この作品が支持されたオーストリアのアカデミー科学 (CTH) のアパートの付与、チェコ共和国の技術振興プロジェクトなし。TA04010877 (CTH、VH と国債)、およびチェコ科学財団 (GACR) プロジェクト (国債) に GA16 01246S のないです。義歯定着性のクリームを使用する彼の提案のためのテカムセ フィッチ w. と Ing に感謝しますP. リシュカ摘出鹿 larynges を取得するのに彼の助けをチェコ軍のフォレスト サービスから。

本稿で分析した動物の標本は、パラツキー大学オロモウツ、チェコ共和国での標準倫理的な要件に従って扱われました。彼らは赤いシカの通常の狩猟シーズン中にチェコ軍森林サービスによって捜された林で乱暴生活から生じる。
1. 片側喉頭標本の準備
注: 唯一の適切に準備された標本使わなければなりません、4に示すように。喉頭の凍結迅速な切除し-80 ° C で保存した直後に25組織分解の潜在性と力学的特性の変化を最小限に抑えるし、でいつでも実験を実行することができます。
<ol><li>
喉頭を解凍
	<ol>
<li>2 オートクレーブ バッグや防水シールと他のビニール袋に冷凍の喉頭を挿入します。袋を密封して喉頭を完全に解凍するまで 30 の ° C に加熱水のお風呂に入れます。必要な期間の範囲は、数時間から喉頭サイズおよび凍結温度によってより多くの日。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
喉頭をクリーニング
	<ol>
<li>バッグから削除し、徹底的にそれをきれいに生理食塩液を喉頭を解凍後 (0.9 %nacl)。</li>
		<li>慎重に必要に応じて、余分な組織を削除 (すなわち外部の首の筋肉、舌骨など) なしメインの喉頭の構造の損傷や気管、空気供給管に喉頭をマウントするために十分な長さを短縮 (ca. 通常 4-5 cm)。</li>
		<li>潜在的実験には不向き、喉頭を作ることができる凍結の過程から発生するクラックや有機の変形、傷などの潜在的な生体組織異常のため喉頭組織を確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
甲状腺と輪状軟骨の露出
	<ol>
<li>正中カット片側喉頭の作成の準備で軟骨を公開するので、メスを用いた甲状腺と輪状軟骨周囲の外喉頭筋組織の部分を削除します。この準備段階は、図 1 aおよび1 bで描かれています。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
正中甲状軟骨を切ってください。
	<ol>
<li>甲状軟骨の前部の初期垂直カットを作る。</li>
		<li>保存状態を維持する必要がある声帯に損傷を与えるために、削除される側に少しカットして慎重に置きます。可能であれば、切断用メスを使用します。軟骨が骨化すると場合、は、小さな鋸を使用します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
輪状軟骨を切断
	<ol>
<li>垂直方向にカットをリード (下方に) から披裂軟骨の間に放置して下甲状腺ノッチの約水平レベルに輪状軟骨。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
喉頭に L 字切開を作成する 1 つの声帯除去
	<ol>
<li>輪状軟骨で、以前作った垂直カットの下の端から始まってを切り取って、下甲状腺切り込みに向かって新しいカットを導く水平を確認します。前方削除する起こっている喉頭の側面を隠します。</li>
		<li>甲状軟骨の内側の軟部組織を切って、甲状軟骨、声帯への損傷を避けるために、声帯の前方の添付ファイルの間にカットをリードしながら注意してください - 垂直を確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
甲状軟骨のカットの絞り込み
	<ol>
<li>以前検査した声帯の前方部分にできるだけ近いメス、のこぎり、または甲状軟骨で正確にストレート カットを適用し、として取得するために、ファイルを使用します。</li>
		<li>また後部の甲状軟骨の一部を削除、披裂の内転の芯を挿入するためのスペースを作成するために軟骨そしてこうしてボーカル折り (下記参照)。この準備段階は、図 1と1 Dで描かれています。 注: 研究の質問によって声帯全体における博覧会は上からの表示を有効にするのに必要かもしれない。このような場合は、(真) の声帯 (すなわち、心室または前庭倍、解剖学標本の指定に応じて) 上の構造を削除してください。いくつかの標本は声帯より上内側の軟喉頭部甲状軟骨との接続を失う可能性があり、声帯振動時に干渉、スプリアスの (大抵不規則な) 振動パターンを引き起こして可能性があります。このようなケースでは、その組織を慎重に除去は避けられないです。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55303/55303fig1.jpg"> 図 1: ヘミ喉頭準備および取り付け。(A) と (B) クリーニング喉頭片、左声帯; 削除する前に、内側と後部のビュー(C) と (D) 準備されたヘミ喉頭 L 字切開 (左声帯除去)、内側と後部のビュー。<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55303/55303fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

2. 片側喉頭実験
<ol><li>
ヘミ喉頭セットアップ
	<ol>
<li>喉頭に温め、加湿空気を提供する空気供給管を使用します。</li>
		<li>構造 2 は垂直に削除された喉頭部分の代替として透明板を配置しました。</li>
		<li>使用熊手が喉頭の安定性が向上し、縦のガラス プレートに残りの声帯の内転によって適切な pre-phonatory 喉頭構成を作成するため4 (図 2 a参照)。 注: 理論的には、声帯可能性がありますもが内転し縫合糸と滑車レバー システム26の重みで。しかし、このようなアプローチは、これらの著者の最高の知識にまだ試みられて hemilarynx 準備のため。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55303/55303fig2.jpg">
図 2: ヘミ喉頭セットアップします。(A) 支持構造: 空気供給管、L 型のガラス プレート アレンジ、内転の熊手。(B) 片側喉頭内転の突起を持つ準備をマウントします。(C)、ヘミ-喉頭-準備の (D) クローズ アップ表示側からと、上からそれぞれ。<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55303/55303fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<ol start="2"><li>
ヘミ喉頭をマウント
	<ol>
<li>義歯固定剤クリームを空気供給管をカバーし、喉頭、気管の残りの部分をマウントします。定着性のクリームは接着剤として働き、従って気密のシールを作成する、潜在的なギャップを閉じます。</li>
		<li>プラスチック製のストラップやホースのクランプを締めと気管を固定します。</li>
		<li>また定着剤の定着性声帯や喉頭生体組織の内部ソフト クリームを拡散を回避しながら、クリームと甲状軟骨のカットのエッジをカバーします。</li>
		<li>透明の板を取り付けます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
甲状軟骨の突起を使用して声帯の内転の安定化
	<ol>
<li>付加体をプレートに声帯、甲状軟骨を安定させる突起を使用します。</li>
		<li>定着性のクリームが設定後は、声帯振動とヘミ喉頭とガラス板の可能なリークのチェックを確立するために空気の流れを適用します。</li>
		<li>多く定着性のクリームを追加することによって、最終的に発生するギャップをシールします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

ヘミ喉頭準備を共有する「従来型」の (完全な) 摘出喉頭セットアップの利点: このような実験的アプローチ、物理的、生理的な境界条件とパラメーター (声門圧力や声帯伸長) などはすることができますかなりよく制御されます。Hemilarynx の動作は相同性と完璧な完全喉頭の横方向の対称性、例外とその大きさのいくつかのパラメーターの (e.g、風量、音圧) 約 50% 削減はまだまだ内にあ?...

声は、空気パルス シーケンスに肺によって提供される安定した気流を変換する喉頭組織 (主に声帯ヒダ) を振動によって通常作成されます。音圧波形 (つまり、プライマリの音)、それらをフィルタ リングする声道音響流パルスこのシーケンスから新興興奮させるし、鼻1 から放射口からと (ある程度) に結果としての音.生成された音のスペクトル構成主、声帯振動、喉頭のバイオメカニクスと2気管気流との相互作用によって支配の質によって影響されます。臨床と研究のコンテキストの両方で、ドキュメントと声帯振動の評価は、何よりも興味の発声を学ぶとき。
ヒトでは、体内の健全な生産の間に喉頭の直接内視鏡調査は挑戦的なとは現在技術的な手段を与えられるヒト以外の哺乳類のほぼ不可能です。したがって、慎重に制御保証物理的および/または生理学的な実験的境界条件、摘出 larynges3,4の使用する順番は、多くの場合の調査のための適切な置換体内音声生成機構。
声帯振動は、複雑な 3次元現象5です。従来の調査法のような (体内) 喉頭内視鏡検査または摘出喉頭準備通常ビューを提供のみ優れた声帯の振動6、彼らはの完全な三次元解析を許可しません。声帯運動。特に、優れたビューで声帯の下 (尾) 余白は見えない振動サイクルの主要な部分の間に。これは劣る (尾) と (頭蓋) 縁声帯、声帯振動5中に通常見られる現象間の位相遅延が原因です。数理モデルから調査結果をバックアップするための直接経験的な証拠は乏しい、ジオメトリの知識と低い声の動きを折るエッジ7、およびこうして声門チャネル8,9のジオメトリ,10は喉頭・声帯組織・結果の荷重や圧力11,12間の相互作用の理解のために重要です。恒例の優れたビューから隠されている声帯振動の別の側面は、2 つの声帯間の接触の垂直 (caudo 頭蓋) 深さです。連絡先奥行き歌 (レジスタ「裏声」対「胸」)13,14で使うボーカル レジスタの潜在的な指標は、声帯ヒダの縦の厚さに関連しています。
ここで 1 つの半分は、いわゆる片側喉頭セットアップ従来 (フル) 摘出喉頭製剤の欠点を克服するために利用できる喉頭が削除されるため、残りの振動特性の評価が容易3 つの次元で声帯。驚いたことに、この 1960 年代15設定の導入、1993年16における概念の初期検証多くない所はこの有望な実験的アプローチと17,18 実験を実行しています。 ,,1920,21,22,23。これのための説明は、実行可能な片側喉頭準備の作成の難しさの発見可能性があります。従来の切除 (フル) 喉頭の準備は十分に文書化4が、このような詳細な手順がないまだ片側喉頭のセットアップを作成するため。したがって、このペーパー レッド ディアの標本から実験結果によって補われる確実に再現可能な片側喉頭セットアップを確立するためのチュートリアルを提供する目的です。
ヘミ喉頭セットアップは測定装置、高速などの「従来型」の摘出喉頭セットアップまたはサウンドの生成中または適切な喉頭の構造物の振動を適切に文書に他のイメージング技術と多くの機能を共有します。加熱、加湿空気の供給。これらの一般的なセットアップの考慮事項は、本章4国立センターの音声、音声24から技術的なレポートで詳細に説明します。この原稿の範囲を超えてこれらの指示の繰り返しになります。ここでは、ヘミ喉頭セットアップを生成するため特殊なディレクティブのみが掲載されています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Surgical blades</td><td>Surgeon</td><td>Jai Surgical Ltd., New Delhi, India</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saw</td><td>Hand saw (Lux, 150 mm length)</td><td>Lux, Wermelskirchen, Germany</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer</td><td>Testo 922</td><td>Testo Ltd., Hampshire, UK</td><td>K-type Probe, Operating temperature -20 to +50 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Autoclave bags</td><td>Autoclave bags</td><td>vwr.com, VWR International s.r.o., Stribrna Skalice, Czech republic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conductive glass plates</td><td>Custom made</td><td>UPOL - Joint laboratory of Optics&lt;br/&gt; Trida 17. listopadu 50A, 772 07 Olomouc, the Czech Rep.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixative cream</td><td>Denture fixative cream</td><td>Blend-a-dent Natural</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prongs and fastening system</td><td>Customized Kanya Al eloxed profiles</td><td>Distributor: VISIMPEX a.s.. Seifertova 33, 750 02 Prerov, the Czech Rep.;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Combination of Kanya RVS and PVS fastening systems (http://www.kanya.cz/) + custom made prongs</td></tr><tr><td>Mounting tube</td><td>Custom made</td><td>UPOL - Joint laboratory of Optics,&lt;br/&gt; Trida 17. listopadu 50A, 772 07 Olomouc, the Czech Rep.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED Light</td><td>Verbatim 52204 LED Lamp</td><td>Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation, Tokyo, Japan</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>Canon EOS1100D</td><td>Canon Inc.</td><td>18-55 mm lens</td></tr><tr><td>Airpump</td><td>Resun LP100</td><td>Resun</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Strobe light</td><td>ELMED Helio-Strob micro2</td><td>ELMED Dr. Ing. Mense GmbH, Heiligenhaus, Germany</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Humidifier</td><td>Custom made</td><td>Voice Research Lab, Dept. Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech republic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Subglottic tract</td><td>Custom made adjustable subglottic tract</td><td>Voice Research Lab, Dept. Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech republic</td><td>Hampala, V., Svec, Jan, Schovanek, P., and Mandat, D. Uzitny vzor c. 25585: Model subglotickeho traktu. [Utility model no. 25585: Model of subglottal tract] (In Czech) Soukup, P. 2013-27834(CZ 25505 U1), 1-7. 24-6-2013. Praha, Urad prumysloveho vlastnictvi</td></tr></tbody></table>

hemi-laryngeal setup for studying vocal fold vibration in three dimensions

ほとんどのヒト以外の哺乳類と人間の声は、声帯の自立振動を通して喉頭で生成されます。声帯振動の直接の映像記録は、ヒト以外の哺乳類で特に困難です。別の方法としては、摘出喉頭実験は管理された生理学的および物理的な条件の下で声帯振動を調査する機会を提供します。ただし、完全喉頭の使用は単空気力との相互作用観測による振動の構造の重要な部分を除く、声帯の平面図を提供します。ここで 1 つの半分にヘミ喉頭セットアップを利用してこの制限を克服できる喉頭の半ば矢削除、自励発振時に優れたと残りの声帯の横方向ビューを提供します。
ここでは、研究室のベンチに片側喉頭の構造と、取り付けの解剖学的な準備のためのステップ バイ ステップ ガイドが与えられます。ヘミ喉頭準備の模範的な発声は、2 つの同期カメラ (スーペリアーと横方向の眺め)、示す三次元声帯運動および対応する接触面積の時間変化を取り込んだ高速ビデオ データを記載されています。このパブリケーションでヘミ喉頭セットアップのドキュメント アプリケーションと再現性の実験的研究、発声のバイオメカニクスを理解する可能性のある音声科学者を提供することで容易になります。

ヘミ喉頭準備をし、前のセクションで参照している、空気供給管に取付部のイラストは、それぞれ図 1と図 2で提供されます。
2 つのカメラ アングルから声帯振動のドキュメント
片側喉頭の声帯の気流力自立振動上から...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions at JoVE.com

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

本稿ではヒトとヒト以外の哺乳類における発声の様々 な生物物理学的側面を調査するために声帯振動の多次元ビューを促進するヘミ喉頭標本の準備のためのプロトコル。

3 つの次元で声帯振動を勉強のため片側喉頭セットアップ

The voice of humans and most non-human mammals is generated in the larynx through self-sustaining oscillation of the vocal folds. Direct visual ...

hemi-laryngeal-setup-for-studying-vocal-fold-vibration-three

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.9K ビュー.  Palacky University Olomouc. 本稿ではヒトとヒト以外の哺乳類における発声の様々 な生物物理学的側面を調査するために声帯振動の多次元ビューを促進するヘミ喉頭標本の準備のためのプロトコル。

ビデオ: Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging

In the field of fluid mechanics, the resolution of computational schemes has outpaced experimental methods and widened the gap between predicted and observed phenomena in fluid flows. Thus, a need exists for an accessible method capable of resolving three-dimensional (3D) data sets for a range of problems. We present a novel technique for performing quantitative 3D imaging of many types of flow fields. The 3D technique enables investigation of complicated velocity fields and bubbly flows. Measurements of these types present a variety of challenges to the instrument. For instance, optically dense bubbly multiphase flows cannot be readily imaged by traditional, non-invasive flow measurement techniques due to the bubbles occluding optical access to the interior regions of the volume of interest. By using Light Field Imaging we are able to reparameterize images captured by an array of cameras to reconstruct a 3D volumetric map for every time instance, despite partial occlusions in the volume. The technique makes use of an algorithm known as synthetic aperture (SA) refocusing, whereby a 3D focal stack is generated by combining images from several cameras post-capture 1. Light Field Imaging allows for the capture of angular as well as spatial information about the light rays, and hence enables 3D scene reconstruction. Quantitative information can then be extracted from the 3D reconstructions using a variety of processing algorithms. In particular, we have developed measurement methods based on Light Field Imaging for performing 3D particle image velocimetry (PIV), extracting bubbles in a 3D field and tracking the boundary of a flickering flame. We present the fundamentals of the Light Field Imaging methodology in the context of our setup for performing 3DPIV of the airflow passing over a set of synthetic vocal folds, and show representative results from application of the technique to a bubble-entraining plunging jet.

A technique for performing quantitative three-dimensional (3D) imaging for a range of fluid flows is presented. Using concepts from the area of Light Field Imaging, we reconstruct 3D volumes from arrays of images. Our 3D results span a broad range including velocity fields and multi-phase bubble size distributions.

マルチカメラライトフィールドイメージングを介して3D流れ場の決定

In the field of fluid mechanics, the resolution of computational schemes has outpaced experimental methods and widened the gap between predicted and ...

工学

Synthetic, Multi-Layer, Self-Oscillating Vocal Fold Model Fabrication

Sound for the human voice is produced via flow-induced vocal fold vibration. The vocal folds consist of several layers of tissue, each with differing material properties 1. Normal voice production relies on healthy tissue and vocal folds, and occurs as a result of complex coupling between aerodynamic, structural dynamic, and acoustic physical phenomena. Voice disorders affect up to 7.5 million annually in the United States alone 2 and often result in significant financial, social, and other quality-of-life difficulties. Understanding the physics of voice production has the potential to significantly benefit voice care, including clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders.
Existing methods for studying voice production include in vivo experimentation using human and animal subjects, in vitro experimentation using excised larynges and synthetic models, and computational modeling. Owing to hazardous and difficult instrument access, in vivo experiments are severely limited in scope. Excised larynx experiments have the benefit of anatomical and some physiological realism, but parametric studies involving geometric and material property variables are limited. Further, they are typically only able to be vibrated for relatively short periods of time (typically on the order of minutes).
Overcoming some of the limitations of excised larynx experiments, synthetic vocal fold models are emerging as a complementary tool for studying voice production. Synthetic models can be fabricated with systematic changes to geometry and material properties, allowing for the study of healthy and unhealthy human phonatory aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and acoustics. For example, they have been used to study left-right vocal fold asymmetry 3,4, clinical instrument development 5, laryngeal aerodynamics 6-9, vocal fold contact pressure 10, and subglottal acoustics 11 (a more comprehensive list can be found in Kniesburges et al. 12)
Existing synthetic vocal fold models, however, have either been homogenous (one-layer models) or have been fabricated using two materials of differing stiffness (two-layer models). This approach does not allow for representation of the actual multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds 1 that plays a central role in governing vocal fold flow-induced vibratory response. Consequently, one- and two-layer synthetic vocal fold models have exhibited disadvantages 3,6,8 such as higher onset pressures than what are typical for human phonation (onset pressure is the minimum lung pressure required to initiate vibration), unnaturally large inferior-superior motion, and lack of a "mucosal wave" (a vertically-traveling wave that is characteristic of healthy human vocal fold vibration).
In this paper, fabrication of a model with multiple layers of differing material properties is described. The model layers simulate the multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds, including epithelium, superficial lamina propria (SLP), intermediate and deep lamina propria (i.e., ligament; a fiber is included for anterior-posterior stiffness), and muscle (i.e., body) layers 1. Results are included that show that the model exhibits improved vibratory characteristics over prior one- and two-layer synthetic models, including onset pressure closer to human onset pressure, reduced inferior-superior motion, and evidence of a mucosal wave.

The methodology for fabricating synthetic vocal fold models is described. The models are life-sized and mimic the multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds. Results show the models to self-oscillate at pressures comparable to lung pressure and demonstrate flow-induced vibratory responses that are similar to those of human vocal folds.

合成、マルチレイヤ、自己発振声帯モデルの作製

Sound for the human voice is produced via flow-induced vocal fold vibration. The vocal folds consist of several layers of tissue, each with differing ...

生物工学

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance production. The most straightforward manner of musical production is singing, but, from an imaging perspective, it still presents more challenges than listening because it involves motor activity. The accurate singing of musical intervals requires integration between auditory feedback processing and vocal motor control in order to correctly produce each note. This protocol presents a method that permits the monitoring of neural activations associated with the vocal production of consonant and dissonant intervals. Four musical intervals, two consonant and two dissonant, are used as stimuli, both for an auditory discrimination test and a task that involves first listening to and then reproducing given intervals. Participants, all female vocal students at the conservatory level, were studied using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the performance of the singing task, with the listening task serving as a control condition. In this manner, the activity of both the motor and auditory systems was observed, and a measure of vocal accuracy during the singing task was also obtained. Thus, the protocol can also be used to track activations associated with singing different types of intervals or with singing the required notes more accurately. The results indicate that singing dissonant intervals requires greater participation of the neural mechanisms responsible for the integration of external feedback from the auditory and sensorimotor systems than does singing consonant intervals.

The neural correlates of listening to consonant and dissonant intervals have been widely studied, but the neural mechanisms associated with production of consonant and dissonant intervals are less well known. In this article, behavioral tests and fMRI are combined with interval identification and singing tasks to describe these mechanisms.

子音と睡眠不足の声調発声に伴う脳活動のfMRIマッピング

The neural correlates of consonance and dissonance perception have been widely studied, but not the neural correlates of consonance and dissonance ...

行動学

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface of the vocal folds, can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Our laboratory has reported particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, within an investigation of a model polyp located on the medial surface of an in&#160;vitro driven vocal fold model, which show that such a geometric abnormality considerably disrupts the glottal jet behavior. This flow field adjustment is a likely reason for the severe degradation of the vocal quality in patients with polyps. A more complete understanding of the formation and propagation of vortical structures from a geometric protuberance, such as a vocal fold polyp, and the resulting influence on the aerodynamic loadings that drive the vocal fold dynamics, is necessary for advancing the treatment of this pathological condition. The present investigation concerns the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted prolate hemispheroid with a 2:1 aspect ratio in cross flow, i.e. a model vocal fold polyp, using an oil-film visualization technique. Unsteady, three-dimensional flow separation and its impact of the wall pressure loading are examined using skin friction line visualization and wall pressure measurements.

Vocal fold polyps can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted model polyp and its impact on the wall pressure loading are examined using particle image velocimetry, skin friction line visualization, and wall pressure measurements.

モデルの声帯ポリープによる三次元流分離の調査

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To emulate the dynamic environment of vocal folds, a novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of producing vibratory stimulations at fundamental phonation frequencies is constructed and characterized. The device is composed of a function generator, a power amplifier, a speaker selector and parallel vibration chambers. Individual vibration chambers are created by sandwiching a custom-made silicone membrane between a pair of acrylic blocks. The silicone membrane not only serves as the bottom of the chamber but also provides a mechanism for securing the cell-laden scaffold. Vibration signals, generated by a speaker mounted underneath the bottom acrylic block, are transmitted to the membrane aerodynamically by the oscillating air. Eight identical vibration modules, fixed on two stationary metal bars, are housed in an anti-humidity chamber for long-term operation in a cell culture incubator. The vibration characteristics of the vocal fold bioreactor are analyzed non-destructively using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The utility of the dynamic culture device is demonstrated by culturing cellular constructs in the presence of 200-Hz sinusoidal vibrations with a mid-membrane displacement of 40 &#181;m. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the bioreactor respond to the vibratory signals by altering the synthesis and degradation of vocal fold-relevant, extracellular matrix components. The novel bioreactor system presented herein offers an excellent in vitro platform for studying vibration-induced mechanotransduction and for the engineering of functional vocal fold tissues.

A novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of delivering physiologically relevant, vibratory stimulation to cultured cells is constructed and characterized. This dynamic culture device, when combined with a fibrous poly(&#949;-caprolactone) scaffold, creates a vocal fold-mimetic environment that modulates the behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells.

新規声帯バイオリアクターの構築とキャラクタリゼーション

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To ...

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Characterizing hyolaryngeal movement is important to dysphagia research. Prior methods require multiple measurements to obtain one kinematic measurement whereas coordinate mapping of hyolaryngeal mechanics using Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) uses one set of coordinates to calculate multiple variables of interest. For demonstration purposes, ten kinematic measurements were generated from one set of coordinates to determine differences in swallowing two different bolus types. Calculations of hyoid excursion against the vertebrae and mandible are correlated to determine the importance of axes of reference.
To demonstrate coordinate mapping methodology, 40 MBS studies were randomly selected from a dataset of healthy normal subjects with no known swallowing impairment. A 5 ml thin-liquid bolus and a 5 ml pudding swallows were measured from each subject. Nine coordinates, mapping the cranial base, mandible, vertebrae and elements of the hyolaryngeal complex, were recorded at the frames of minimum and maximum hyolaryngeal excursion. Coordinates were mathematically converted into ten variables of hyolaryngeal mechanics.
Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Two-tailed t-tests were used to evaluate differences in kinematics by bolus viscosity. Hyoid excursion measurements against different axes of reference were correlated. Inter-rater reliability among six raters for the 18 coordinates ranged from ICC = 0.90 - 0.97. A slate of ten kinematic measurements was compared by subject between the six raters. One outlier was rejected, and the mean of the remaining reliability scores was ICC = 0.91, 0.84 - 0.96, 95% CI. Two-tailed t-tests with Bonferroni corrections comparing ten kinematic variables (5 ml thin-liquid vs. 5 ml pudding swallows) showed statistically significant differences in hyoid excursion, superior laryngeal movement, and pharyngeal shortening (p &#60; 0.005). Pearson correlations of hyoid excursion measurements from two different axes of reference were: r = 0.62, r2 = 0.38, (thin-liquid); r = 0.52, r2 = 0.27, (pudding).
Obtaining landmark coordinates is a reliable method to generate multiple kinematic variables from video fluoroscopic images useful in dysphagia research.

Coordinate mapping is a method of documenting salient features of hyolaryngeal biomechanics in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. This methodology uses image analysis software to record coordinates of anatomical landmarks. These coordinates are imported into an excel macro and translated into kinematic variables of interest useful in dysphagia research.

嚥下Hyolaryngeal力学のマッピングを調整する

Characterizing hyolaryngeal movement is important to dysphagia research. Prior methods require multiple measurements to obtain one kinematic measurement ...

医学

多層シリコーン声帯モデルの3Dプリンティング

Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models

This study aims to develop super-soft, non-sticky vocal fold models for voice research. The conventional manufacturing process of silicone-based vocal fold models results in models with undesirable properties, such as stickiness and reproducibility issues. Those vocal fold models are prone to rapid aging, leading to poor comparability across different measurements. In this study, we propose a modification to the manufacturing process by changing the order of layering the silicone material, which leads to the production of non-sticky and highly consistent vocal fold models. We also compare a model produced using this method with a conventionally manufactured vocal fold model that is adversely affected by its sticky surface. We detail the manufacturing process and characterize the properties of the models for potential applications. The outcomes of the study demonstrate the efficacy of the modified fabrication method, highlighting the superior qualities of our non-sticky vocal fold models.&#160;The findings contribute to the development of realistic and reliable vocal fold models for research and clinical applications.

著者スポットライト:音声およびロボットアプリケーションのための合成声帯モデルの製造における進歩

This study demonstrates the manufacturing of non-sticky and super-soft vocal fold models by introducing a specific way to create the vocal fold layers, providing a detailed description of the manufacturing procedure, and characterizing the properties of the models.

非粘着性超軟質ボーカルフォールドモデルの製造工程

This study aims to develop super-soft, non-sticky vocal fold models for voice research. The conventional manufacturing process of silicone-based vocal ...

Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures for rat laryngeal dissection, flash-freezing, and cryosectioning of the vocal folds. This study describes how to cryosection vocal folds in both longitudinal and cross-sectional planes. A novelty of this protocol is the laryngeal tracking during cryosectioning that ensures accurate identification of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and reduces the chance of tissue loss. Figures demonstrate the progressive cryosectioning in both planes. Twenty-nine rat hemi-larynges were cryosectioned and tracked from the emergence of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the first section that included the full vocal fold. The full vocal fold was visualized for all animals in both planes. There was high variability in the distance from the appearance of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the full vocal fold in both planes. Weight was not correlated to depth of laryngeal landmarks, suggesting individual variability and other factors related to tissue preparation may be responsible for the high variability in the appearance of landmarks during sectioning. This study details a methodology and presents morphological data for preparing the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular investigation. Due to high individual variability, laryngeal landmarks should be closely tracked during cryosectioning to prevent oversectioning tissue and tissue loss. The use of a consistent methodology, including adequate tissue preparation and awareness of landmarks within the rat larynx, will assist with consistent results across studies and aid new researchers interested in using the rat vocal fold as a model to investigate laryngeal neuromuscular mechanisms.

This protocol describes methods used to prepare rat vocal folds for histochemical neuromuscular study.

神経筋解析のためのラット声帯の調製

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures ...

3 つの次元で声帯振動を勉強のため片側喉頭セットアップ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マルチカメラライトフィールドイメージングを介して3D流れ場の決定

合成、マルチレイヤ、自己発振声帯モデルの作製

子音と睡眠不足の声調発声に伴う脳活動のfMRIマッピング

モデルの声帯ポリープによる三次元流分離の調査

新規声帯バイオリアクターの構築とキャラクタリゼーション

嚥下Hyolaryngeal力学のマッピングを調整する

非粘着性超軟質ボーカルフォールドモデルの製造工程

非粘着性超軟質ボーカルフォールドモデルの製造工程

非粘着性超軟質ボーカルフォールドモデルの製造工程

神経筋解析のためのラット声帯の調製