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1.細菌コロニーの周辺フリンジ<ol><li> Xを育てます28℃でfastidiosa（ のXf）テメキュラ野生型22、pilG欠失変異体のXfΔpliG（前述削除戦略23を使用）、およびその相補XfΔpliG-C（以前染色体ベースの遺伝的相補戦略24を用いて説明した）PD2培地寒天プレート上で25 5-7日のために、C。 </li><li> 15分間121°C（249°F）で水にオートクレーブセロファン（1×1cm 2の）。 、セロハンの1枚をピックアップ空のペトリ皿にセロハンの一角に触れて水を抜く、慎重に寒天表面と空気乾燥の15％の上にセロハンを築きます。 </li><li>個々のXを拾いますfastidiosaコロニー滅菌丸い楊枝で寒天プレートに寒天表面の15％に重ねセロハンの滅菌シート上に無菌的に細胞を発見。プレートをインキュベート2〜3日間28℃でS。 </li><li> 2X対物レンズと10倍の接眼レンズを解剖顕微鏡を用いて、コロニーのエッジ形態を調べます。コロニーの周辺のフリンジを撮影。 </li></ol> 2.顕微鏡やマイクロ流体フローチャンバー<ol><li>以前5,18に記載したものと同様のフォトリソグラフィ手順を使用したマイクロ流体デバイスを製造します。標準的なリソグラフィ方法26を使用して、マスターのシリコンウェハ上のコンピュータ支援設計ソフトウェアを持つ4つの並列チャネルを設計します。 </li><li>ポリジメチルシロキサン（PDMS）でシリコンウェハマスターからマイクロ流体チャンバを作成します。シリコンウエハーマスター上に未重合PDMSを注いで、1時間60℃でそれを硬化させます。ウェハマスターからPDMSのレプリカをはがし、ガラスカバースリップの同じサイズとして22ミリメートルX 40ミリメートルにブレードとPDMSレプリカをトリミングします。 </li><li> PDMSのレプリカ、ガラスカバースリップ（22×40 mm 2）とし、microscを公開2分27用30 Wで空気プラズマにOPEスライド（51のx 76ミリメートル2）。サンドイッチガラスカバースリップと微小流体室を構築するためのガラス顕微鏡の間にPDMS本体。 </li><li>パターン化チャネルの各端部にPDMS貫通孔​​（5.5ミリメートル直径）ドリル。長い12〜20センチメートルにシリコーンゴムチューブをカットします。 PDMSレプリカのチャネルの各開口端​​部に、シリコーンゴム管（外径5.1ミリメートル、内径2.1 mmのを0.8mmの壁）の一端を挿入し、1時間60℃で重合していないPDMSとそれを密封します。 </li><li>プラスチック製のルアーコネクタのとげの終わりにチューブの他端を接続します。アルミホイルで組み立てられたマイクロ流体チャンバをラップし、20分のためにそれらをオートクレーブ。 </li><li> Xの細菌細胞を収集fastidiosa野生型、変異型のXfΔpliG、および相補XfΔpliG-C PD2培地プレートから使い捨て接種ループを使用して、掻き介して。細胞密度を調整しますPD2ブロス中の600nmで0.05の光学密度を、以前23記載されているように。 1ミリリットルガスタイトシリンジに細菌の細胞溶液を収集します。 </li><li>倒立顕微鏡のステージ上にマイクロ流体デバイスをマウントします。 PD2ブロスを含む5ミリリットルガスタイトシリンジに導入管を接続します。シリンジポンプで5ミリリットルガスタイトシリンジを取り付けます。 </li><li>廃棄物容器に排出管を接続します。 0.2μL分の媒体流量を維持-1で30分間、システムを安定化します。 </li><li>細菌細胞溶液を含む1ミリリットルガスタイトシリンジに側入口管を接続します。チャネルに到達するまで、ゴム管を介して細菌の細胞溶液を洗い流します。チャンバーからの事前の画像キャプチャに結合していない細胞をフラッシュするために0.2μlの分の媒体流量-1別の30分間の維持。 </li><li>光を制御するために、顕微鏡の視野-調整部分の下顕微鏡シャッターをマウントします。シャッター共同にシャッターを接続しますntrolシステムやコンピュータにシャッター制御システムを接続します。 </li><li>顕微鏡のビデオポートにデジタルカメラをマウントし、それをコンピュータに接続します。タイムラプス撮影のソフトウェアを実行して、メニューから「シャッター」機能を選択して、ソフトウェアとシャッターへの接続を確立するためのソフトウェアでデフォルトとして自動的にインストールシャッターを認識しています。 </li><li>自動的にソフトウェアのデフォルトのキャプチャデバイスとしてデジタルカメラを認識し、ソフトウェアとデジタルカメラとの通信を確立するためにタイムラプスレコーディングソフトウェアのメニューから「デジタルカメラ」機能を選択します。 </li><li> 20X位相差光学系を用いて、チャネルのいずれかで細菌細胞を見つけ、その後、画像キャプチャの前に40X対物レンズに切り替えます。 </li><li>顕微鏡から画像を取得するには、メニューからデフォルトパラメータを使用して、「画像取得」機能を​​選択し、タイムラプス録画ソフトウェアを実行します。次に、「タイムラプスを取得」機能を開き、6-24時間は、Xのけいれん運動性を観察するために必要な実験に応じての持続時間30秒5,18,28に時間間隔を設定fastidiosa 5,18,28。タイムラプス撮影を開始するために「OK」をクリックします。メニューから「スタック機能」をクリックして、録音を終えた後、コンピュータ上の保存先フォルダ内の画像をスタックに「名前を付けて保存」を選択します。 </li><li>複数のチャネルについては、6時間、最初のチャンネルから30秒ごとにタイムラプス画像をキャプチャします。標的細胞を見つけるために次のチャネルに顕微鏡の対物レンズを移動します。実験は4つのチャネルを利用するように設定されている場合は、4つのチャネルを順次それぞれの画像をキャプチャするために上記のようにタイムラプス機能を繰り返します。限り3として日間連続タイムラプス画像キャプチャを続けます。全ての実験は、室温（23±2℃）で行いました。 </li><li>タイムラプス画像をコンパイルしますタイムラプス撮影イメージングソフトウェアを使用して、ビデオファイル。タイムラプス撮影のソフトウェアを実行して、メニューから「スタック機能」をクリックして、コンピュータから積み重ねられたファイルを開くには、「オープンスタック機能」を選択します。 </li><li>すべての画像を選択し、「AVI」出力フォーマットを選択し、スタックモジュールから「映画を作る」機能を起動します。コンピュータ上の保存先フォルダ内のビデオファイルを保存するために「名前を付けて保存」をクリックします。 </li><li>コンピュータ上の保存先のフォルダからコンパイルされたムービーを選択し、それらを再生。そして、生成されたビデオファイルの中の細菌細胞の単収縮運動の活動の結果の可視化を通じて単一細胞の運動性を観察します。 </li></ol>

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著者は、彼らが競合する金融利害関係を持たないことを宣言します。

本研究では、Xの動きの挙動を特徴付けfastidiosa PilG変異体のXfΔpilGと新たに設計された複数の並列-ナノチャネル微小流体チャンバ内のその相補XfΔpilG-C株。新たに設計された微小流体室は、単一の50μm幅のチャネル18と以前の設計に比べて幅が100μmのナノチャネルと最大4つの並列チャンバを持つことができます。改善され、より広いナノチャネル?...

Xylellaのfastidiosaはブドウでピアース病を含む、経済的に重要な作物の多数の疾患を引き起こすグラム陰性非鞭 ​​毛、病原性細菌である（ ヴィティスヴィニフェラ L.）1,2、3。この細菌は導水木部に限定されています船。ブドウの感染は、水ストレスや栄養不足3における木部船と結果の閉塞を引き起こします。成功植民地化は、植物3の残りの部分に感染の初期のサイトから移動する細菌の能力に依存します。運動性をけいれんすると、鞭毛に依存しない細菌の延長を経て動き、添付ファイル、およびXに特徴付けられている極性IV型線毛4の後退の手段でありますfastidiosa 5,6,7。 単収縮運動性は、レーザーピンセット及び原子間力顕微鏡（AFM）8,9,10により観察されました。これらの技術を用いて、TN.のIV型線毛によって生成された魔術の運動能淋菌およびP.緑膿菌は、FL uorescentlyラベリング線毛と微視的にその動きを捕捉することによって特徴づけられました。両方の方法は、個々の細菌の接着力を詳述しているが、手順が複雑で時間9,10を消費しています。微小流体チャンバは、長距離個 ​​々の細胞の遊走、ならびに細菌細胞5,6の小さな凝集物を観察するために使用しました。これらのチャンバは、タイムラプス画像記録システム11,12,13,14と統合プレートに微細加工・ナノチャンネルとして設計されました。マイクロuidic室デバイスが移動行動や細菌の細胞間相互作用を研究するためのいくつかの利点を提供FL：（ⅰ）それは、複数のチャネル機能を備えた統合プラットフォームを提供します。 （ⅱ）それは細菌のナノスケールの特徴における単一細胞の運動や集計を調べることができます。 （ⅲ）それが直接メートルを可能にしますicroscopic細菌細胞の画像記録とタイムラプス解析、（iv）は、それは微小環境中の細菌の個々のおよび/または集団の長期的、空間的および時間的な観測を提供します。 （V）チャネルにおける培地の流量を正確に制御することができ、（VI）培地の非常に少量（1 ml）を各実験について必要とされます。 最近では、微小流体流動システムは、様々な微小環境14,15,16の下で細菌細胞の挙動を調査するために採用されています。接着性およびE.の表面付着大腸菌 15、X. fastidiosa 16、およびアシドボラックスは、ガラス表面への14の微小流体チャンバーを用いて評価したcitrulli。 アシドボラックスcitrulliのIV型線毛によって媒介凝集し、バイオフィルムの形成は、14を分析しました。 A.のさらに、運動流Cの下で観察citrullionditionsは、IV型線毛は、Aの植民地化と普及に重要な役割を果たしていることを実証しました樹液流条件下での木部船でcitrulli。 緑膿菌およびXのけいれんの運動能fastidiosa細胞が正常に微細加工フローチャンバー5,6,17内の流体流れに逆らって観察しました。 IV型線毛は、XのpilBとpilQ変異体を欠損しましたfastidiosaは深く微小流体デバイス5,6,18における流動条件でけいれん運動の速度を変更することが見出されました。微小流体デバイスにおける細菌の接着および運動性について行った研究は、微小流体チャンバが、インビトロで線毛媒介細菌の単収縮運動性および遊走を分析するのに特に適していることが示されました。これらの結果は、内の細胞 - 細胞付着、凝集・定着を促進するけいれん媒介移行メカニズムを説明しますホストは、最終的には全身感染につながります。 XのPIL-のCHPオペロンfastidiosaは、エンコード信号の伝達が20を経路pilG、線毛、pilJ、ピル、chpBとchpCが含まれています 。膜貫通化学受容体は、ペリプラズムドメイン内の化学的刺激を結合して、最終的には細菌のけいれんの運動性を制御するために、それらの細胞質部分のシグナル伝達カスケードを活性化します。 Xのピル-のCHPオペロン中fastidiosa、ホスホシャトルタンパク質PilGはチェイに相同体です。 E.でcoliおよびP.緑膿菌、崔はべん毛モータータンパク質19、21と相互作用する走化性システムのレスポンスレギュレーターです。 Xの病原性に向けてピル-のCHPオペロンの貢献が、 fastidiosaは 、最近20の環境シグナルへとX.の規制/モータIV型線毛に応答した走化性オペロン中pilGの役割を調べましたfastidiosaは、UNCでありますリア。 Xの攣縮運動の活動に走化性レギュレータpilGの洞察を解明するために、 fastidiosa、微小流体チャンバーはXのけいれんの運動性を評価するために使用されますfastidiosa。 X.のfastidiosaのpilGは、 欠失変異体 のXfΔpliG、補完的な歪みXfΔpliG-Cおよびin vitroでその野生型の表現型を比較することを特徴としています。結果は、Xのけいれん運動中pilGの役割を強調表示しますfastidiosa。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Biology materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X. fastidiosa (Xf) Temecula wild type</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Costa, H. S., et al., 2004 22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pilG deletion mutant Xf&#916;pliG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Shi, X. Y., et al., 2007 26</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pilG complementary strain Xf&#916;pliG-C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Davis, M. J., wt al. 1998 23</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Physical materials and equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable inoculating loops</td>
			<td>VWR international, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>#22-363-607</td>
			<td>quantitative procedures such as bacterial collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning Corporation</td>
			<td>#0002709226</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184 silicone Elastomeric Kits</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AmScope MD2000 digital camera</td>
			<td>AmScope, Irvine, CA</td>
			<td>SE305R-AZ-E</td>
			<td>Image, video recording and measurement&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes line</td>
			<td>Edgewood, NY</td>
			<td>#T4300</td>
			<td>Connected to the syringe and microfluidic chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic luer connectors</td>
			<td>Edgewood, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Connected to the syringe and microfluidic chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pumps</td>
			<td>Pico Plus, Harvard Apparatus, MA</td>
			<td>#702209</td>
			<td>The flow rate can be adjusted while the pump is running.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes</td>
			<td>Gastight, Hemilton Company, Reno, NV</td>
			<td>#1005</td>
			<td>Provide the flowing broth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Olympus IMT-2 microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IMT-2 FLuoro PHase</td>
			<td>Image observation and recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPOT-RT digital camera</td>
			<td>Diagnostic Instruments, Inc., MI</td>
			<td>RT230</td>
			<td>Image, video recording and measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Shutter</td>
			<td>The UNIBLITZ, US</td>
			<td>#LS2T2</td>
			<td>Control camera&#8217;s exposure time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Shutter Control system</td>
			<td>The UNIBLITZ, US</td>
			<td>VCM-D1</td>
			<td>VCM-D1 Single Channel CE/UL/CSA Approved Shutter Driver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MetaMorph Image software</td>
			<td>Universal Imaging Corp., PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Real-time super-resolution image processing&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of twitching motility and characterization of the role of the pilg in xylella fastidiosa

Xylellaのfastidiosaは、植物の経済的に重要な多くの疾患の原因となるグラム陰性非鞭 ​​毛細菌です。けいれん運動性は、Xを提供しますXの病原性に寄与する、長距離イントラ植物の動きと植民地化のための手段をfastidiosa fastidiosa。X.のけいれん運動fastidiosaは、IV型線毛によって運営されています。 XylellaのfastidiosaのIV型線毛はpilG、シグナル伝達経路に関与しているピル-Chpのオペロンをコードするタンパク質における走化性の調節因子によって調節されています。 Xの攣縮運動にpilGの役割を解明するために、 fastidiosa、pilG欠損変異体のXfΔpilGとネイティブpilGを含むその相補株XfΔpilG-Cを開発しました。タイムラプス画像記録システムと統合マイクロ流体チャンバはXfΔpに痙攣運動を観察するために使用されましたILG、XfΔpilG-Cおよびその野生型株。 この記録システムを使用して、長期の空間的および時間的な凝集の観察結果、個々の細胞および単収縮運動を介して細菌の集団の移動を可能にする。X.変異XfΔpliGがけいれん欠損表現型を示し、一方fastidiosa野生型および相補XfΔpilG-C株は、直接的にマイクロ流体フローチャンバーにおいて観察された典型的な単収縮運動の特性を示しました。この研究は、pilGは Xのけいれん運動性に寄与することを実証していますfastidiosa。マイクロ流体フローチャンバーは、単収縮運動性を観察するための手段として使用されます。

IV型線毛によって媒介される単収縮運動を示す周辺コロニー縞の存在は、Xのコロニーが観察されましたfastidiosa野生型および相補性のXfΔpliG-C株（ 図1）。ミュータントXfΔpliGは 、しかし、コロニーの周囲（ 図1）の周りにフリンジを示しませんでした。ナノマイクロ流体フローチャンバー内の細菌細胞のタイ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Twitching Motility and Characterization of the Role of the PilG in Xylella fastidiosa at JoVE.com

Visualization of Twitching Motility and Characterization of the Role of the PilG in Xylella fastidiosa

本研究では、ナノマイクロ流体フローチャンバーは、視覚化し、機能的にXylella fastidiosa、グレイプバインのピアース病を引き起こす細菌の単収縮運動を特徴づけるために使用しました。

の役割の攣縮運動の可視化とキャラクタリゼーション<em&gt; PilG</em&gt;で<em&gt; Xylella fastidiosa</em

Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative non-flagellated bacterium that causes a number of economically important diseases of plants. The twitching motility ...

The over goal of this protocol is to functionally characterize the genes responsbile for the twitching motility of bacteria using a nano microfluidic flow chamber integrated with a time-lapse image recording system.This method can help answer key questions about a bacteria phenotype and associated gene function, such as the twitching motility of bacteria.The main advantage of this technique is that it provides a special and a tempered observation for aggregation migration of individual cells and populations.Demonstrating this procedure will be Dr.Xiangyang Shi, a post-doc from my laboratory.Using a standardized deletion strategy, grow Temecula wild-type Xylella fastidiosa, grow pilG deletion mutants, and grow the complimentary strain all on PD2 medium agar plates.Incubate the bacteria at 28

visualization-twitching-motility-characterization-role-pilg-xylella

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Visualization of Twitching Motility and Characterization of the Role of the PilG in Xylella fastidiosa

10.6K ビュー.  University of California, Davis. The over goal of this protocol is to functionally characterize the genes responsbile for the twitching motility of bacteria using a nano microfluidic flow chamber integrated with a time-lapse image recording system.This method can help answer key questions about a bacteria phenotype and associated gene function, such as the twitching motility of bacteria.The main advantage of this technique is that it provides a special and a tempered observation for aggregation migration of individual cells ...

ビデオ: Visualization of Twitching Motility and Characterization of the Role of the PilG in Xylella fastidiosa

Examining the Role of Nasopharyngeal-associated Lymphoreticular Tissue (NALT) in Mouse Responses to Vaccines

The nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues (NALT) found in humans, rodents, and other mammals, contribute to immunity in the nasal sinuses1-3. The NALT are two parallel bell-shaped structures located in the nasal passages above the hard palate, and are usually considered to be secondary components of the mucosal-associated lymphoid system4-6. Located within the NALT are discrete compartments of B and T lymphocytes interspersed with antigen-presenting dendritic cells4,7,8. These cells are surrounded by an epithelial cell layer intercalated with M-cells that are responsible for antigen retrieval from the mucosal surfaces of the air passages9,10. Naive lymphocytes circulating through the NALT are poised to respond to first encounters with respiratory pathogens7. While NALT disappear in humans by the age of two years, the Waldeyer's Ring and similarly structured lymphatic organs continue to persist throughout life6. In contrast to humans, mice retain NALT throughout life, thus providing a convenient animal model for the study of immune responses originating within the nasal sinuses11.
Cultures of single-cell suspensions of NALT are not practical due to low yields of mononuclear cells. However, NALT biology can be examined by ex vivo culturing of the intact organ, and this method has the additional advantage of maintaining the natural tissue structure. For in vivo studies, genetic knockout models presenting defects limited to NALT are not currently available due to a poor understanding of the developmental pathway. For example, while lymphotoxin-&alpha; knockout mice have atrophied NALT, the Peyer's patches, peripheral lymph nodes, follicular dendritic cells and other lymphoid tissues are also altered in these genetically manipulated mice12,13. As an alternative to gene knockout mice, surgical ablation permanently eliminates NALT from the nasal passage without affecting other tissues. The resulting mouse model has been used to establish relationships between NALT and immune responses to vaccines1,3. Serial collection of serum, saliva, nasal washes and vaginal secretions is necessary for establishing the basis of host responses to vaccination, while immune responses originating directly from NALT can be confirmed by tissue culture. The following procedures outline the surgeries, tissue culture and sample collection necessary to examine local and systemic humoral immune responses to intranasal (IN) vaccination.

Examining the Role of Nasopharyngeal-associated Lymphoreticular Tissue NALT in Mouse Responses to Vaccines

Methods to examine contributions of the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues (NALT) to nasal and systemic immune responses of mice to intranasal vaccines are described. We demonstrate a surgical procedure to establish a NALT-dependent mouse model and ex vivo cultures of extracted NALT.

ワクチンには、マウスの応答における鼻咽頭関連リンパ網内系組織（NALT）の役割を調べる

The nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues (NALT) found in humans, rodents, and other mammals, contribute to immunity in the nasal sinuses1-3. ...

免疫・感染学

A Quantitative Evaluation of Cell Migration by the Phagokinetic Track Motility Assay

Cellular motility is an important biological process for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It is essential for movement of unicellular organisms towards a source of nutrients or away from unsuitable conditions, as well as in multicellular organisms for tissue development, immune surveillance and wound healing, just to mention a few roles1,2,3. Deregulation of this process can lead to serious neurological, cardiovascular and immunological diseases, as well as exacerbated tumor formation and spread4,5. Molecularly, actin polymerization and receptor recycling have been shown to play important roles in creating cellular extensions (lamellipodia), that drive the forward movement of the cell6,7,8. However, many biological questions about cell migration remain unanswered.
The central role for cellular motility in human health and disease underlines the importance of understanding the specific mechanisms involved in this process and makes accurate methods for evaluating cell motility particularly important. Microscopes are usually used to visualize the movement of cells. However, cells move rather slowly, making the quantitative measurement of cell migration a resource-consuming process requiring expensive cameras and software to create quantitative time-lapsed movies of motile cells. Therefore, the ability to perform a quantitative measurement of cell migration that is cost-effective, non-laborious, and that utilizes common laboratory equipment is a great need for many researchers.
The phagokinetic track motility assay utilizes the ability of a moving cell to clear gold particles from its path to create a measurable track on a colloidal gold-coated glass coverslip9,10. With the use of freely available software, multiple tracks can be evaluated for each treatment to accomplish statistical requirements. The assay can be utilized to assess motility of many cell types, such as cancer cells11,12, fibroblasts9, neutrophils13, skeletal muscle cells14, keratinocytes15, trophoblasts16, endothelial cells17, and monocytes10,18-22. The protocol involves the creation of slides coated with gold nanoparticles (Au&deg;) that are generated by a reduction of chloroauric acid (Au3+) by sodium citrate. This method was developed by Turkevich et al. in 195123 and then improved in the 1970s by Frens et al.24,25. As a result of this chemical reduction step, gold particles (10-20 nm in diameter) precipitate from the reaction mixture and can be applied to glass coverslips, which are then ready for use in cellular migration analyses9,26,27.
In general, the phagokinetic track motility assay is a quick, quantitative and easy measure of cellular motility. In addition, it can be utilized as a simple high-throughput assay, for use with cell types that are not amenable to time-lapsed imaging, as well as other uses depending on the needs of the researcher. Together, the ability to quantitatively measure cellular motility of multiple cell types without the need for expensive microscopes and software, along with the use of common laboratory equipment and chemicals, make the phagokinetic track motility assay a solid choice for scientists with an interest in understanding cellular motility.

The phagokinetic motility track assay is a method used to assess the movement of cells. Specifically, the assay measures chemokinesis (random cell motility) over time in a quantitative manner. The assay takes advantage of the ability of cells to create a measurable track of their movement on colloidal gold-coated coverslips.

Phagokineticトラック運動アッセイによる細胞遊走の定量的評価

Cellular motility is an important biological process for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It is essential for movement of unicellular ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Assays for Detection and Characterization of Protein Antimicrobials

Initial evaluations of large microbial libraries for potential producers of novel antimicrobial proteins require both qualitative and quantitative methods to screen for target enzymes prior to investing greater research effort and resources. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate two complementary assays for conducting these initial evaluations. The microslide diffusion assay provides an initial or simple detection screen to enable the qualitative and rapid assessment of proteolytic activity against an array of both viable and heat-killed bacterial target substrates. As a counterpart, the increased sensitivity and reproducibility of the dye-release assay provides a quantitative platform for evaluating and comparing environmental influences affecting the hydrolytic activity of protein antimicrobials. The ability to label specific heat-killed cell culture substrates with Remazol brilliant blue R dye expands this capability to tailor the dye-release assay to characterize enzymatic activity of interest.

Here, we present protocols to rapidly screen and characterize enzymes for antimicrobial activity. The microslide diffusion assay and the dye-release assay utilize target bacterial substrates for qualitative and quantitative enzymatic activity evaluation.

定性的および定量的検出のためのアッセイおよびタンパク質の抗菌薬のキャラクタリゼーション

Initial evaluations of large microbial libraries for potential producers of novel antimicrobial proteins require both qualitative and quantitative methods ...

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the correct determination of a peptide&#39;s concentration, it should be stable during blood processing. However, this is not the case for several peptides which are quickly degraded by endogenous peptidases. Recently, we developed a blood processing method employing Reduced temperatures, Acidification, Protease inhibition, Isotopic exogenous controls and Dilution (RAPID) for the use in rats. Here, we have established this technique for the use in humans and investigated recovery, molecular form and circulating concentration of food intake regulatory hormones. The RAPID method significantly improved the recovery for 125I-labeled somatostatin-28 (+39%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (+35%), acyl ghrelin and glucagon (+32%), insulin and kisspeptin (+29%), nesfatin-1 (+28%), leptin (+21%) and peptide YY3-36 (+19%) compared to standard processing (EDTA blood on ice, p&#160;&#60;0.001). High performance liquid chromatography showed the elution of endogenous acyl ghrelin at the expected position after RAPID processing, while after standard processing 62% of acyl ghrelin were degraded resulting in an earlier peak likely representing desacyl ghrelin. After RAPID processing the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio in blood of normal weight subjects was 1:3 compared to 1:23 following standard processing (p&#160;= 0.03). Also endogenous kisspeptin levels were higher after RAPID compared to standard processing (+99%, p&#160;= 0.02). The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans, yields higher peptide levels and allows for assessment of the correct molecular form.

The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans and yields higher peptide levels as well as allows for assessment of the correct molecular form. Therefore, this method will be a valuable tool in peptide research.

血液処理のための迅速な方法は、ヒト血液中の血漿ペプチドレベルの収量を増やすには

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

Assays for Studying the Role of Vitronectin in Bacterial Adhesion and Serum Resistance

Bacteria utilize complement regulators as a means of evading the host immune response. Here, we describe protocols for evaluating the role vitronectin acquisition at the bacterial cell surface plays in resistance to the host immune system. Flow cytometry experiments identified human plasma vitronectin as a ligand for the bacterial receptor outer membrane protein H of Haemophilus influenzae type f. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to characterize the protein-protein interactions between purified recombinant protein H and vitronectin, and binding affinity was assessed using bio-layer interferometry. The biological importance of the binding of vitronectin to protein H at the bacterial cell surface in evasion of the host immune response was confirmed using a serum resistance assay with normal and vitronectin-depleted human serum. The importance of vitronectin in bacterial adherence was analyzed using glass slides with and without vitronectin coating, followed by Gram staining. Finally, bacterial adhesion to human alveolar epithelial cell monolayers was investigated. The protocols described here can be easily adapted to the study of any bacterial species of interest.

This report describes protocols for characterizing interactions between bacterial outer membrane proteins and the human complement regulator vitronectin. The protocols can be used to study the binding reactions and biological function of vitronectin in any bacterial species.

細菌の付着と血清抵抗性ビトロネクチンの役割を研究するための試金

Bacteria utilize complement regulators as a means of evading the host immune response. Here, we describe protocols for evaluating the role vitronectin ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

肥満に関連する炎症によって影響を受ける組織のマクロファージの精製と性質、分離

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Iron-limited Mycobacteria

Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, naturally release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing immunologically active molecules. Knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of vesicle biogenesis, the content of the vesicles, and their functions at the pathogen-host interface is very limited. Addressing these questions requires rigorous procedures for isolation, purification, and validation of EVs. Previously, vesicle production was found to be enhanced when M. tuberculosis was exposed to iron restriction, a condition encountered by Mtb in the host environment. Presented here is a complete and detailed protocol to isolate and purify EVs from iron-deficient mycobacteria. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to validate purified EVs.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows increased production and release of extracellular vesicles in response to low iron conditions. This work details a protocol for generating low iron conditions and methods for the purification and characterization of mycobacterial extracellular vesicles released in response to iron deficiency.

鉄制限性抗酸菌による細胞外小胞の単離と特徴付け

Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, naturally release extracellular vesicles (EVs) ...

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

The immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a determining factor in cancer progression and response to therapy. Specifically, the density and the location of immune cells in the TME have important diagnostic and prognostic values. Multiomic profiling of the TME has exponentially increased our understanding of the numerous cellular and molecular networks regulating tumor initiation and progression. However, these techniques do not provide information about the spatial organization of cells or cell-cell interactions. Affordable, accessible, and easy to execute multiplexing techniques that allow spatial resolution of immune cells in tissue sections are needed to complement single cell-based high-throughput technologies. Here, we describe a strategy that integrates serial imaging, sequential labeling, and image alignment to generate virtual multiparameter slides of whole tissue sections. Virtual slides are subsequently analyzed in an automated fashion using user-defined protocols that enable identification, quantification, and mapping of cell populations of interest. The image analysis is done, in this case using the analysis modules Tissuealign, Author, and HISTOmap. We present an example where we applied this strategy successfully to one clinical specimen, maximizing the information that can be obtained from limited tissue samples and providing an unbiased view of the TME in the entire tissue section.

Here, we describe a simple and accessible strategy for visualizing, quantifying, and mapping immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections. This methodology combines existing imaging and digital analysis techniques with the purpose of expanding the multiplexing capability and multiparameter analysis of imaging assays.

腫瘍微小環境における免疫細胞集団の可視化、定量化、およびマッピング

The immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a determining factor in cancer progression and response to therapy. Specifically, the density ...

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Fluorescent antibiotics are multipurpose research tools that are readily used for the study of antimicrobial resistance, due to their significant advantage over other methods. To prepare these probes, azide derivatives of antibiotics are synthesized, then coupled with alkyne-fluorophores using azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition by click chemistry. Following purification, the antibiotic activity of the fluorescent antibiotic is tested by minimum inhibitory concentration assessment. In order to study bacterial accumulation, either spectrophotometry or flow cytometry may be used, allowing for much simpler analysis than methods relying on radioactive antibiotic derivatives. Furthermore, confocal microscopy can be used to examine localization within the bacteria, affording valuable information about mode of action and changes that occur in resistant species. The use of fluorescent antibiotic probes in the study of antimicrobial resistance is a powerful method with much potential for future expansion.

Fluorescently tagged antibiotics are powerful tools that can be used to study multiple aspects of antimicrobial resistance. This article describes the preparation of fluorescently tagged antibiotics and their application to studying antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Probes can be used to study mechanisms of bacterial resistance (e.g., efflux) by spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and microscopy.

蛍光系抗生物質プローブを用いた細菌耐性の可視化

Fluorescent antibiotics are multipurpose research tools that are readily used for the study of antimicrobial resistance, due to their significant ...

Characterization of Immune Cells and Proinflammatory Mediators in the Pulmonary Environment

Immune cell expansion, activation, and trafficking to the lungs, which are controlled by the expression of multiple cytokines and chemokines, may be altered by severe brain injury. This is evidenced by the fact that pneumonia is a major cause of mortality in patients who have suffered from ischemic stroke. The goal of this protocol is to describe the use of multicolor flow cytometric analysis to identify 13 types of immune cells in the lungs of mice, including alveolar macrophages, interstitial macrophages, CD103+ or CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs), plasmacytoid DCs, eosinophils, monocytes/monocyte-derived cells, neutrophils, lymphoid-derived&#160; T and B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells, following ischemic stroke induction by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Moreover, we describe the preparation of lung homogenates using a bead homogenization method, to determine the expression levels of 13 different cytokines or chemokines simultaneously by multiplex bead arrays coupled with flow cytometric analysis. This protocol can also be used to investigate the pulmonary immune response in other disease settings, such as infectious lung disease or allergic disease.

This protocol describes the use of flow cytometry to identify the changes in immune cell composition, cytokine profile, and chemokine profile in the pulmonary environment following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, a murine model of ischemic stroke.

肺環境における免疫細胞および炎症誘発性メディエーターの特性評価

Immune cell expansion, activation, and trafficking to the lungs, which are controlled by the expression of multiple cytokines and chemokines, may be ...