Name: dextran enhances the lentiviral transduction efficiency of murine and human primary nk cells
Uploaded: 2018-01-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells at JoVE.com

We thank Lucia Sammarco and her Lulu&#39;s Lemonade Stand for inspiration, motivation, and support. This work was supported in part by NIH R01 AI102893 and NCI R01 CA179363 (S.M.); NHLBI-HL087951 (S.R.); NIH-CA151893-K08 (M.J.R.); NCI 1R01CA164225 (L.W); the Alex Lemonade Stand Foundation (S.M.); the HRHM Program of the MACC Fund (S.M.; S.R.; M.S.T); the Nicholas Family Foundation (S.M.); the Gardetto Family (S.M.); the Hyundai Scholars Program (M.S.T.); Hyundai Hope on Wheels (S.R.); the MACC Fund (M.S.T. and S.M.); the Children&#39;s Research Institute, MCW (S.R.); and the Kathy Duffey Fogerty Award (M.J.R.).

All animal protocols followed the humane and ethical treatment of animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) within the Biomedical Research Center (BRC) of the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), Milwaukee, WI. The use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Blood Research Institute of the Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
1. Mice, cell lines, and vectors
<ol>
	<li>Obtain...

<ol>
	<li>Vivier, E., Tomasello, E., Baratin, M., Walzer, T., Ugolini, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functions+of+natural+killer+cells.">Functions of natural killer cells.</a> Nat. Immunol. 9, 503-510 (2008).</li><li>Zitvogel, L., Tesniere, A., Kroemer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+despite+immunosurveillance:+immunoselection+and+immunosubversion.">Cancer despite immunosurveillance: immunoselection and immunosubversion.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 715-727 (2006).</li><li>Arina, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+liaisons+of+natural+killer+lymphocytes+in+immunology+and+immunotherapy+of+cancer.">Cellular liaisons of natural killer lymphocytes in immunology and immunotherapy of cancer.</a> Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 7, 599-615 (2007).</li><li>Manilay, J. O., Sykes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+killer+cells+and+their+role+in+graft+rejection.">Natural killer cells and their role in graft rejection.</a> Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10, 532-538 (1998).</li><li>Raulet, D. H., Vance, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-tolerance+of+natural+killer+cells.">Self-tolerance of natural killer cells.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 520-531 (2006).</li><li>Chouaib, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+outcome+of+leukemia+by+natural+killer+cell-based+immunotherapeutic+strategies.">Improving the outcome of leukemia by natural killer cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies.</a> Front Immunol. 5, 95 (2014).</li><li>Dulphy, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Underground+Adaptation+to+a+Hostile+Environment:+Acute+Myeloid+Leukemia+vs.+Natural+Killer+Cells.">Underground Adaptation to a Hostile Environment: Acute Myeloid Leukemia vs. Natural Killer Cells.</a> Front Immunol. 7, 94 (2016).</li><li>Tran, J., Kung, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+vectors+mediate+stable+and+efficient+gene+delivery+into+primary+murine+natural+killer+cells.">Lentiviral vectors mediate stable and efficient gene delivery into primary murine natural killer cells.</a> Mol. Ther. 15, 1331-1339 (2007).</li><li>Maasho, K., Marusina, A., Reynolds, N. M., Coligan, J. E., Borrego, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+human+natural+killer+cell+line,+NKL,+using+the+Amaxa+nucleofection+system.">Efficient gene transfer into the human natural killer cell line, NKL, using the Amaxa nucleofection system.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 284, 133-140 (2004).</li><li>Trompeter, H. I., Weinhold, S., Thiel, C., Wernet, P., Uhrberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+highly+efficient+gene+transfer+into+natural+killer+cells+by+nucleofection.">Rapid and highly efficient gene transfer into natural killer cells by nucleofection.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 274, 245-256 (2003).</li><li>Becknell, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+infection+of+human+natural+killer+cells+with+an+EBV/retroviral+hybrid+vector.">Efficient infection of human natural killer cells with an EBV/retroviral hybrid vector.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 296, 115-123 (2005).</li><li>Jiang, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syk+regulation+of+phosphoinositide+3-kinase-dependent+NK+cell+function.">Syk regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent NK cell function.</a> J. Immunol. 168, 3155-3164 (2002).</li><li>Burshtyn, D. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+residues+amino-terminal+of+cytoplasmic+tyrosines+contribute+to+the+SHP-1-mediated+inhibitory+function+of+killer+cell+Ig-like+receptors.">Conserved residues amino-terminal of cytoplasmic tyrosines contribute to the SHP-1-mediated inhibitory function of killer cell Ig-like receptors.</a> J. Immunol. 162, 897-902 (1999).</li><li>Schroers, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+into+human+T+lymphocytes+and+natural+killer+cells+by+Ad5/F35+chimeric+adenoviral+vectors.">Gene transfer into human T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by Ad5/F35 chimeric adenoviral vectors.</a> Exp. Hematol. 32, 536-546 (2004).</li><li>Imai, C., Iwamoto, S., Campana, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+modification+of+primary+natural+killer+cells+overcomes+inhibitory+signals+and+induces+specific+killing+of+leukemic+cells.">Genetic modification of primary natural killer cells overcomes inhibitory signals and induces specific killing of leukemic cells.</a> Blood. 106, 376-383 (2005).</li><li>Denning, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+transductional+efficiency+of+lentiviral+vectors:+effect+of+sera+and+polycations.">Optimization of the transductional efficiency of lentiviral vectors: effect of sera and polycations.</a> Mol. Biotechnol. 53, 308-314 (2013).</li><li>Lamers, C. H., Willemsen, R. A., Luider, B. A., Debets, R., Bolhuis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+gene+transduction+and+expansion+of+human+T+lymphocytes+for+clinical+immunogene+therapy+of+cancer.">Protocol for gene transduction and expansion of human T lymphocytes for clinical immunogene therapy of cancer.</a> Cancer Gene Ther. 9, 613-623 (2002).</li><li>Campeau, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+viral+system+for+expression+and+depletion+of+proteins+in+mammalian+cells.">A versatile viral system for expression and depletion of proteins in mammalian cells.</a> PLoS. ONE. 4, e6529 (2009).</li><li>Segura, M. M., Garnier, A., Durocher, Y., Ansorge, S., Kamen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+protocol+for+lentiviral+vector+mass+production.">New protocol for lentiviral vector mass production.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 614, 39-52 (2010).</li><li>Rajasekaran, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+by+Fyn-ADAP+via+the+Carma1-Bcl-10-MAP3K7+signalosome+exclusively+regulates+inflammatory+cytokine+production+in+NK+cells.">Signaling by Fyn-ADAP via the Carma1-Bcl-10-MAP3K7 signalosome exclusively regulates inflammatory cytokine production in NK cells.</a> Nat. Immunol. 14, 1127-1136 (2013).</li><li>Regunathan, J., Chen, Y., Wang, D., Malarkannan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NKG2D+receptor-mediated+NK+cell+function+is+regulated+by+inhibitory+Ly49+receptors.">NKG2D receptor-mediated NK cell function is regulated by inhibitory Ly49 receptors.</a> Blood. 105, 233-240 (2005).</li><li>Awasthi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rap1b+facilitates+NK+cell+functions+via+IQGAP1-mediated+signalosomes.">Rap1b facilitates NK cell functions via IQGAP1-mediated signalosomes.</a> J. Exp. Med. 207, 1923-1938 (2010).</li><li>Rajasekaran, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transforming+Growth+Factor-{beta}-activated+Kinase+1+Regulates+Natural+Killer+Cell-mediated+Cytotoxicity+and+Cytokine+Production.">Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-activated Kinase 1 Regulates Natural Killer Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Production.</a> J Biol. Chem. 286, 31213-31224 (2011).</li><li>Wolkowicz, R., Nolan, G. P., Curran, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+vectors+for+the+delivery+of+DNA+into+mammalian+cells.">Lentiviral vectors for the delivery of DNA into mammalian cells.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 246, 391-411 (2004).</li><li>Sutlu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+intracellular+antiviral+defense+mechanisms+augments+lentiviral+transduction+of+human+natural+killer+cells:+implications+for+gene+therapy.">Inhibition of intracellular antiviral defense mechanisms augments lentiviral transduction of human natural killer cells: implications for gene therapy.</a> Hum. Gene Ther. 23, 1090-1100 (2012).</li><li>Cornetta, K., Anderson, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protamine+sulfate+as+an+effective+alternative+to+polybrene+in+retroviral-mediated+gene-transfer:+implications+for+human+gene+therapy.">Protamine sulfate as an effective alternative to polybrene in retroviral-mediated gene-transfer: implications for human gene therapy.</a> J. Virol. Methods. 23, 187-194 (1989).</li><li>Toyoshima, K., Vogt, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+and+inhibition+of+avian+sarcoma+viruses+by+polycations+and+polyanions.">Enhancement and inhibition of avian sarcoma viruses by polycations and polyanions.</a> Virology. 38, 414-426 (1969).</li><li>Jensen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bi-specific+CD3+x+NCAM+antibody:+a+model+to+preactivate+T+cells+prior+to+tumour+cell+lysis.">The bi-specific CD3 x NCAM antibody: a model to preactivate T cells prior to tumour cell lysis.</a> Clin. Exp. Immunol. 134, 253-263 (2003).</li></ol>

This study demonstrates that use of dextran as a cationic polymer agent enhances the lentiviral transduction efficiency of both murine and human primary NK cells. Additionally, other cationic agents, such as Pb or PS, have no discernible effect on the delivery of viral vectors into human primary NK cells. Previously, it has been demonstrated that Pb can augment gene transduction in human T cells17. These results, however, suggest that neither Pb nor PS have a similar efficiency on human primary NK...

Natural killer (NK) cells are the major lymphocytic population of the innate immune system1. NK cells function as the first-line defenders of the host immune response against tumors and infections2,3,4. NK cells also play a central role in the development of tolerance through the secretion of potent cytokines and chemokines5. Due to their potent ability to target and eliminate tumor cells, multiple clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate donor-derived human NK cells as an adoptive immunotherapy for cancer6,7. In contrast to T cells, the developmental biology of NK cells has yet to be well-characterized8. This lack of knowledge is partially due to the absence of efficient techniques that deliver genes of interest to mouse or human primary NK cells. For these reasons, most NK-cell studies have been conducted in cell lines, rather than in primary cells. Therefore, the need for a reliable and efficient protocol to transduce primary NK cells with genes of interest is crucial.
The overall goal of this study was to formulate a consistent and reliable method by which primary human or murine NK cells could be transduced with lenti- or retroviruses.
Earlier studies that attempted to address this problem have been performed, largely using the transient transformation of primary NK cells. This includes plasmid transfection9,10, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)/retroviral hybrid vector11, vaccinia vectors12,13, and Ad5/F35 chimeric adenoviral vectors14. Despite the modest efficiency of these techniques, the transient nature of transduction makes them unsuitable for the long-term utilization of the genetically modified NK cells. A few recent studies have used retroviral vectors to transduce NK cells, requiring multiple cycles of infection to achieve an acceptable level of gene expression11,15. In contrast to retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors can use host-cell nuclear import machinery to translocate the viral pre-integration complex into the nucleus. This is a major limiting factor in the replication of the virus in non-dividing cells, which include primary NK cells.
Interactions between different cell-surface receptors and viral particles permit viral uptake into the cell. The initial engagements between the viral envelope proteins and their cognate host receptors could be limited because of the potential negative charges existing between these two. The rationale behind many transduction techniques is that the addition of cationic polymers, such as polybrene (Pb), protamine sulfate (PS), or dextran, could give a positive charge to the cell-surface receptors and thereby augment the binding of viral envelope proteins. This will increase the fusion efficiency and the uptake of the viral particles by the cells16. Although it has been reported that Pb or PS can improve gene transfer in T cells17, their application did not have any effect in the transduction efficiency of primary NK cells. Moreover, a comparative analysis between these reagents using primary NK cells has not been performed. In this study, the transduction efficiencies of the three cationic polymers were compared. The results show that, among these three cationic polymers, only dextran significantly enhances efficient viral transduction into both mouse and human primary NK cells.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>90-64-91-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polybrene (Pb)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>TR-1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>protamine sulfate (PS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>p3369</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>ATALANTA</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-001-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>MT25000CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Interferon gamma (IFN-&#947; )</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>14-7311-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium lodding staining solution</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>51-66211E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 3000</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>L3000015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>PHOENIX</td>
			<td>NDC 57319-559-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NK cell negative selection kit</td>
			<td>Stem Cell</td>
			<td>19855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yac-1</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>TIB-160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K562</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-243</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td>Jakson</td>
			<td>664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flasks</td>
			<td>Cornnig</td>
			<td>430641U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>antibody-based negative selection kits</td>
			<td>Stem Cell</td>
			<td>19055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>51Chromium (Cr)-release assays</td>
			<td>perkin elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td>NEZ030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA kits</td>
			<td>Ebioscience</td>
			<td>00-4201-56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Butyrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>5887-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear polyethylenimine</td>
			<td>polysciences</td>
			<td>23966-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>GE Life Science</td>
			<td>17-1440-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-022-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dextran enhances the lentiviral transduction efficiency of murine and human primary nk cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

Dextran induces the efficient gene transfer of lentiviral vector in primary human and murine NK cells
Human NK cells were isolated and purified from PBMC (with a purity of more than 85%) and incubated overnight with rIL-2 300 U/mL. These primary NK cells were then transduced with GFP lentivirus at varied multiplicities of infection (MOI; 3, 10, and 20 IU per cell) in 24-well plates in the presence of 8 &#181;g/mL Pb, PS, or dextran...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells at JoVE.com

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to formulate technologies that allow successful gene transduction in primary natural killer cells. This method can help answer key questions in the Immunotherapy field, like the effect of genetic modification on effector lymphocytes, such as natural killer, or NK cells. The main advantage of this technique is the efficient expression of a gene of interest in primary mouse or human NK cells.After preparing and titrating Lentiviral vectors according to the text protocol, purifying murine primary NK cells by passing single cell spleen suspensions through a nylon wool columns to deplete the adherent populations consisting of B-cells and macrophages. Use 1, 000 units per milliliter of Interleukin-2 in RPMI1640 complete medium to culture the non-adherent population that contains NK cells. On day four of culture, replace the medium using 20 milliliters of RPMI1640 complete medium, and 1, 000 units per milliliter of IL-2 to remove the non-adherent T and NKT cells.On day seven, use MK cell-specific markers to check the purity of the murine NK cells by flow cytometry using preparations with a greater than 95%CD3 negative and NK1.1 positive population. To isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or PBMCs, carefully layer 35 milliliters of half diluted cells over a 15 milliliter density gradient in a 50 milliliter conical tube. Centrifuge the gradient in a swinging-bucket rotor at 400 times G and 20 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes without a break.After purifying human primary NK cells according to the text protocol, determine the purity of the cells by adding two micrograms per milliliter of anti-CD3, and two micrograms per milliliter of anti-CD56 antibodies. Incubate the cells at four degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Use PBS to wash the cells twice.Then, analyze the cells by flow cytometry. The NK cell population will be positive for CD56 on the cell's surface, and negative for CD3. Suspend mouse or human primary NK cells in the wells of a 24-well plate at 0.5 times to the 5th per milliliter of medium with GFP Lentivirus supernatant, at an NLY of five, 10, and 20.Then in the presence of polybrene, protamine sulfate, or dextran. centrifuge the plates at 1, 000 times G for 60 minutes. Then, without decanting the supernatant, culture the cells in a 37 degree Celsius incubator infused with 5.2%carbon dioxide overnight.After the cells have been washed with 10 milliliters of PBS, use two milliliters of RPMI1640 medium with IL-2 to re-suspend the cells. The day before harvesting the cells, coat 96-well highly protein absorbent polystyrene plates with 2.5 micrograms per milliliter of anti-MKG2D monoclonal antibodies. and incubate the plates at room temperature or in the fridge overnight.The following day, use 100 microliters of PBS to wash each well three times. Harvest the transduced NK cells by first gently tapping the plates, then add 100 microliters of the cells to each well of the 96-well plates. 16 to 18 hours post-activation, use a multi-channel pipette to collect the supernatants.Then using the recombinant cytokine from an ELISA kit, generate a standard curve and quantify the cytokines, such as Interferon Gamma in the supernatant. To test the NK cell viability, four days after transduction, wash the cells with 10 milliliters of cold PBS two times. Then, harvest the cells and use an XM5 7-aminoactinomycin D to stain them.Use flow cytometry to determine the percent of necrotic cells among the transformed NK cells, and analyze the data according to the text protocol. This figure shows that human NK cells incubated with recombinant IL-2 and then transduced with GFP Lentivirus achieved a greater transduction efficiency and increased the viral titer when dextran was added to the culture, as compared to the addition of polybrene or protamine sulfate. As seen here, similar results were demonstrated in murine NK cells, where dextran augmented the efficiency of Lentiviral vectors, compared to polybrene or protamine sulfate.In this experiment, the cytotoxic capacity of transduced primary NK cells was examined by a CR-release assay against K562 and YAC-1 as target cells. The transduction of NK cells by dextran does not negatively alter the killing potential of transformed NK cells compared to non-transduced NK cells. Here, transduced human primary NK cells were co-cultured with K562 for 24 hours, and the supernatants were collected to measure Interferon Gamma.The results indicate that dextran has no impact on the ability of transduced NK cells to produce cytokines. In addition, an independent validation showed that dextran-treated NK cells activated with plate-bound anti-NKG2DA10 monoclonal antibodies were still able to produce the cytokine Interferon Gamma. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to spin the transduced cells.Following this procedure, other methods like transfection, can be profound in order to answer additional questions, like how to improve gene delivery. After its development, this technique paved the way of researchers in the field of Immunology, for explore gene manipulation in NK cells. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to transduce NK cells.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Helper T cell development and function must be tightly regulated to induce an appropriate immune response that eliminates specific pathogens yet prevents ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging ...

High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells

In their physiological environment, mammalian cells are often subjected to mechanical and biochemical stresses that result in plasma membrane damage. In ...

Quantification of Antibody-dependent Enhancement of the Zika Virus in Primary Human Cells

The recent emergence of the flavivirus Zika and neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and microcephaly in infants, has brought ...