+ T-cell activity.</a> Cellular and Molecular Immunology. , (2018).</li><li>Lohse, A. W., Manns, M., Dienes, H. P., Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K. H., Cohen, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+autoimmune+hepatitis:+disease+induction,+time+course+and+T-cell+reactivity.">Experimental autoimmune hepatitis: disease induction, time course and T-cell reactivity.</a> Hepatology. 11 (1), 24-30 (1991).</li><li>McCarthy, E. K., Vakos, A., Cottagiri, M., Mantilla, J. J., Santhanam, L., Thomas, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+Shared+Cytochrome+p4502E1+Epitope+Found+in+Anesthetic+Drug-Induced+and+Viral+Hepatitis.">Identification of a Shared Cytochrome p4502E1 Epitope Found in Anesthetic Drug-Induced and Viral Hepatitis.</a> mSphere. 3 (5), (2018).</li><li>Cho, J., Kim, L., Li, Z., Rose, N. R., Talor, M. V., Njoku, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+bias+in+experimental+immune-mediated,+drug-induced+liver+injury+in+BALB/c+mice:+suggested+roles+for+Tregs,+estrogen,+and+IL-6.">Sex bias in experimental immune-mediated, drug-induced liver injury in BALB/c mice: suggested roles for Tregs, estrogen, and IL-6.</a> PLoS. One. 8 (4), 61186 (2013).</li><li>Satoh, H., Gillette, J. R., Takemura, T., Ferrans, V. J., Jelenich, S. E., Kenna, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+immunological+basis+of+halothane-induced+hepatotoxicity.">Investigation of the immunological basis of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 197, 657-673 (1986).</li><li>Eliasson, E., Kenna, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytochrome+P450+2E1+is+a+cell+surface+autoantigen+in+halothane+hepatitis.">Cytochrome P450 2E1 is a cell surface autoantigen in halothane hepatitis.</a> Molecular Pharmacology. 50 (3), 573-582 (1996).</li><li>Bourdi, M., Chen, W., Peter, R. M., Martin, J. L., Buters, J. T., Nelson, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+cytochrome+P450+2E1+is+a+major+autoantigen+associated+with+halothane+hepatitis.">Human cytochrome P450 2E1 is a major autoantigen associated with halothane hepatitis.</a> Chemical Research in Toxicology. 9 (7), 1159-1166 (1996).</li><li>Njoku, D. B., Li, Z., Washington, N. D., Mellerson, J. L., Talor, M. V., Sharma, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppressive+and+pro-inflammatory+roles+for+IL-4+in+the+pathogenesis+of+experimental+drug-induced+liver+injury.">Suppressive and pro-inflammatory roles for IL-4 in the pathogenesis of experimental drug-induced liver injury.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 39 (6), 1652-1663 (2009).</li><li>Aithal, G. P., Ramsay, L., Daly, A. K., Sonchit, N., Leathart, J. B., Alexander, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+adducts,+circulating+antibodies,+and+cytokine+polymorphisms+in+patients+with+diclofenac+hepatotoxicity.">Hepatic adducts, circulating antibodies, and cytokine polymorphisms in patients with diclofenac hepatotoxicity.</a> Hepatology. 39 (5), 1430-1440 (2004).</li><li>Higuchi, S., Kobayashi, M., Yoshikawa, Y., Tsuneyama, K., Fukami, T., Nakajima, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-4+mediates+dicloxacillin-induced+liver+injury+in+mice.">IL-4 mediates dicloxacillin-induced liver injury in mice.</a> Toxicology Letters. 200 (3), 139-145 (2011).</li><li>Rubtsova, K., Marrack, P., Rubtsov, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+dimorphism+in+autoimmunity.">Sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (6), 2187-2193 (2015).</li><li>Satoh, H., Fukuda, Y., Anderson, D. K., Ferrans, V. J., Gillette, J. R., Pohl, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunological+studies+on+the+mechanism+of+halothane-induced+hepatotoxicity:+immunohistochemical+evidence+of+trifluoroacetylated+hepatocytes.">Immunological studies on the mechanism of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity: immunohistochemical evidence of trifluoroacetylated hepatocytes.</a> Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 233 (3), 857-862 (1985).</li><li>Habeeb, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+free+amino+groups+in+proteins+by+trinitrobenzenesulfonic+acid.">Determination of free amino groups in proteins by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 14 (3), 328-336 (1966).</li><li>Christen, U., Burgin, M., Gut, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Halothane+metabolism:+immunochemical+evidence+for+molecular+mimicry+of+trifluoroacetylated+liver+protein+adducts+by+constitutive+polypeptides.">Halothane metabolism: immunochemical evidence for molecular mimicry of trifluoroacetylated liver protein adducts by constitutive polypeptides.</a> Molecular Pharmacology. 40 (3), 390-400 (1991).</li><li>Christen, U., Quinn, J., Yeaman, S. J., Kenna, J. G., Clarke, J. B., Gandolfi, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+dihydrolipoamide+acetyltransferase+subunit+of+the+human+pyruvate+dehydrogenase+complex+as+an+autoantigen+in+halothane+hepatitis.+Molecular+mimicry+of+trifluoroacetyl-lysine+by+lipoic+acid.">Identification of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunit of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as an autoantigen in halothane hepatitis. Molecular mimicry of trifluoroacetyl-lysine by lipoic acid.</a> European Journal of Biochemistry. 223 (3), 1035-1047 (1994).</li></ol>

著者らには開示するものは何もありません。

このプロトコルの強みは、その再現性にあります。したがって、提案された手順に従うことが重要です。免疫原の製剤は、いくつかの障壁となり得る;しかし、我々は我々の文書に記載されているエピトープを使用してモデルを再現したので、肝臓のS100画分を単離する必要性は取り除かれた。追加のエピトープまたはタンパク質が改変され、免疫化後に肝炎を誘発する可能性がある。ただし?...

この方法の目的は、生体内で発症する薬物誘発性自己免疫性肝炎のマウスモデルを記述し、この疾患の分子的、免疫学的および遺伝的基盤を調査するためにどのように利用できるかを実証することである。私たちの研究の長期的な目的は、感受性のある患者のDIHを研究することによって、慢性肝臓の炎症および傷害の発症に関与するメカニズムを明らかにすることです。肝疾患および肝硬変は、25〜64歳の成人における6番目に多い死因を構成する。薬物誘発性自己免疫性肝炎(DIH)と呼ばれることもある特異なDILIは、米国における急性肝不全の3番目に一般的な原因である。DIHは、自己免疫性肝炎患者の約9〜12%で観察される最も一般的な肝薬剤誘発性過感作プロセスである1。DIH患者の圧倒的多数は女性2,3,4である。DIHの一種は、イソフルラン、セボフルラン、デスフルランまたはハロタンなどのハロゲン化揮発性麻酔薬の投与後に感受性の高い個体に発症する。これらの麻酔薬は、代謝の反応性産物とともに肝臓タンパク質に共有結合し、アレルギー応答または自己免疫応答を惹起することができる新規自己抗原を創り出す5。
麻酔薬およびあらゆる形態のDIHの発達に関与する病原性メカニズムの研究は、ヒト疾患の誘発を密接に模倣する動物モデルの欠如によって以前に妨げられてきた。我々は、患者における免疫媒介性DILIに似た特徴を有するDIHの実験的マウスモデルを開発した。肝炎は、酵素シトクロムP450 2E1(CYP2E1)5による麻酔薬の酸化的代謝に続いて形成されるトリフルオロアセチルクロリド(TFA)代謝産物によって共有結合的に修飾された2つの自己抗原のうちの1つによる免疫によって誘導される。1つの自己抗原は、いくつかのタンパク質6の混合物である肝細胞質S100肝臓画分であり、第2の自己抗原は、麻酔免疫媒介性DILI7を有する患者からの血清によって認識されるCYP2E1のエピトープである。実験的自己免疫性肝炎に比較的耐性のあるBALB/cマウスを用いることで、C57Bl/6Jマウスの自己免疫性肝炎のS100誘導免疫モデルと我々のモデルを区別した8.
その多様な臨床プレゼンテーションのために、DIHは患者で研究することは困難です。翻訳実験モデルは、インビボおよびインビトロで疾患の病因を評価する能力を提供する。現在のところ、動物を使用せずにインビボまたはインビトロの適応免疫応答または自然免疫応答を完全に調べるDIHを誘導するための他の代替方法はありません。さらに、S-100またはCYP2E1エピトープのトリフルオロアセチル化は刺激性免疫原を産生するようには見えず、TFA改変タンパク質による免疫化によってDIHを誘導しているため、これらの動物は、免疫化または他の処置の前にエーテル、ハロゲン化麻酔薬、バルビツール酸またはアルコールを投与されない。それでも、我々は、発見したCYP2E1エピトープ9 の結合嗜好を確認するためにコンピュータシミュレーションを利用してマウスの使用を減らし、雌のBALB/cマウスがより重篤なDIH10を発症することを実証することによって、女性の性別に関与するヒトDIHを反映した。
患者におけるDIHの多様な提示および臨床疾患の研究における課題にもかかわらず、反応性薬物代謝産物による天然タンパク質の翻訳後修飾は、ハロゲン化麻酔薬に続く病因DIHにおいて受け入れられている重要なメカニズムである11。研究者らはまた、CYP2E1がこのプロセスにおける主要な自己抗原であることを認める12,13。翻訳後修飾CYP2E1および他の肝臓タンパク質を認識するインターロイキン(IL)-4-アップレギュレートCD4+T細胞の役割は、好中球、好酸球および肥満細胞を肝臓に引き込むことによって麻酔DIHの受け入れられた開始剤であり14、このメカニズムはDIH15,16の多くの形態で確認されている。誘導されたFoxP3発現CD4+CD25+T細胞(Tregs)はDIHの重症度を低下させ、脾臓におけるこれらの細胞の相対的欠損はDIHを悪化させる10,7。したがって、DIHの理解における進歩の大部分は、in vivoマウスモデルを利用して、in vivoおよびin vitroの両方でDIHの遺伝的、代謝的および免疫学的メカニズムを評価することによって可能になった。
我々と他の研究者は、異なるマウスモデルを用いたDIHの開始におけるIL-4、好中球、好酸球の役割を明らかにしたので、この観察は、利用されたDIHモデルにかかわらず、肝炎および傷害はIL-4によって誘発されるという我々の主張を支持すると信じている。私たちのプロトコルの強みは、雄と雌の両方のマウスのin vivo方法論の利用、および組織学、CD4+ T細胞増殖アッセイ、サイトカインの繰り返しにあります。インビトロ研究の強みは、DIHを駆動する細胞相互作用を単離するための方法論を提供しながら、必要なマウスの数を減らすことです。これは、DIHの発生率、有病率、および重症度が女性でより高いため、結果の解釈における無意識の偏りの可能性を低減し、研究の翻訳の可能性を強化するため、雄および雌マウスの使用をお勧めします17。マウスは単一のベンダーから入手することをお勧めします。ただし、これが不可能な場合は、遺伝子組み換えマウスと同じベンダーから同腹仔対照または野生型マウスを入手してください。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:572px;" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">0.1% 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">28997</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AKP Substrate Kit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">172-1063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BALB/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Jackson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CellTrace&#8482; CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C34554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">CFA H37Ra</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Becton Dickinson (Difco Bacto)</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">231131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FcR Blocking reagent</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Milteyi</td>
			<td>130-092-575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">General supplement</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HPRG770</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HepaRG&#8482; cells cryopreserved</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HPR GC10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Live/Dead Fixable Aqua Dead Cell stain kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L34965</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NaHC03</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Percoll&#174;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1644-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Pertussis Toxin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">List Biologicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pierce&#8482; Protease Inhibitor Mini Tablets, EDTA Free</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">JT Baker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3140-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">S-ethyltrifluorothioacetate (S-ETFA)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">177474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Slide-a-lyzer dialysis cassettes (10 K, 12 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">66810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UltraPure&#8482; SDS Solution, 10%</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">24730020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Williams Media E, no phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1217601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction of drug-induced, autoimmune hepatitis in balb/c mice for the study of its pathogenic mechanisms

薬物誘発性自己免疫性肝炎(DIH)は、自己免疫性肝炎患者の約9〜12%で観察される最も一般的な肝性薬物誘発性過敏症プロセスである。DIH患者の圧倒的多数は女性です。有病率におけるこれらの性差の根底にあるメカニズムは、ヒトの疾患を模倣する動物モデルの不足のために不明である。それでも、根底にあるメカニズムは、ヒト白血球抗原ハプロタイプおよび性ホルモンと関連していると広く考えられている。対照的に、DIHマウスモデルを用いて、我々は、シトクロムP450 2E1のエピトープに対するIL-4開始CD4+ T細胞が、好中球、マクロファージおよび肥満細胞の雌BALB/cマウスの肝臓への流入を誘導することを明らかにした。このモデルを用いて、我々はまた、IL-33誘導性FoxP3+制御性T細胞が雌および雄マウスにおいてDIHに対する保護を付与することも示した。このDIHモデルは、DIHに関連する薬物代謝産物と共有結合で改変されたCYP2E1のエピトープでマウスを免疫することによって誘導される。このエピトープは、DIHを有する患者によって認識される。我々の方法は、DIHの病因を研究するために利用することができる堅牢で再現性のある肝炎および自己抗体を誘導する。インビボ研究は不適切に行われるとマウスに過度の痛みや苦痛を引き起こす可能性がありますが、インビボモデルの利点は、多数のマウスにおける疾患の病因を評価する能力です。さらに、改変された肝臓タンパク質の生物学的効果は、侵襲的手順を用いて研究することができる。実験計画にin vitro研究を追加することで、細胞レベルでの迅速な反復と機械解析が可能になります。したがって、我々は、我々のモデルプロトコルと、DIHのインビボおよびインビトロメカニズムを研究するためにそれをどのように利用することができるかを示す。

図1に示すDIHを誘導するために利用される免疫化スケジュールは、首の付け根(0日目)および尾の付け根(7日目)で必要とされる2つの免疫化を表す。図2は、麻酔薬のCYP2E1、JHDN5、CYP2E1エピトープおよびトリフルオロアセチル(TFA)代謝産物に応答してCFSEを使用して14日目に得られた代表的な増殖データを示す。図3は、14日目に得られ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms at JoVE.com

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

BALB/cマウスにおけるin vivo免疫型翻訳型肝炎モデルについて、本疾患に見られる性差を含む薬剤性自己免疫性肝炎の病態解明に利用することができる。このモデルが、in vivoおよびin vitro実験技術を使用して再現可能な分析をどのように実証するかを説明します。

BALB/cマウスにおける薬物誘発性自己免疫性肝炎の誘導による発症機序の研究

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

induction-drug-induced-autoimmune-hepatitis-balbc-mice-for-study-its

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

2.9K ビュー.  Johns Hopkins University. BALB/cマウスにおけるin vivo免疫型翻訳型肝炎モデルについて、本疾患に見られる性差を含む薬剤性自己免疫性肝炎の病態解明に利用することができる。このモデルが、in vivoおよびin vitro実験技術を使用して再現可能な分析をどのように実証するかを説明します。

ビデオ: Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1. It has traditionally been considered a rare disease but reporting has increased markedly in recent years. Hypophysitis, in fact, develops not uncommonly as a "side effect" in cancer patients treated with antibodies that block inhibitory receptors expressed on T lymphocytes, such as CTLA-42 and PD-1 receptors. Autoimmune hypophysitis can be induced experimentally by injecting mice with pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant3. In this video article we demonstrate how to extract proteins from mouse pituitary glands and how to prepare them in a form suitable for inducing autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced in mice by injecting an extract of mouse pituitary proteins.

実験的自己免疫性下垂体炎の誘導のためのマウス下垂体免疫原の調製

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1.  It has traditionally been considered a ...

免疫・感染学

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

This video shows how to induce autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice and how to assess its severity by histopathology.

SJLマウスにおける実験的自己免疫性下垂体炎の誘導

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. These roles include influences on infectious and non-infectious diseases including prevention of inflammation as well as mucosal immunity to infectious diseases. Cholera is an acute intestinal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It occurs in developing nations and if left untreated, can result in death. While vaccines for cholera exist, they are not always effective and other preventative methods are needed. We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin using mouse BALB/C macrophages and human intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. We solubilized the above fatty acids and used cell proliferation assays to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of the fatty acids that are not detrimental to human intestinal epithelial cell viability. We solubilized cholera toxin and used it in an assay to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of cholera toxin that do not statistically decrease cell viability in BALB/C macrophages. 
We found the optimum fatty acid concentrations to be between 1-5 ng/&mu;l, and that for cholera toxin to be &lt; 30 ng per treatment. This data may aid future studies that aim to find a protective mucosal role for fatty acids in prevention or alleviation of cholera infections.

We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin that did not significantly and adversely affect cell survival by solubilizing the fatty acids and the toxin and using them in cell survival assays.

ヒト腸管上皮細胞およびBALB / cマウスのマクロファージを用いた耐容脂肪酸とコレラ毒素の濃度の測定

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

ミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質（MOG<sub&gt; 35〜55</sub&gt;）C57BL / 6マウスにおける実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）誘発

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

エフェクターCD4の養子移入によるマウス腸の炎症の誘導<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt;高い</sup&gt;免疫不全マウスへのT細胞

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Immunofluorescence to Monitor the Cellular Uptake of Human Lactoferrin and its Associated Antiviral Activity Against the Hepatitis C Virus

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or localization of a target molecule in cells and tissues. Immunofluorescence relies on the specificity of fluorescent-labelled antibodies against their corresponding antigens within a cell. Both direct and indirect immunofluorescence approaches can be used which rely on the use of antibodies linked with a fluorochrome. Direct immunofluorescence is less frequently used because it provides lower signal, involves higher cost and less flexibility. In contrast, indirect immunofluorescence is more commonly used because of its high sensitivity and provides an amplified signal since more than one secondary antibody can attach to each primary antibody. In this manuscript, both epifluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to monitor the internalization of human lactoferrin, an important component of the immune system, into hepatic cells. Moreover, we monitored the inhibitory potential of hLF on the intracellular replication of the Hepatitis C virus using immunofluorescence. Both the advantages and disadvantages associated with these approaches are discussed.

The human lactoferrin (hLF) is a component of the immune system. In this study, immunofluorescence assays are used to demonstrate both the hepatocellular uptake of hLF and a qualitative reduction in the hepatitis C virus replication upon treatment with hLF.

C型肝炎ウイルスに対するヒトラクトフェリンの細胞取り込みおよびそれに関連する抗ウイルス活性を監視するために、免疫蛍光

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

マウスおよび種々の組織における免疫細胞の疾患に依存する分布の評価における実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎の誘導

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.

複製サイクルの初期段階を監視するためにB型肝炎ウイルスのレポーターシステムの開発

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

Induction of Intestinal Graft-versus-host Disease and Its Mini-endoscopic Assessment in Live Mice

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) represents the most severe complication that patients previously undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) face and is frequently associated with a poor clinical outcome. While, for instance, GvHD manifestations of the skin are usually responsive to established immune-suppressive therapies and are, hence, not taking a fatal course, the presence and the intensity of intestinal GvHD, especially of the mid-to-lower parts of the gut, strongly influence the outcome and overall survival of patients with acute GvHD. Therapeutic options are essentially limited to the classic immune-suppressive agents yielding only moderate disease-mitigating effects. Hence, detailed knowledge about the tissue-resident immune cascade, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and the stromal response prior, upon, and after intestinal GvHD onset are urgently needed to understand the events and mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and to develop innovative therapeutic options. Murine models of GvHD are frequently employed to identify and functionally assess molecules and pathways putatively driving intestinal GvHD. However, means to specifically monitor and evaluate intestinal inflammation over time are essentially lacking since established scores to assess and grade acute GvHD are routinely comprised of various parameters which rather reflect&#160;systemic GvHD manifestations. The detailed evaluation of intestinal GvHD has been restricted to studies using euthanized mice, thereby essentially excluding longitudinal (i.e., kinetic) analyses of the colonic compartment under a given experimental condition (e.g., antibody-mediated blockade of a proinflammatory cytokine) in live mice (i.e., in vivo). The mini-endoscopic in situ assessment of the distal colon of allo-HCT-treated mice described here allows a) a detailed macroscopic evaluation of different aspects of intestinal inflammation and b) the option to collect tissue samples for downstream analyses at various time points over the course of the observation period. Overall, the mini-endoscopic approach provides a major advance in preclinical noninvasive monitoring and assessment of intestinal GvHD.

Here, we present a protocol that describes allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and allows repetitive mini-endoscopic evaluations of the distal colon in situ for the presence, characteristics, and severity of colonic inflammation within live mice suffering from intestinal graft-versus-host disease.

腸管移植片対宿主病と生きたマウスのミニ内視鏡評価の誘導

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) represents the most severe complication that patients previously undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

グルコース-6-リン酸イソメラーゼ(G6PI)誘発RAマウスにおけるiNKT細胞の導入免疫療法

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...