私たちは、Lee Niswander博士とRada Massarwa博士に、ここで述べたスライスカルチャー共焦点イメージングプロトコルの技術的専門知識と貢献に感謝したいと思います。脳腫瘍組織のスライスおよび培養パラメータの最適化に関する専門知識を提供したDr. Kalen Dionneに感謝します。

<ol>
	<li>Beadle, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+myosin+II+in+glioma+invasion+of+the+brain.">The role of myosin II in glioma invasion of the brain.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 19, 3357-3368 (2008).</li><li>Farin, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplanted+glioma+cells+migrate+and+proliferate+on+host+brain+vasculature:+a+dynamic+analysis.">Transplanted glioma cells migrate and proliferate on host brain vasculature: a dynamic analysis.</a> Glia. 53, 799-808 (2006).</li><li>Panopoulos, A., Howell, M., Fotedar, R., Margolis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioblastoma+motility+occurs+in+the+absence+of+actin+polymer.">Glioblastoma motility occurs in the absence of actin polymer.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 22, 2212-2220 (2011).</li><li>Ivkovic, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+inhibition+of+myosin+II+effectively+blocks+glioma+invasion+in+the+presence+of+multiple+motogens.">Direct inhibition of myosin II effectively blocks glioma invasion in the presence of multiple motogens.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 23, 533-542 (2012).</li><li>Assanah, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+progenitors+in+adult+white+matter+are+driven+to+form+malignant+gliomas+by+platelet-derived+growth+factor-expressing+retroviruses.">Glial progenitors in adult white matter are driven to form malignant gliomas by platelet-derived growth factor-expressing retroviruses.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 6781-6790 (2006).</li><li>Chaichana, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preservation+of+glial+cytoarchitecture+from+ex+vivo+human+tumor+and+non-tumor+cerebral+cortical+explants:+A+human+model+to+study+neurological+diseases.">Preservation of glial cytoarchitecture from ex vivo human tumor and non-tumor cerebral cortical explants: A human model to study neurological diseases.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 164, 261-270 (2007).</li><li>Grube, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+fatty+acid+synthase+in+human+gliomas+correlates+with+the+WHO+tumor+grade+and+inhibition+with+Orlistat+reduces+cell+viability+and+triggers+apoptosis.">Overexpression of fatty acid synthase in human gliomas correlates with the WHO tumor grade and inhibition with Orlistat reduces cell viability and triggers apoptosis.</a> J Neurooncol. 118, 277-287 (2014).</li><li>Hovinga, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+notch+signaling+in+glioblastoma+targets+cancer+stem+cells+via+an+endothelial+cell+intermediate.">Inhibition of notch signaling in glioblastoma targets cancer stem cells via an endothelial cell intermediate.</a> Stem Cells. 28, 1019-1029 (2010).</li><li>Merz, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+slice+cultures+of+human+glioblastoma+reveal+different+susceptibilities+to+treatments.">Organotypic slice cultures of human glioblastoma reveal different susceptibilities to treatments.</a> Neurooncol. 15, 670-681 (2013).</li><li>Xu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vorinostat+modulates+cell+cycle+regulatory+proteins+in+glioma+cells+and+human+glioma+slice+cultures.">Vorinostat modulates cell cycle regulatory proteins in glioma cells and human glioma slice cultures.</a> J Neurooncol. 105, 241-251 (2011).</li><li>Verhaak, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+genomic+analysis+identifies+clinically+relevant+subtypes+of+glioblastoma+characterized+by+abnormalities.">Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities.</a> in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer cell. 17, 98-110 (2010).</li><li>Gill, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI-localized+biopsies+reveal+subtype-specific+differences+in+molecular+and+cellular+composition+at+the+margins+of+glioblastoma.">MRI-localized biopsies reveal subtype-specific differences in molecular and cellular composition at the margins of glioblastoma.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111, 12550-12555 (2014).</li><li>Snuderl, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+amplification+of+multiple+receptor+tyrosine+kinase+genes+in+glioblastoma.">Mosaic amplification of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase genes in glioblastoma.</a> Cancer cell. 20, 810-817 (2011).</li><li>Kakita, A., Goldman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+and+dynamics+of+SVZ+cell+migration+in+the+postnatal+forebrain:+monitoring+living+progenitors+in+slice+preparations.">Patterns and dynamics of SVZ cell migration in the postnatal forebrain: monitoring living progenitors in slice preparations.</a> Neuron. 23, 461-472 (1999).</li><li>Meijering, E., Dzyubachyk, O., Smal, I., van Cappellen, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+in+cell+and+developmental+biology.">Tracking in cell and developmental biology.</a> Sem Cell Dev Biol. 20, 894-902 (2009).</li><li>Parker, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gefitinib+selectively+inhibits+tumor+cell+migration+in+EGFR-amplified+human+glioblastoma.">Gefitinib selectively inhibits tumor cell migration in EGFR-amplified human glioblastoma.</a> Neurooncol. 15, 1048-1057 (2013).</li><li>Brat, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudopalisades+in+glioblastoma+are+hypoxic,+express+extracellular+matrix+proteases,+and+are+formed+by+an+actively+migrating+cell+population.">Pseudopalisades in glioblastoma are hypoxic, express extracellular matrix proteases, and are formed by an actively migrating cell population.</a> Cancer Res. 64, 920-927 (2004).</li><li>Shweiki, D., Itin, A., Soffer, D., Keshet, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+induced+by+hypoxia+may+mediate+hypoxia-initiated+angiogenesis.">Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis.</a> Nature. 359, 843-845 (1992).</li><li>Shamir, E. R., Ewald, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+organotypic+culture:+experimental+models+of+mammalian+biology+and+disease.">Three-dimensional organotypic culture: experimental models of mammalian biology and disease.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15, 647-664 (2014).</li><li>Charles, N. A., Holland, E. C., Gilbertson, R., Glass, R., Kettenmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+tumor+microenvironment.">The brain tumor microenvironment.</a> Glia. 60, 502-514 (2012).</li><li>Di Cristofori, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vacuolar+H++ATPase+is+a+novel+therapeutic+target+for+glioblastoma.">The vacuolar H+ ATPase is a novel therapeutic target for glioblastoma.</a> Oncotarget. 6, 17514-17513 (2015).</li><li>Vaira, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+model+of+organotypic+culture+for+pharmacodynamic+profiling+of+human+tumors.">Preclinical model of organotypic culture for pharmacodynamic profiling of human tumors.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , 8352-8356 (2010).</li><li>Gerlach, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Slice+cultures+from+head+and+neck+squamous+cell+carcinoma:+a+novel+test+system+for+drug+susceptibility+and+mechanisms+of+resistance.">Slice cultures from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a novel test system for drug susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance.</a> Br J Cancer. 110, 479-488 (2014).</li><li>Holliday, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+practicalities+of+using+tissue+slices+as+preclinical+organotypic+breast+cancer+models.">The practicalities of using tissue slices as preclinical organotypic breast cancer models.</a> J Clin Pathol. 66, 253-255 (2013).</li><li>Maund, S. L., Nolley, R., Peehl, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+and+comprehensive+characterization+of+a+faithful+tissue+culture+model+of+the+benign+and+malignant+human+prostate.">Optimization and comprehensive characterization of a faithful tissue culture model of the benign and malignant human prostate.</a> Lab Invest. 94, 208-221 (2014).</li></ol>

著者は何も開示することはない。

ヒト癌組織由来の器官型スライス培養は、前臨床翻訳実験のための魅力的で十分に活用されていないプラットフォームを提供する。天然の腫瘍微小環境における移動、増殖、および細胞死に関する腫瘍細胞の集団レベルの挙動の理解は欠けている。重要なことに、細胞挙動のレベルで動的で時間分解された様式で治療に対する腫瘍応答を研究することは、治療抵抗性の新規メカニズムに光を?...

グリア芽腫（GBM）の実験研究は、ヒト疾患の必要な病理学的特徴、すなわち腫瘍細胞の移動および浸潤を忠実に再現するモデルの欠如によって妨げられている。比較2Dおよび3D インビトロ浸潤アッセイの研究ならびに3Dげっ歯類スライス培養モデルは、潜在的にヒトの疾患1、2、3に2Dシステムからの所見の翻訳可能を制限する、これら二つのコンテキストに機構的に異なる細胞移動のプログラムを発見しました。本明細書に記載される器官型腫瘍スライス培養およびイメージングパラダイムは、外科的切除から得られたex vivoヒト腫瘍組織の切片内での腫瘍細胞遊走の研究を可能にする。したがって、経時的共焦点顕微鏡法と組み合わせて外科的に切除された腫瘍組織の切片培養は、ネイティブの腫瘍細胞移動を研究するためのプラットフォームを提供する組織溶解または培養継代がない微環境。 腫瘍浸潤1、2、3、4、5を研究するために、ヒト腫瘍異種移植片、レトロウイルス誘導性腫瘍、および細胞オーバーレイから生成されたGBMの齧歯類脳切片培養モデルを用い広範な文献があります。最近、いくつかのグループが直接ヒトGBM組織6、7、8、9、10から器官型スライス培養物の生成を記載しています。しかし、スライス技術および培養培地に関して公開されたプロトコールの間には著しい変化がある。さらに、器官型スライス培養の使用は、細胞シグナルの変化を含む静的実験的エンドポイントに焦点を当てている死、増殖、死亡の原因となる。本明細書に記載のプロトコルは、経時的レーザー走査共焦点顕微鏡法による動的腫瘍細胞挙動の時間分解観察を組み込むことによって、従来のスライス培養パラダイムを拡張する。間11および腫瘍内12の最近の発見は、人間のGBMで13遺伝的変異は、腫瘍細胞の挙動および治療に対する腫瘍の応答にその意味で、この異質性を結びつけることの重要性を強調しています。ここでは、ヒト癌組織由来の直接スライス培養物を使用して腫瘍細胞の移動をほぼリアルタイムで視覚化するための合理的で再現性のあるプロトコールを報告する。

<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM High Glucose&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>11960-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium, minus phenol red</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>12349-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50X), serum free</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nystatin Suspension</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N1638-20ML</td>
			<td>10,000 unit/mL in DPBS, aseptically processed, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Low Melting Point Agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>16520-050</td>
			<td>Melts at 65.5 C, Remains fluid at 37 C, and sets rapidly below 25 C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolectin GS-IB4 from Griffonia simplicifolia, Alexa Fluor 647 Conjugate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher (Molecular Probes)</td>
			<td>I32450</td>
			<td>Used in media to label Microglia/Macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRetroX-IRES-ZsGreen1 Vector</td>
			<td>Clonetech</td>
			<td>632520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retro-X Concentrator&#160;</td>
			<td>Clonetech</td>
			<td>31455</td>
			<td>Binding resin for non-ultracentrifugation concentration of viral supernatants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pVSG-G Vector</td>
			<td>Clonetech</td>
			<td>631530</td>
			<td>part of the Retro-X Universal Retroviral Expression System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GP2-293 Viral packaging cells</td>
			<td>Clonetech</td>
			<td>631530</td>
			<td>part of the Retro-X Universal Retroviral Expression System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate Glue (Super Glue)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z105899</td>
			<td>Medium-viscosity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peel-A-Way Embedding Mold (Square - S22)</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>18646A-1</td>
			<td>Molds for tumor sample embedding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Micro Spatulas</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S50823</td>
			<td>Bend instrument 45 degrees at the neck of the spoon blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Fisherbrand Dissecting Fine-Pointed Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>08-875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single Edge Razor Blade (American Safety Razors)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-989-001</td>
			<td>Blade edge is 0.009&#34; thick. Crimped blunt-edge cover is removed before loading onto vibratome.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica VT1000 S Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>VT1000 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrophilic PTFE cell culture insert&#160;</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PICM0RG50</td>
			<td>30 mm, hydrophilic PTFE, 0.4 &#181;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Glass Bottom Dishes&#160;</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-20-C Sleeve</td>
			<td>20mm glass diameter. Coverslip glass thickness 1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM 510 Confocal Micoscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM 510</td>
			<td>10x Air Objective (c-Apochromat NA 0.45)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PECON Stagetop Incubator</td>
			<td>PeCON Germany</td>
			<td>(Discontinued)</td>
			<td>Incubator PM 2000 RBT is a comprable product designed for use with Zeiss Microscopes.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a human glioblastoma organotypic slice culture model for study of tumor cell migration and patient-specific effects of anti-invasive drugs

グリア芽細胞腫（GBM）は、外科手術、化学療法および放射線療法にもかかわらず、極めて不良な予後を続けている。周囲の脳実質への進行性の腫瘍浸潤は、永続的な治療上の課題である。 GBMのための抗遊走療法を開発するためには、制御された実験のために生理学的に関連する背景を提供するモデル系が不可欠である。ここでは、外科的切除の間に得られたヒトGBM組織から切片培養を生成するためのプロトコールを提示する。これらの培養物は、動物異種移植片または単一細胞培養物を通さずにエクスビボ実験を可能にする。さらに、我々は、腫瘍細胞の移動挙動および治療への関連する応答を定量的に研究するために、細胞追跡と併せて経時的レーザー走査共焦点顕微鏡法の使用を記載する。スライスは、手術組織の獲得の90分以内に再現可能に生成される。レトロウイルス媒介性の蛍光細胞1aベーリング、共焦点画像化、および腫瘍細胞移動分析は、培養の2週間以内にその後完了する。私たちは、これらのスライス培養をうまく使用して、ヒトGBMにおける増加した遊走行動に関連する遺伝的要因を明らかにした。さらに、本発明者らは、抗マイグレーション療法に応答して患者特異的変異を検出するモデルの能力を検証した。進行中、ヒトGBMスライス培養は、パーソナル化された神経腫瘍治療を進めるために、治療薬に対する腫瘍感受性の迅速なエクスビボ評価のための魅力的なプラットフォームである。

<html>私たちのグループは、最初のGBM切除を受けた50人以上の患者からスライスカルチャーを成功裏に生成しました。このスライス生成、培養、レトロウイルス - ラベリング、イメージング、およびマイグレーション解析プロトコルは、再現可能なワークフローに合理化されています（ 図1 ）。重要なことに、これらの器官型GBMスライスは、病理学的特徴お...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Human Glioblastoma Organotypic Slice Culture Model for Study of Tumor Cell Migration and Patient-specific Effects of Anti-Invasive Drugs at JoVE.com

A Human Glioblastoma Organotypic Slice Culture Model for Study of Tumor Cell Migration and Patient-specific Effects of Anti-Invasive Drugs

神経膠芽腫（GBM）の現在のex vivoモデルは、ヒト腫瘍浸潤の生理学的に関連する研究のために最適化されていない。ここでは、我々は、新鮮なヒトGBM組織からの器官型スライス培養物の生成および維持のためのプロトコールを提示する。経時顕微鏡法および定量的細胞移動分析技術の説明が提供される。

腫瘍細胞移動の研究および抗浸潤性薬物の患者特異的効果の研究のためのヒト神経膠芽腫の器官型スライス培養モデル

Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to carry an extremely poor clinical prognosis despite surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation therapy. Progressive tumor ...

a-human-glioblastoma-organotypic-slice-culture-model-for-study-tumor

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K ビュー.  Stanford University Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine. 神経膠芽腫（GBM）の現在のex vivoモデルは、ヒト腫瘍浸潤の生理学的に関連する研究のために最適化されていない。ここでは、我々は、新鮮なヒトGBM組織からの器官型スライス培養物の生成および維持のためのプロトコールを提示する。経時顕微鏡法および定量的細胞移動分析技術の説明が提供される。 

ビデオ: A Human Glioblastoma Organotypic Slice Culture Model for Study of Tumor Cell Migration and Patient-specific Effects of Anti-Invasive Drugs

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

口腔扁平上皮癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける腫瘍細胞の浸潤の多光子イメージング

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

医学

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

人間の神経内分泌腫瘍療法の研究のための三次元モデルとしての人間の神経内分泌腫瘍細胞株

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Experimental examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated by in vitro culture systems that more accurately model in vivo biology. The use of human derived material for studying cellular differentiation, aging, senescence, and immortalization is particularly advantageous given the many significant molecular differences in these properties between human and commonly utilized rodent cells1-2. Mammary cells present a convenient model system because large quantities of normal and abnormal tissues are available due to the frequency of reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy surgeries.
The mammary gland consists of a complex admixture of many distinct cell types, e.g., epithelial, adipose, mesenchymal, endothelial. The epithelial cells are responsible for the differentiated mammary function of lactation, and are also the origin of the vast majority of human breast cancers. We have developed methods to process mammary gland surgical discard tissues into pure epithelial components as well as mesenchymal cells3. The processed material can be stored frozen indefinitely, or initiated into primary culture. Surgical discard material is transported to the laboratory and manually dissected to enrich for epithelial containing tissue. Subsequent digestion of the dissected tissue using collagenase and hyaluronidase strips stromal material from the epithelia at the basement membrane. The resulting small pieces of the epithelial tree (organoids) can be separated from the digested stroma by sequential filtration on membranes of fixed pore size. Depending upon pore size, fractions can be obtained consisting of larger ductal/alveolar pieces, smaller alveolar clusters, or stromal cells. We have observed superior growth when cultures are initiated as organoids rather than as dissociated single cells. Placement of organoids in culture using low-stress inducing media supports long-term growth of normal HMEC with markers of multiple lineage types (myoepithelial, luminal, progenitor)4-5. Sufficient numbers of cells can be obtained from one individual's tissue to allow extensive experimental examination using standardized cell batches, as well as interrogation using high throughput modalities.
Cultured HMEC have been employed in a wide variety of studies examining the normal processes governing growth, differentiation, aging, and senescence, and how these normal processes are altered during immortal and malignant transformation4-15,16. The effects of growth in the presence of extracellular matrix material, other cell types, and/or 3D culture can be compared with growth on plastic5,15. Cultured HMEC, starting with normal cells, provide an experimentally tractable system to examine factors that may propel or prevent human aging and carcinogenesis.

A method to process human mammary surgical discard material is described. Processed tissue, in the form of organoids, can be stored frozen indefinitely or placed in culture for long-term growth. This method enables experimental examination of normal human epithelial cell biology, and the effects of exogenous perturbations.

細胞培養のための人間の削減乳房形成や乳房切除組織の処理

Experimental  examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how  normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

CD133の患者由来の細胞培養および分離<sup&gt; +</supメラノーマから&gt;推定されるがん幹細胞

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

初代ヒト骨髄およびその悪性腫瘍を研究する三次元組織培養モデル

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Human Dupuytren's Ex Vivo Culture for the Study of Myofibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Interactions

Organ fibrosis or &#8220;scarring&#8221; is known to account for a high death toll due to the extensive amount of disorders and organs affected (from cirrhosis to cardiovascular diseases). There is no effective treatment and the in vitro tools available do not mimic the in vivo situation rendering the progress of the out of control wound healing process still enigmatic.
To date, 2D and 3D cultures of fibroblasts derived from DD patients are the main experimental models available. Primary cell cultures have many limitations; the fibroblasts derived from DD are altered by the culture conditions, lack cellular context and interactions, which are crucial for the development of fibrosis and weakly represent the derived tissue. Real-time PCR analysis of fibroblasts derived from control and DD samples show that little difference is detectable. 3D cultures of fibroblasts include addition of extracellular matrix that alters the native conditions of these cells. 
As a way to characterize the fibrotic, proliferative properties of these resection specimens we have developed a 3D culture system, using intact human resections of the nodule part of the cord. The system is based on transwell plates with an attached nitrocellulose membrane that allows contact of the tissue with the medium but not with the plastic, thus, preventing the alteration of the tissue. No collagen gel or other extracellular matrix protein substrate is required. The tissue resection specimens maintain their viability and proliferative properties for 7 days. This is the first &#8220;organ&#8221; culture system that allows human resection specimens from DD patients to be grown ex vivo and functionally tested, recapitulating the in vivo situation.

Human Dupuytren's Ex Vivo Culture for the Study of Myofibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Interactions

Dupuytren&#8217;s disease (DD) is a fibroproliferative disease of the palm of the hand. Here, we present a protocol to culture resection specimens from DD in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. Such short-term culture system allows preservation of the 3D structure and molecular properties of the fibrotic tissue.

人間デュピュイトラン<em&gt;エクスビボ</em筋線維芽細胞と細胞外マトリックス相互作用の研究のために&gt;文化

Organ fibrosis or &#8220;scarring&#8221; is known to account for a high death toll due to the extensive amount of disorders and organs affected (from ...

Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells

Freshly isolated tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and serve as an in vitro model for developing new angiogenesis inhibitors for cancer. However, long-term in vitro expansion of murine endothelial cells (EC) is challenging due to phenotypic drift in culture (endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition) and contamination with non-EC. This is especially true for TEC which are readily outcompeted by co-purified fibroblasts or tumor cells in culture. Here, a high fidelity isolation method that takes advantage of immunomagnetic enrichment coupled with colony selection and in vitro expansion is described. This approach generates pure EC fractions that are entirely free of contaminating stromal or tumor cells. It is also shown that lineage-traced Cdh5cre:ZsGreenl/s/l reporter mice, used with the protocol described herein, are a valuable tool to verify cell purity as the isolated EC colonies from these mice show durable and brilliant ZsGreen fluorescence in culture.

We report a reliable method to isolate and culture primary tumor-specific endothelial cells from genetically engineered mouse models.

腫瘍特異的内皮細胞の単離および培養拡大

Freshly isolated tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and serve as an in vitro model ...

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies

Brain tumors are a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapeutics for these cancers is difficult, as many of these tumors are not easily grown in standard culture conditions. Neurosphere cultures under serum-free conditions and orthotopic xenografts have expanded the range of tumors that can be maintained. However, many types of brain tumors remain difficult to propagate or study. This is particularly true for pediatric brain tumors such as pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. This protocol describes a system that allows primary human brain tumors to be grown in culture. This quantitative assay can be used to investigate the effect of microenvironment on tumor growth, and to test new drug therapies. This protocol describes a system where fluorescently labeled brain tumor cells are grown on an organotypic brain slice from a juvenile mouse. The response of tumor cells to drug treatments can be studied in this assay, by analyzing changes in the number of cells on the slice over time. In addition, this system can address the nature of the microenvironment that normally fosters growth of brain tumors. This brain tumor organotypic slice co-culture assay provides a propitious system for testing new drugs on human tumor cells within a brain microenvironment.

Many types of human brain tumors are localized to specific regions within the brain and are difficult to grow in culture. This protocol addresses the role of tumor microenvironment and investigates new drug treatments by analyzing fluorescent primary brain tumor cells growing in an organotypic mouse brain slice. &#160;

腫瘍微小環境と標的薬物療法研究のための脳の腫瘍/器官スライス共培養系

Brain tumors are a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapeutics for these cancers is difficult, as many of these ...

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

A procedure for assessing specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells is demonstrated. The key element is the quantitative determination of a tumor-specific genetic alteration in relation to a universal sequence using a dual-probe digital PCR assay and the subsequent calculation of the proportion of tumor cells. The assay is carried out on a culture containing tumor cells of an established line and spiked-in non-tumor cells. The mixed culture is treated with a test drug at various concentrations. After the treatment, DNA is prepared directly from the survived adhesive cells in wells of 96-well plates using a simple and inexpensive method, and subjected to a dual-probe digital PCR assay for measuring a tumor-specific genetic alteration and a reference universal sequence. In the present demonstration, a heterozygous deletion of the NF1 gene is used as the tumor-specific genetic alteration and a RPP30 gene as the reference gene. Using the ratio NF1/RPP30, the proportion of tumor cells was calculated. Since the dose-dependent change of the proportion of tumor cells provides an in vitro indication for specificity of the drug, this genetic and cell-based in vitro assay will likely have application potential in drug discovery. Furthermore, for personalized cancer-care, this genetic- and cell-based tool may contribute to optimizing adjuvant chemotherapy by means of testing efficacy and specificity of candidate drugs using primary cultures of individual tumors.

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

The goal of this protocol is to assess specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using mixed cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells.

抗がん剤の特異性を評価します<em&gt;インビトロ</em

A procedure for assessing specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells is demonstrated. The key ...

A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries

The myoendothelial junction (MEJ), a unique signaling microdomain in small diameter resistance arteries, exhibits localization of specific proteins and signaling processes that can control vascular tone and blood pressure. As it is a projection from either the endothelial or smooth muscle cell, and due to its small size (on average, an area of ~1 &#181;m2), the MEJ is difficult to study in isolation. However, we have developed a cell culture model called the vascular cell co-culture (VCCC) that allows for in vitro MEJ formation, endothelial cell polarization, and dissection of signaling proteins and processes in the vascular wall of resistance arteries. The VCCC has a multitude of applications and can be adapted to suit different cell types. The model consists of two cell types grown on opposite sides of a filter with 0.4 &#181;m pores in which the in vitro MEJs can form. Here we describe how to create the VCCC via plating of cells and isolation of endothelial, MEJ, and smooth muscle fractions, which can then be used for protein isolation or activity assays. The filter with intact cell layers can be fixed, embedded, and sectioned for immunofluorescent analysis. Importantly, many of the discoveries from this model have been confirmed using intact resistance arteries, underscoring its physiological relevance.

A cell culture model of resistance arteries is described, allowing for the dissection of signaling pathways in endothelium, smooth muscle, or between endothelium and smooth muscle (the myoendothelial junction). The selective application of agonists or protein isolation, electron microscopy, or immunofluorescence can be utilized using this cell culture model.

抵抗血管の細胞培養モデル

The myoendothelial junction (MEJ), a unique signaling microdomain in small diameter resistance arteries, exhibits localization of specific proteins and ...