著者らは、国立研究財団フェローシップ（NRF -NRFF2011-01）と競争的研究計画（​​NRF-CRP10-2012-07）からの支援を承認したいと思います。

The authors have no competing financial interests to disclose.

組織工学足場は急速にすべての、再生、維持、または薬物を、疾患を研究開発、臓器置換の適用のための組織を修復するために必要な物理的および生化学的手がかり、および他の多くの57を提供するように進化しています。肝組織工学では、初代ヒト肝細胞は急速にエンジニアリング足場と肝機能を維持するための開発プラットフォームのための大きい必要性を作成し、一度本体から...

肝臓は、血液の解毒、生体異物の代謝、および血清タンパク質の産生を含む多数の機能を有する高度に血管器官です。肝臓組織は、複数の細胞型、毛細胆管、正弦波、及び異なるバイオマトリックス組成物と異なる酸素濃度のゾーンを含む、複雑な3次元（3D）微細構造を有します。この精巧な構造を考えると、 インビトロ 1 における適切な肝臓モデルを作成することは困難でした。しかし、薬物毒性2をテストし、肝臓3に関連する疾患を研究するためのプラットフォームとして、ヒト肝細胞をホスティングしているin vitroモデルにおける機能の需要があります。 現在の肝臓組織工学プラットフォームは、肝臓のパラメータ、セル4の、すなわち共培養、透明帯の生化学的組成の、1を単離し、または数に着目して、肝臓の複雑さを単純化していますリットルの微小環境5、流体力学6,7およびバイオマトリックス8の構成。バイオマトリックスの構成は、このような足場材料、細胞外マトリックス（ECM）タンパク質の組成は、マトリックス剛性だけでなく、足場の設計や構造などのパラメータに分けることができます。曲ヒドロゲルの機械的性質、生物活性、および分解速度の能力を考えると、合成ヒドロゲル、特にポリ（エチレングリコール）（PEG）9ヒドロゲルを用いた組織工学研究の上昇がありました。肝臓に関連する研究については、生体適合性ヒドロゲルは、肝疾患3のウイルス感染の研究のために適用しました。肝細胞プラットフォームの設計としては、多くの研究は、in vivo微小環境に模倣するために必須である3D環境および細胞- ECMおよび細胞-細胞相互作用を提供するために、ヒドロゲル12,13内の肝細胞サンドイッチ培養10,11及びセルカプセル化を利用してきました。ハウ版、これらのプラットフォームは、足場14を介して不均一な特性につながる、制御および空間的構成の高度を持っていません。 反転結晶コロイド（ICC）は14足場は、最初の2000年代初頭に導入された細胞培養のための高度に組織化された3次元の足場です。足場のユニークな構造は、コロイド結晶、可変直径のコロイド粒子の規則正しい格子を使用した簡単な製造プロセスに起因し得ます。簡潔には、プロセスを要約するために、粒子が整然と配置され、格子を形成するために熱を使用してアニールされます。高表面積をもつ六角形パックされた球状の空洞15中の重合ヒドロゲル結果の有機溶剤によって、この格子の浸出、、。この高度に秩序足場は、以前含む、合成および天然両方の材料で作られたが、ポリ（アクリルアミド）、16-21に限定されるものではなく、ポリ（乳酸-コ-グリコール酸）、15,22-30されています、ポリ（エチレングリコール）31,32、ポリ（2-ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート）、21,33-35、およびキトサン36-39。非ファウリングの素材で作られたICC足場は、空洞14,23,40内の細胞スフェロイドを促進する傾向があります。複数の細胞型は、骨髄間質細胞が42、軟骨細胞41を含め、正常にこの構成の中に、増殖分化および機能することが示され、細胞43,44幹されています。肝細胞について、研究がICC用のNa 2にSiO 3及びポリ（アクリルアミド）からなる骨格ではなく、PEGを用いて実施されてきました。単純なバイオコンジュゲーション戦略を有する（ すなわち 、EDC / NHSを介して、アミンカップリング）、ECMタンパク質共役PEGベースの足場が環境など、in vivoでの詳細あると肝機能を向上させるために多くの細胞結合部位を証明することができ、製造することができます。 この原稿と関連するビデオでは、我々の詳細ICC足場の製作肝細胞癌（ホ-7.5）の培養のために最適化されたポリ（エチレングリコール）ジアクリレート（PEGDA）ヒドロゲル、ポリスチレン微小球格子を使用。私たちは、足場のトポロジと電池性能の点で、一般的に非粘着性の裸のPEGDAのICC足場とコラーゲンコーティングPEGDAのICC足場との違いを示しています。細胞の生存および機能ホ-7.5細胞の挙動を評価するために、定性的および定量的に測定されます。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL PCR tube</td>
			<td>Axygen Scientific</td>
			<td>PCR-02D-C</td>
			<td>Boil-proof</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gorilla Glue</td>
			<td>Gorilla Glue, Inc.</td>
			<td>Depends on vendor. This was purchased from a local store.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>&#160;631-1575</td>
			<td>Dimensions: 24&#215;60 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene spheres&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>TSS#4314A</td>
			<td>Diameter = 140 um; 3x10^4 particles per milliliter and 1.4% size distribution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.00983.1011</td>
			<td>absolute for analysis EMSURE; Dilute to 70% with Milli-Q water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Bath</td>
			<td>Elma</td>
			<td>S10H</td>
			<td>Equiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Furnace</td>
			<td>Nabertherm</td>
			<td>N7/H</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L pipette tip</td>
			<td>Axygen Scientific</td>
			<td>T-210-Y-R-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>444-0142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.09727.0100</td>
			<td>Mw= 4kDa; acrylation of PEG monomers and purification of the resulting precipitate produces a PEGDA macromer with Mw = 4.6kDa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>392932</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylate-Poly (Ethylene Glycol) - Succinimidyl Valerate&#160;</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio</td>
			<td>ACRL-PEG-SVA-3400-1g</td>
			<td>Mw = 3.4 kDa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-hydroxy-4&#39;-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>410896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>58816-123</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5404 000.413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin Film&#160;</td>
			<td>Parafilm M&#160;</td>
			<td>#PM996</td>
			<td>Kept at 9&#34; with allows intensity of 10.84 mW/cm^2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bluewave 200 UV spotlight</td>
			<td>Blaze Technology&#160;</td>
			<td>120008, 122300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>107025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>543-123120-00-5</td>
			<td>From rat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Type I</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3867-1VL</td>
			<td>1X, w/o CaCl &#38; MgCl; Ph = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>20012-027</td>
			<td>16% W/V AQ. 10x10ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>43368.9M</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezone 4.5 freeze drier</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7750020</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputter coater</td>
			<td>Jeol Ltd.</td>
			<td>JFC-1600</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>Jeol Ltd.</td>
			<td>JSM 5310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse primary antibodies against Collagen type I</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab6308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate, Tissue Culture 24 Well, Flat Bottom (Nunclon)&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rev PTE LTD</td>
			<td>3820-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium(DMEM) 
			2.5 g/L Glucose w/ L-Gln</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A15-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S)</td>
			<td>Life Tchnologies</td>
			<td>15140-122 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC49&#8208;Huh &#8208;7.5 Cell Line</td>
			<td>Apath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm Corning non-treated culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>Equipment; 37&#176;C, 5% Humidity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forma Steri-Cycle CO2 Incubators</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hausser Bright-Line Phase Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-671-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live/Dead Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit &#39;for mammalian cells</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L3224&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCK-8 Assay</td>
			<td>Dojindo Laboratories</td>
			<td>CK04-11</td>
			<td>Monosodium-salt reagent (MSR)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infinite 200 PRO microplate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin Human ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab108788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>#1610407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2153-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse primary antibodies (against CYP3A4, albumin)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-53850; sc-271605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D3571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555 labelled Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A34055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>22706.326</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPEC water</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000c Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iScript Reverse Transcription Supermix&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1708840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR select Master Mix for CFX</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>4472937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers (to be chosen)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFX96 Real-Time System, C-1000 Touch Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>SOFT-CFX-31-PATCH&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of inverted colloidal crystal poly(ethylene glycol) scaffold: a three-dimensional cell culture platform for liver tissue engineering

インビトロでの肝細胞の機能を維持する能力は 、生体異物「細胞毒性を試験ウイルス感染を研究し、肝臓での標的薬の開発のために、細胞は、適切な生化学的および機械的な合図を受信するプラットフォームを必要とします。最近の肝組織工学システムは、その高い保水性、細胞によって必要とされる機械的な刺激を提供する能力を与えられた、合成または天然のハイドロゲルからなる三次元（3D）スキャフォールドを採用しています。反転コロイド結晶（ICC）足場、高い空間組織、同型および異細胞の相互作用、ならびに細胞外マトリックス（ECM）の相互作用を可能にする最近の開発、への関心が高まってきました。ここで、我々は、ポリ（エチレングリコール）ジアクリレート（PEGDA）と粒子浸出法を用いてICC足場を製造するためのプロトコルを説明します。簡潔には、格子は、後のプリpolyme微小球粒子から形成されていますRの溶液は適切に重合し、添加し、次いで、粒子を有機溶媒（ 例えば、テトラヒドロフラン）を使用して、除去し、または浸出されます。メディアをより簡単に細胞に到達することを可能にする制御された細孔サイズとinterconnectivitiesを有する高度に多孔質足場の格子結果の解散。このユニークな構造は、細胞が同様に簡単に毛穴の間の通信、およびタンパク質とPEGDAのICC足場はまた、電池性能に顕著な効果を示してコートする能力のことを遵守するための高い表面積を可能にします。私たちは、生存能力の点で足場の形態と同様に肝細胞癌細胞（ホ-7.5）行動を分析し、ICCの構造およびECMコーティングの効果を調査するために機能します。全体的に、この論文は、組織工学における幅広い用途を持つ新興足場、特に肝組織工学の詳細なプロトコルを提供します。

ICC足場の構造的特徴と肝細胞を培養することで、各ICC足場条件の有効性を比較するための代表的な結果が示され、以下に説明されています。これらの結果に使用されるICC足場条件は、0μgの/ mlの（ベア）のコラーゲンコーティングを20μg/ mlの（コラーゲン20）を200μg/ mlの（コラーゲン200）、及び400μgの/ mlの（コラーゲン400）と初期あります許-7.5細胞播種数は1×10 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Polyethylene glycol Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Polyethylene glycol Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

This manuscript presents a detailed protocol for the fabrication of an emerging three-dimensional hepatocyte culture platform, the inverted colloidal crystal scaffold, and the concomitant techniques to assess hepatocyte behavior. The size-controllable pores, interconnectivity and ability to conjugate extracellular matrix proteins to the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold enhance Huh-7.5 cell performance.

肝組織工学のための三次元細胞培養プラットフォーム：逆コロイド結晶ポリ（エチレングリコール）足場の作製

The ability to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro, for the purpose of testing xenobiotics&#39; cytotoxicity, studying virus infection and developing ...

fabrication-inverted-colloidal-crystal-poly-ethylene-glycol-scaffold

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Poly(ethylene glycol) Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

9.8K ビュー.  Nanyang Technological University. This manuscript presents a detailed protocol for the fabrication of an emerging three-dimensional hepatocyte culture platform, the inverted colloidal crystal scaffold, and the concomitant techniques to assess hepatocyte behavior. The size-controllable pores, interconnectivity and ability to conjugate extracellular matrix proteins to the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold enhance Huh-7.5 cell performance.

ビデオ: Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Polyethylene glycol Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

Fabrication of Biologically Derived Injectable Materials for Myocardial Tissue Engineering

This protocol provides methods for the preparation of an injectable extracellular matrix (ECM) gel for myocardial tissue engineering applications. Briefly, decellularized tissue is lyophilized, milled, enzymatically digested, and then brought to physiological pH. The lyophilization removes all water content from the tissue, resulting in dry ECM that can be ground into a fine powder with a small mill. After milling, the ECM powder is digested with pepsin to form an injectable matrix. After adjustment to pH 7.4, the liquid matrix material can be injected into the myocardium. Results of previous characterization assays have shown that matrix gels produced from decellularized pericardial and myocardial tissue retain native ECM components, including diverse proteins, peptides and glycosaminoglycans. Given the use of this material for tissue engineering, in vivo characterization is especially useful; here, a method for performing an intramural injection into the left ventricular (LV) free wall is presented as a means of analyzing the host response to the matrix gel in a small animal model. Access to the chest cavity is gained through the diaphragm and the injection is made slightly above the apex in the LV free wall. The biologically derived scaffold can be visualized by biotin-labeling before injection and then staining tissue sections with a horse radish peroxidase-conjugated neutravidin and visualizing via diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. Analysis of the injection region can also be done with histological and immunohistochemical staining. In this way, the previously examined pericardial and myocardial matrix gels were shown to form fibrous, porous networks and promote vessel formation within the injection region.

Methods for preparing an injectable matrix gel from decellularized tissue and injecting it into rat myocardium in vivo are described.

心筋組織工学のための生物由来注射用材料の作製

This protocol provides methods for the preparation of an injectable extracellular matrix (ECM) gel for myocardial tissue engineering applications.  ...

生物工学

Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling in the tumor microenvironment 1. Previously, research on the tumor microenvironment has focused primarily on tumor-stromal interactions 1-2. However, the tumor microenvironment also includes a variety of biophysical forces, whose effects remain poorly understood. These forces are biomechanical consequences of tumor growth that lead to changes in gene expression, cell division, differentiation and invasion3. Matrix density 4, stiffness 5-6, and structure 6-7, interstitial fluid pressure 8, and interstitial fluid flow 8 are all altered during cancer progression.
Interstitial fluid flow in particular is higher in tumors compared to normal tissues 8-10. The estimated interstitial fluid flow velocities were measured and found to be in the range of 0.1-3 &mu;m s-1, depending on tumor size and differentiation 9, 11. This is due to elevated interstitial fluid pressure caused by tumor-induced angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability 12. Interstitial fluid flow has been shown to increase invasion of cancer cells 13-14, vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells 15. This invasion may be due to autologous chemotactic gradients created around cells in 3-D 16 or increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression 15, chemokine secretion and cell adhesion molecule expression 17. However, the mechanism by which cells sense fluid flow is not well understood. In addition to altering tumor cell behavior, interstitial fluid flow modulates the activity of other cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is associated with (a) driving differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts 18, (b) transporting of antigens and other soluble factors to lymph nodes 19, and (c) modulating lymphatic endothelial cell morphogenesis 20.
The technique presented here imposes interstitial fluid flow on cells in vitro and quantifies its effects on invasion (Figure 1). This method has been published in multiple studies to measure the effects of fluid flow on stromal and cancer cell invasion 13-15, 17. By changing the matrix composition, cell type, and cell concentration, this method can be applied to other diseases and physiological systems to study the effects of interstitial flow on cellular processes such as invasion, differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression.

Interstitial fluid flow is elevated in solid tumors and can modulate tumor cell invasion. Here we describe a technique to apply interstitial fluid flow to cells embedded in a matrix and then measure its effects on cell invasion. This technique can be easily adapted to study other systems.

腫瘍細胞の浸潤を間質液流れに及ぼす影響を測定するための三次元細胞培養モデル

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling ...

Tissue Engineering: Construction of a Multicellular 3D Scaffold for the Delivery of Layered Cell Sheets

Many tissues, such as the adult human hearts, are unable to adequately regenerate after damage.2,3 Strategies in tissue engineering propose innovations to assist the body in recovery and repair. For example, TE approaches may be able to attenuate heart remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) and possibly increase total heart function to a near normal pre-MI level.4 As with any functional tissue, successful regeneration of cardiac tissue involves the proper delivery of multiple cell types with environmental cues favoring integration and survival of the implanted cell/tissue graft. Engineered tissues should address multiple parameters including: soluble signals, cell-to-cell interactions, and matrix materials evaluated as delivery vehicles, their effects on cell survival, material strength, and facilitation of cell-to-tissue organization. Studies employing the direct injection of graft cells only ignore these essential elements.2,5,6 A tissue design combining these ingredients has yet to be developed. Here, we present an example of integrated designs using layering of patterned cell sheets with two distinct types of biological-derived materials containing the target organ cell type and endothelial cells for enhancing new vessels formation in the &#8220;tissue&#8221;. Although these studies focus on the generation of heart-like tissue, this tissue design can be applied to many organs other than heart with minimal design and material changes, and is meant to be an off-the-shelf product for regenerative therapies. The protocol contains five detailed steps. A temperature sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAM) is used to coat tissue culture dishes. Then, tissue specific cells are cultured on the surface of the coated plates/micropattern surfaces to form cell sheets with strong lateral adhesions. Thirdly, a base matrix is created for the tissue by combining porous matrix with neovascular permissive hydrogels and endothelial cells. Finally, the cell sheets are lifted from the pNIPAAM coated dishes and transferred to the base element, making the complete construct.

For creation of highly organized structures of complex tissue, one must assemble multiple material and cell types into an integrated composite. This combinatorial design incorporates organ-specific layered cell sheets with two distinct biologically-derived materials containing a strong fibrous matrix base, and endothelial cells for enhancing new vessels formation.

組織工学：層状細胞シートの送達のための多細胞3D足場の構築

Many tissues, such as the adult human hearts, are unable to adequately regenerate after damage.2,3 Strategies in tissue engineering propose innovations to ...

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. With digital control&#160;cells, scaffolds, and growth factors can be precisely deposited to the desired two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) locations rapidly. Therefore, this technology is an ideal approach to fabricate tissues mimicking their native anatomic structures. In order to engineer cartilage with native zonal organization, extracellular matrix composition (ECM), and mechanical properties, we developed a bioprinting platform using a commercial inkjet printer with simultaneous photopolymerization capable for 3D cartilage tissue engineering. Human chondrocytes suspended in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were printed for 3D neocartilage construction via layer-by-layer assembly. The printed cells were fixed at their original deposited positions, supported by the surrounding scaffold in simultaneous photopolymerization. The mechanical properties of the printed tissue were similar to the native cartilage. Compared to conventional tissue fabrication, which requires longer UV exposure, the viability of the printed cells with simultaneous photopolymerization was significantly higher. Printed neocartilage demonstrated excellent glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production, which was consistent with gene expression. Therefore, this platform is ideal for accurate cell distribution and arrangement for anatomic tissue engineering.

The methods described in this paper show how to convert a commercial inkjet printer into a bioprinter with simultaneous UV polymerization. The printer is capable of constructing 3D tissue structure with cells and biomaterials. The study demonstrated here constructed a 3D neocartilage.

三次元インクジェット印刷技術を用いて、ヒト軟骨組織の作製

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

三次元の全層皮膚等価物と自動傷つけ処理の発生

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

ハイスループットシングルセルの単離および培養のためのマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Culturing Mammalian Cells in Three-dimensional Peptide Scaffolds

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an environment that closely mimics the structural features of non-polarized tissue. Furthermore, the particular intrinsic nanofiber structure of the scaffold makes it transparent to visual light, which allows for easy visualization of the sample under microscopy. This advantage was largely used to study cell migration, organization, proliferation, and differentiation and thus any development of their particular cellular function by staining with specific dyes or probes. Furthermore, in this work, we describe the good performance of this system to easily study the redifferentiation of expanded human articular chondrocytes into cartilaginous tissue. Cells were encapsulated into self-assembling peptide scaffolds and cultured under specific conditions to promote chondrogenesis. Three-dimensional cultures showed good viability during the 4 weeks of the experiment. As expected, samples cultured with chondrogenic inducers (compared to non-induced controls) stained strongly positive for toluidine blue (which stains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are highly present in cartilage extracellular matrix) and expressed specific molecular markers, including collagen type I, II and X, according to Western Blot analysis. This protocol is easy to perform and can be used at research laboratories, industries and for educational purposes in laboratory courses.

Here, we present a protocol to obtain 3D-culture systems in self-assembling peptide scaffolds to promote the differentiation of dedifferentiated human articular chondrocytes into cartilage-like tissue.

三次元ペプチド足場で哺乳動物の細胞を培養

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an ...

A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are isolated and used to generate a cell suspension with 70% iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs, and 15% HUVECs. They are co-cultured in an ultra-low attachment "hanging drop" system, which contains micropores for condensing hundreds of spheroids at one time. The cells aggregate and spontaneously form beating spheroids after 3 days of co-culture. The spheroids are harvested, seeded into a novel mold cavity, and cultured on a shaker in the incubator. The spheroids become a mature functional tissue approximately 7 days after seeding. The resultant multilayered tissues consist of fused spheroids with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior. This new method has promising potential as a reproducible and cost-effective method to create engineered tissues for the treatment of heart failure in the future.

This protocol describes a net mold-based method to create three-dimensional scaffold-free cardiac tissues with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior.

スキャフォールド フリー三次元心筋組織構築純金型ベース方式

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. ...

Lab-on-a-CD Platform for Generating Multicellular Three-dimensional Spheroids

A three-dimensional spheroid cell culture can obtain more useful results in cell experiments because it can better simulate cell microenvironments of the living body than two-dimensional cell culture. In this study, we fabricated an electrical motor-driven lab-on-a-CD (compact disc) platform, called a centrifugal microfluidic-based spheroid (CMS) culture system, to create three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids implementing high centrifugal force. This device can vary rotation speeds to generate gravity conditions from 1 x g to 521 x g. The CMS system is 6 cm in diameter, has one hundred 400 &#956;m microwells, and is made by molding with polydimethylsiloxane in a polycarbonate mold premade by a computer numerical control machine. A barrier wall at the channel entrance of the CMS system uses centrifugal force to spread cells evenly inside the chip. At the end of the channel, there is a slide region that allows the cells to enter the microwells. As a demonstration, spheroids were generated by monoculture and coculture of human adipose-derived stem cells and human lung fibroblasts under high gravity conditions using the system. The CMS system used a simple operation scheme to produce coculture spheroids of various structures of concentric, Janus, and sandwich. The CMS system will be useful in cell biology and tissue engineering studies that require spheroids and organoid culture of single or multiple cell types.

We present a motor-powered centrifugal microfluidic device that can cultivate cell spheroids. Using this device, spheroids of single or multiple cell types could be easily cocultured under high gravity conditions.

多細胞三次元回転楕円体を生成するためのラボオンCDプラットフォーム

A three-dimensional spheroid cell culture can obtain more useful results in cell experiments because it can better simulate cell microenvironments of the ...

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of concept, a simplified and undifferentiated human skin containing a dermal (stromal) and an epidermal (epithelial) compartment has been modelled. To accomplish this, a versatile and robust, vinyl-based device divided into two chambers has been developed, overcoming some of the drawbacks present in microfluidic devices based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for biomedical applications, such as the use of expensive and specialized equipment or the absorption of small, hydrophobic molecules and proteins. Moreover, a new method based on parallel flow was developed, enabling the in situ deposition of both the dermal and epidermal compartments. The skin construct consists of a fibrin matrix containing human primary fibroblasts and a monolayer of immortalized keratinocytes seeded on top, which is subsequently maintained under dynamic culture conditions. This new microfluidic platform opens the possibility to model human skin diseases and extrapolate the method to generate other complex tissues.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a three-dimensional simplified and undifferentiated skin model using a micromachined microfluidic platform. A parallel flow approach allows the in situ deposition of a dermal compartment for the seeding of epithelial cells on top, all controlled by syringe pumps.

マイクロマシンマイクロ流体プラットフォームにおける簡単な3次元スキンオンチップモデルの生成

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of ...

肝組織工学のための三次元細胞培養プラットフォーム：逆コロイド結晶ポリ（エチレングリコール）足場の作製

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

心筋組織工学のための生物由来注射用材料の作製

腫瘍細胞の浸潤を間質液流れに及ぼす影響を測定するための三次元細胞培養モデル

組織工学：層状細胞シートの送達のための多細胞3D足場の構築

三次元インクジェット印刷技術を用いて、ヒト軟骨組織の作製

三次元の全層皮膚等価物と自動傷つけ処理の発生

ハイスループットシングルセルの単離および培養のためのマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

三次元ペプチド足場で哺乳動物の細胞を培養

スキャフォールドフリー三次元心筋組織構築純金型ベース方式

多細胞三次元回転楕円体を生成するためのラボオンCDプラットフォーム

マイクロマシンマイクロ流体プラットフォームにおける簡単な3次元スキンオンチップモデルの生成

肝組織工学のための三次元細胞培養プラットフォーム：逆コロイド結晶ポリ（エチレングリコール）足場の作製

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

心筋組織工学のための生物由来注射用材料の作製

腫瘍細胞の浸潤を間質液流れに及ぼす影響を測定するための三次元細胞培養モデル

組織工学：層状細胞シートの送達のための多細胞3D足場の構築

三次元インクジェット印刷技術を用いて、ヒト軟骨組織の作製

三次元の全層皮膚等価物と自動傷つけ処理の発生

ハイスループットシングルセルの単離および培養のためのマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

三次元ペプチド足場で哺乳動物の細胞を培養

スキャフォールド フリー三次元心筋組織構築純金型ベース方式

多細胞三次元回転楕円体を生成するためのラボオンCDプラットフォーム

マイクロマシンマイクロ流体プラットフォームにおける簡単な3次元スキンオンチップモデルの生成

スキャフォールドフリー三次元心筋組織構築純金型ベース方式