この研究は、国立国立衛生研究所の難聴やその他のコミュニケーション障害研究所のF31DC017053-01A1(LENELL、PI)およびK23DC014517(ジョンソン、PI)の助成金によって支えられた。

この研究は、ニューヨーク大学医学部の施設動物ケア・使用委員会に従って行われました。
1. ラット喉頭を解剖する
<ol><li>制度的に承認されたプロトコルに従ってラットを安楽死させる。組織標本の毛皮の汚染を防ぐために、下顎からマニュリウムに腹側の首を剃り、アルコールで綿棒を剃ります。</li>
	<li>10倍の拡大率を持つ解剖スコープの下で、気管が露出するまでメスで中線の首の切開を作成することによって喉頭全体を切除する。</li>
	<li>中線で腹側外線喉頭筋を分離し、鉗子と解剖ハサミまたはメスを使用して喉頭を露出させます。</li>
	<li>気管尾骨を第3気管リングに切断し、舌骨に切開ロストラルを作り、切除ハサミを使って喉頭全体を切除する。</li>
	<li>拡大縮小の下で、マイクロディスセクションツール(ピンセット、ピン、ピン、マイクロシザー)を使用して喉頭から外因性喉頭組織(食道、甲状腺、外回喉頭筋)を取り除きます。</li>
	<li>マイクロシザーでは、後部コラリテノイド筋肉の間の正中線をランドマークとして使用して、喉頭をarytenoidの間にドーセリーします。喉頭の横壁をピンで留め、声帯を露出させ、次いでマイクロシザーで声の前部のコミュシャの間の甲状腺軟骨の正中線を通って腹孔を二分する(図1)。 注: この手順はオプションです。喉頭全体を保つためにスキップすることができます。喉頭の二角切除は、同じ喉頭の左右の側面を別々に使用することにより、複数の免疫染色技術を可能にする。</li>
	<li>各ヘミ喉頭をリン酸緩衝溶液(PBS)で~10秒にリンスし、凍結中の氷晶形成を低減する作業ワイパーで繊細に乾燥させます。</li>
</ol>2. 喉頭組織の固定および/またはフラッシュフリーズ
注: 固定は、すべての免疫染色プロトコルに最適とはいえない場合があります。多くの場合、喉頭組織は、解剖直後に新鮮なフラッシュ冷凍である。ステップ 2.1 をスキップして、固定せずに喉頭組織をフラッシュフリーズします。
<ol><li>ヘミ喉頭を固定するために、PBSで4%ホルムアルデヒドを充填した遠心管に組織を配置し、70rpmで軌道シェーカー上の室温で1時間置く。ティッシュをきれいな遠心管に移し、PBSで20分間3倍洗いします。その後、クリーン遠心管に移し、4°Cで20%スクロース/5%グリセロール溶液(約18時間または組織が沈むまで)に沈水する。 注意:ホルムアルデヒドは危険であり、適切な個人用保護具と一緒にヒュームフードで使用する必要があります。</li>
	<li>すべてのヘミ喉頭を均一な位置に配置し、最適な切削温度(OCT)化合物で満たされたクライオモールドに入れます。ヘミラNXの場合は、声帯の内側の表面がクリオマールの底に面し、声楽の縦方向の側面がクリオマール開口部の下端と平行に配置されます。喉頭全体の場合、クリオマールの底に向かって後部クリコアリテノイドと、声楽の縦方向の側面を、クリオマール開口部の下端と平行に配置します。 注:OCTコンパウンド内の一貫した喉頭配は、ラットの声帯の凍結切断に重要です。ヘミヤNXが埋め込まれ凍結されると、その向きを変更するために解凍する必要があり、それによって、複数の融解凍結サイクルによる組織損傷のリスクを導入する。</li>
	<li>液体窒素に囲まれたスチールビーカーで冷やされたイセペンタン(2-メチルブタン)を用いたフラッシュフリーズ組織。 注:白い沈殿物がビーカー13の側面および底部に形成され始めると、isopentaneは組織凍結のための最適な温度に達する。イセペタンは液体窒素よりも熱伝導率が高いため使用され、急速凍結時の組織ブロックの割れを防ぐのに役立ちます。OTCにおける凍結組織のより詳細な説明については、クマールら13を参照してください。</li>
	<li>各金型を事前にラベル付けされたホイルで包み、脱水を防ぐために個々の冷凍袋に入れ、-80°C冷凍庫に保管するために移されるまですぐにドライアイスに保管します。</li>
</ol>3. 断面面におけるクライオセクションヘミヤクス
<ol><li>クライオスタットのチャンバー温度を-20 °Cに設定し、メーカーのマニュアルで筋肉組織の切断に推奨される温度範囲(15-25 °C)の真ん中にあります。</li>
	<li>クライオスタットセクションの厚さを10μmの厚いセクションに設定します。 注:筋線維断字解析では、10 μmの厚い断面が最適で、繊維タイピング解析用のラベル付き筋繊維の完全な染色と堅牢なイメージング強度を可能にします14,15,16。いくつかのプロトコルは、神経筋の標的に応じて異なるセクション厚さを必要とするかもしれない。</li>
	<li>凍結スタットチャンバーに組織を移し、凍結スタット標本ディスク(チャック)にOCT化合物の均一な層を追加し、組み込まれた組織ブロックをOCT化合物の上に置きます。チロイルテノイド(TA)筋線維解析のために声帯の断面を得るために、腹側甲状腺軟骨がクライオスタットブレードに面し、アリテノイド軟骨が検体円盤に面するように、試料をチャックに貼り付ける。 注: これらのランドマークは、OCT コンパウンドが凍結すると白色になり不透明になるため、この段階では表示されないことに注意してください。この視界の欠如は、フラッシュ凍結段階でヘミラリクスの向きに注意することが重要である理由です。</li>
	<li>甲状腺軟骨の腹側部分が現れるまで、検体頭部を100μm進めることによりOCT化合物をトリムする。</li>
	<li>次に、甲状腺軟骨の発症から、層状のプロプリア、内側TA筋肉、および横TA筋肉が露出するまでの30μmの切片をトリムして追跡します。 注:喉頭のランドマークは、断面の角度が斜めではないことを確認するために、100 μmごとに甲状腺軟骨の発症から追跡および注意する必要があります。 図2 は、10倍の倍率で断面面の喉頭ランドマークの2つのセットを表しています。</li>
	<li>ターゲットTA筋肉に到達したら、10μmで正に帯電したスライドのセクションを収集します。</li>
	<li>4°CでPBSにセクションを保管し、汚れる準備ができるまで水分を保持します。 注:固定組織はIHCターゲットに応じて1週間までPBSに保存できますが、固定されていない組織は直ちに処理する必要があります。</li>
</ol>4. 縦方向の平面におけるクライオセクションヘミナクス
<ol><li>クライオスタットチャンバーを再び-20°Cに設定して、断面の厚さを30μmに変更します。 注:NMJ分析では、30-60 μmの間の組織厚を使用して、神経末端またはモータエンドプレート11,12,17の断片化を伴わずに喉頭筋内の複数の完全なNmJをキャプチャすることができます。</li>
	<li>TA筋肉のNMJ分析のための縦方向の声帯セクションを得るために、喉頭蓋がクライオスタットブレードに向き、気管腔が検体ディスクに向かって下向きになるように、試料をチャックに貼り付ける。</li>
	<li>甲状腺軟骨が現れるまで、検体頭部を100μm進めてOCT化合物をトリミングします。</li>
	<li>TA筋の層および内側の部分および内側の分裂が露出するまで、甲状腺の発症から30μmのトリムおよびトラックセクション。 注:縦方向の平面の喉頭のランドマークの5つのセットは、ターゲットTA筋肉に向かって組織の深さの進行を追跡することをお勧めします。 図3 は、10倍の倍率で縦方向の面における喉頭のランドマークを表しています。</li>
	<li>ターゲットTA筋肉に到達したら、30μmで正に帯電したスライドのセクションを収集します。</li>
	<li>4°CでPBSにセクションを保管し、汚れる準備ができるまで水分を保持します。</li>
</ol>

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著者らは開示するものは何もない。

神経筋解析のためのラットの声帯を準備すると、様々な課題を提示することができます。喉頭筋は軟骨に囲まれ小さいだけでなく、標的筋を直接抽出することが困難となり、喉頭解剖学的ランドマークの深部に動物間に高いばらつきも見られた。筋肉の断面平面プロトコルの場合、完全な声の折り目のセクションは、腹側甲状腺軟骨の最初の出現後に21-85セクション(1セクションあたり10 μm)?...

ラット喉頭は、発達、老化、疾患および薬理学的薬剤1,2,3,4,5に対する構造的および機能的な神経筋喉頭適応を調査するための確立されたモデルである。組織学的方法の一貫性は、筋肉の準備と分析に関与する複数の複雑さだけでなく、喉頭軟骨内にカプセル化された筋肉の喉頭の大きさ、形状、および地形に関連する課題があるので、この作業ラインに不可欠です1,6,7,8,9,10,11 .ラットの本来の喉頭筋のサイズが小さいため、系統的埋め込み、凍結、および凍結切断は、一貫した正確な結果を達成するために重要です。例えば、ラットの声帯をコロナ平面で切り離すとき、4つの内在性喉頭筋の神経筋接合(NJ)は、組織深度11の1.8mm未満以内に位置する。したがって、凍結切断中の喉頭筋解剖学の正確なモニタリングは、対象のセクションを正確に特定し、組織の過剰切除を防ぐことが不可欠です。ターゲット筋肉の過大な切断は、NMJs11の数と地形の不正確な識別をもたらすか、または目標筋肉がランドマークの向きの混乱のために廃棄された場合、サンプルサイズの全体的な減少をもたらす可能性があります12。喉頭筋の研究とそれぞれの適応の新しいモデルが開発される中で、結果が正確で信頼性が高く、研究全体で再現可能であることを保証するためには、標準的な手術手順が不可欠です。
本稿の目的は、最適な縦断および断面分析のためのラットの声の折り目の調製を詳述することです。当研究室で定期的に使用される詳細な方法は、凍結切断中に標的筋のランドマークを同定するために記述されています。同様の方法は複数の研究室で使用されていますが、初心者の研究者によって実装された場合に信頼性と正確なレプリケーションを確実にするために、文献よりも詳細な情報が提供されています。このチュートリアルの目的は、検査室と調査の一貫性を向上させるために、ラットの声帯の免疫組織化学(IHC)評価のための標準的な方法論を提供することです。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Methylbutane Certified</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>35514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>1213101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryo Tongs SS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>11679123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>CM3050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat blades</td>
			<td>C.L. Sturkey D554X50</td>
			<td>22-210-045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Base Molds 15mm x 15mm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>41-741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Underpads</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>23-666-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>9996969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS - Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frozen Section Medium</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>23-730-571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice Bucket</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>11999054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostain Moisture Chamber</td>
			<td>Ted Pella Inc</td>
			<td>NC9425474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holders</td>
			<td>Assi</td>
			<td>ASSI.B148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-Woven Sponges, 4 Ply</td>
			<td>Quick Medical</td>
			<td>9023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Troemner</td>
			<td>02-217-987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pap pen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde, 16% w/v aq. soln., methanol free</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>50-00-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>5408129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Specimen Storage Bags</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>19240093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Graduated Measure 32 oz/100 mL</td>
			<td>Polar Ware</td>
			<td>114231B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Task wiper</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional&#8482; 34155</td>
			<td>06666A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>2261840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Pattern Scissors</td>
			<td>Assi</td>
			<td>ASSI.SAS15RV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">NOTE: For all supplies, these are examples of equipment to purchase. The exact model is not necessary to complete our methods.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of the rat vocal fold for neuromuscular analyses

このチュートリアルの目的は、神経筋の研究のためのラットの声の折り目の準備を説明することです。このプロトコルは、ラット喉頭解剖、フラッシュ凍結、および声帯の凍結切断の手順を概説する。本研究では、縦方向および断面面の両方で声を折るクライオセクションの方法を説明する。このプロトコルの目新しさは、本質的な喉頭筋の正確な同定を保証し、組織喪失の可能性を低減する、凍結切断中の喉頭追跡である。図は、両方の平面の進行性の凍結切断を示しています。29匹のラットヘミ喉頭は、甲状腺軟骨の出現から、完全な声の折り目を含む最初のセクションの出現まで、凍結切断され、追跡された。完全なボーカルフォールドは、両方の平面のすべての動物のために視覚化されました。甲状腺軟骨の出現から両方の平面におけるフルボーカルフォールドの出現までの距離には、高いばらつきがあった。体重は喉頭のランドマークの深さと相関しておらず、個々の変動性および組織製剤に関連する他の要因が、断面化中のランドマークの出現における高い変動性を引き起たす可能性があることを示唆した。本研究は、方法論を詳述し、組織化学的神経筋の調査のためにラットの声の折り目を準備するための形態学的データを提示する。個人の変動性が高いため、喉頭のランドマークは、組織および組織の損失を切除することを防ぐために、凍結切断中に密接に追跡する必要があります。ラット喉頭内のランドマークの適切な組織準備と意識を含む一貫した方法論の使用は、研究全体で一貫した結果を支援し、喉頭神経筋メカニズムを調査するためのモデルとしてラットボーカルフォールドを使用することに興味を持つ新しい研究者を支援します。

代表的な結果は、喉頭神経筋系における声の運動の影響に関する継続的な調査の一環であった。29匹の雄フィッシャー344/褐色ノルウェーラット(生後12匹、24ヶ月齢12匹)を計量し、CO2 吸入で安楽死させ、続いて両側性乳房離脱手術を行った。
手順は、NmJと側面および内側TA筋肉の繊維サイズにラベルを付けるために概説されたプロトコルに従った。喉頭のランドマ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses at JoVE.com

Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses

このプロトコルは、検査用神経筋研究のためのラットの声の折り目を準備するために使用される方法を記述します。

神経筋解析のためのラット声帯の調製

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures ...

preparation-of-the-rat-vocal-fold-for-neuromuscular-analyses

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

2.6K ビュー.  New York University School of Medicine. このプロトコルは、検査用神経筋研究のためのラットの声の折り目を準備するために使用される方法を記述します。

ビデオ: Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses

Morphometric Analyses of Retinal Sections

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) in rat models with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)&#x2013;induced excitotoxicity1, retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury2 and glaucoma3. Reduction of INL and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were reversed with citicoline treatment in rats' eyes subjected to kainic acid-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity4. Alteration of RGC density and soma sizes were observed with different drug treatments in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure3,5,6. Therefore, having objective methods of analyzing the retinal morphometries may be of great significance in evaluating retinal pathologies and the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.
The retinal structure is multi-layers and several different kinds of neurons exist in the retina. The morphometric parameters of retina such as cell number, cell size and thickness of different layers are more complex than the cell culture system. Early on, these parameters can be detected using other commercial imaging software. The values are normally of relative value, and changing to the precise value may need further accurate calculation. Also, the tracing of the cell size and morphology may not be accurate and sensitive enough for statistic analysis, especially in the chronic glaucoma model. The measurements used in this protocol provided a more precise and easy way. And the absolute length of the line and size of the cell can be reported directly and easy to be copied to other files. For example, we traced the margin of the inner and outer most nuclei in the INL and formed a line then using the software to draw a 90 degree angle to measure the thickness. While without the help of the software, the line maybe oblique and the changing of retinal thickness may not be repeatable among individual observers. In addition, the number and density of RGCs can also be quantified. This protocol successfully decreases the variability in quantitating features of the retina, increases the sensitivity in detecting minimal changes.
 	This video will demonstrate three types of morphometric analyses of the retinal sections. They include measuring the INL thickness, quantifying the number of RGCs and measuring the sizes of RGCs in absolute value. These three analyses are carried out with Stereo Investigator (MBF Bioscience &mdash; MicroBrightField, Inc.). The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

This video demonstrates three types of morphometric analyses of the retina, which include measuring the inner nuclear layer thickness, quantifying the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and measuring the sizes of RGCs. The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

網膜切片の形態学的解析

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the ...

神経科学

Sequential Photo-bleaching to Delineate Single Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system and has served as guiding model to study synaptic structure and function. In mouse NMJs motor axon terminals form pretzel-like contact sites with muscle fibers. The motor axon and its terminal are sheathed by SCs. Over the past decades, several transgenic mice have been generated to visualize motor neurons and SCs, for example Thy1-XFP1 and Plp-GFP mice2, respectively.
Along motor axons, myelinating axonal SCs are arranged in non-overlapping internodes, separated by nodes of Ranvier, to enable saltatory action potential propagation. In contrast, terminal SCs at the synapse are specialized glial cells, which monitor and promote neurotransmission, digest debris and guide regenerating axons. NMJs are tightly covered by up to half a dozen non-myelinating terminal SCs - these, however, cannot be individually resolved by light microscopy, as they are in direct membrane contact3.
Several approaches exist to individually visualize terminal SCs. None of these are flawless, though. For instance, dye filling, where single cells are impaled with a dye-filled microelectrode, requires destroying a labelled cell before filling a second one. This is not compatible with subsequent time-lapse recordings3. Multi-spectral "Brainbow" labeling of SCs has been achieved by using combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins4. However, this technique requires combining several transgenes and is limited by the expression pattern of the promoters used. In the future, expression of "photo-switchable" proteins in SCs might be yet another alternative5. Here we present sequential photo-bleaching, where single cells are bleached, and their image obtained by subtraction. We believe that this approach - due to its ease and versatility - represents a lasting addition to the neuroscientist's technology palette, especially as it can be used in vivo and transferred to others cell types, anatomical sites or species6.
In the following protocol, we detail the application of sequential bleaching and subsequent confocal time-lapse microscopy to terminal SCs in triangularis sterni muscle explants. This thin, superficial and easily dissected nerve-muscle preparation7,8 has proven useful for studies of NMJ development, physiology and pathology9. Finally, we explain how the triangularis sterni muscle is prepared after fixation to perform correlated high-resolution confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural examinations.

Visualizing individual cells in densely packed tissues, such as terminal Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), is challenging. "Sequential photo-bleaching" allows delineating single terminal SCs, for instance in the triangularis sterni muscle explant, a convenient nerve-muscle preparation, where sequential bleaching can be combined with time-lapse imaging and post-hoc immunostainings.

シーケンシャル神経筋接合部におけるシングルシュワン細胞の輪郭を描くのにフォトブリーチング

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system ...

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat muscles can offer significant advantage over traditionally used thicker muscles, such as those from the hind limb (e.g. gastrocnemius). Thin muscles allow for comprehensive overview of the entire innervation pattern for a given muscle, which in turn permits identification of selectively vulnerable pools of motor neurons. These muscles also allow analysis of parameters such as motor unit size, axonal branching, and terminal/nodal sprouting. A common obstacle in using such muscles is gaining the technical expertise to dissect them. In this video, we detail the protocol for dissecting the transversus abdominis (TVA) muscle from young mice and performing immunofluorescence to visualize axons and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We demonstrate that this technique gives a complete overview of the innervation pattern of the TVA muscle&#160;and can be used to investigate NMJ pathology in a mouse model of the childhood motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy.

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

In this video we demonstrate a protocol for dissection of the transversus abdominis muscle of the mouse and use immunofluorescence and microscopy to visualize neuromuscular junctions.

全マウント神経筋接合解析のための トランス対アブドミン筋 の解剖

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

なぜ定量事項：での表現型のキャラクタリゼーション<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫の神経筋接合部

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

Microstate and Omega Complexity Analyses of the Resting-state Electroencephalography

Microstate and omega complexity are two reference-free electroencephalography (EEG) measures that can represent the temporal and spatial complexities of EEG data and have been widely used to investigate the neural mechanisms in some brain disorders. The goal of this article is to describe the protocol underlying EEG microstate and omega complexity analyses step by step. The main advantage of these two measures is that they could eliminate the reference-dependent problem inherent to traditional spectrum analysis. In addition, microstate analysis makes good use of high time resolution of resting-state EEG, and the four obtained microstate classes could match the corresponding resting-state networks respectively. The omega complexity characterizes the spatial complexity of the whole brain or specific brain regions, which has obvious advantage compared with traditional complexity measures focusing on the signal complexity in a single channel. These two EEG measures could complement each other to investigate the brain complexity from the temporal and spatial domain respectively.

This article describes the protocol underlying electroencephalography (EEG) microstate analysis and omega complexity analysis, which are two reference-free EEG measures and highly valuable to explore the neural mechanisms of brain disorders.

微小状態と静止状態の脳波のオメガ複雑さ解析

Microstate and omega complexity are two reference-free electroencephalography (EEG) measures that can represent the temporal and spatial complexities of ...

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

This protocol describes a technique to record synaptic transmission from the neuromuscular junction under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. An ex vivo preparation of the levator auris longus (LAL) is used because it is a thin muscle that provides easy visualization of the neuromuscular junction for microelectrode impalement at the motor endplate. This method allows for the recording of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials and currents (mEPPs and mEPCs), nerve-evoked endplate potentials and currents (EPPs and EPCs), as well as the membrane properties of the motor endplate. Results obtained from this method include the quantal content (QC), number of vesicle release sites (n), probability of vesicle release (prel), synaptic facilitation and depression, as well as the muscle membrane time constant (&#964;m) and input resistance. Application of this technique to mouse models of human disease can highlight key pathologies in disease states and help identify novel treatment strategies. By fully voltage-clamping a single synapse, this method provides one of the most detailed analyses of synaptic transmission currently available.

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

The protocol described in this paper uses the mouse levator auris longus (LAL) muscle to record spontaneous and nerve-evoked postsynaptic potentials (current-clamp) and currents (voltage-clamp) at the neuromuscular junction. Use of this technique can provide key insights into mechanisms of synaptic transmission under normal and disease conditions.

オーリスの挙筋哺乳類の神経筋伝達電圧クランプ条件下での試験のための準備

This protocol describes a technique to record synaptic transmission from the neuromuscular junction under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. An ...

Dissection of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers for Immunofluorescent and Morphometric Analyses of Whole-Mount Neuromuscular Junctions

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized point of contact between the motor nerve and the skeletal muscle. This peripheral synapse exhibits high morphological and functional plasticity. In numerous nervous system disorders, NMJ is an early pathological target resulting in neurotransmission failure, weakness, atrophy, and even in muscle fiber death. Due to its relevance, the possibility to quantitatively assess certain aspects of the relationship between NMJ components can help to understand the processes associated with its assembly/disassembly. The first obstacle when working with muscles is to gain the technical expertise to quickly identify and dissect without damaging their fibers. The second challenge is to utilize high-quality detection methods to obtain NMJ images that can be used to perform quantitative analysis. This article presents a step-by-step protocol for dissecting extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles from rats. It also explains the use of immunofluorescence to visualize pre and postsynaptic elements of whole-mount NMJs. Results obtained demonstrate that this technique can be used to establish the microscopic anatomy of the synapsis and identify subtle changes in the status of some of its components under physiological or pathological conditions.

The ability to accurately detect neuromuscular junction components is crucial in evaluating modifications in its architecture because of pathological or developmental processes. Here we present a complete description of a straightforward method to obtain high-quality images of whole-mount neuromuscular junctions that can be used to perform quantitative measurements.

全山神経筋接合部の免疫蛍光解析と形態測定解析のための単一骨格筋線維の解剖

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized point of contact between the motor nerve and the skeletal muscle. This peripheral synapse exhibits high ...

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal transport have devastating consequences for individual neurons and their networks, and contribute to a plethora of neurological disorders. As many of these conditions involve both cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms, and often display a spectrum of pathology across neuronal subtypes, methods to accurately identify and analyze neuronal subsets are imperative.
This paper details protocols to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria in sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice. Stepwise instructions are provided to 1) distinguish motor from sensory neurons in vivo, in situ, and ex vivo by using mice that selectively express fluorescent proteins within cholinergic motor neurons; and 2) separately or concurrently assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria. These complementary intravital approaches facilitate the simultaneous imaging of different cargoes in distinct peripheral nerve axons to quantitatively monitor axonal transport in health and disease.

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Using transgenic fluorescent mice, detailed protocols are described to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria within motor and sensory axons of the intact sciatic nerve in live animals.

軸索輸送の In Vivo イメージングのためのツールキットの拡張

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. This work describes the preparation of rat sciatic nerves for ex vivo neurophysiology, including buffer preparation, animal procedures, equipment setup and neurophysiological recording. This work provides an overview of the different types of experiments possible with this method. The outlined method aims to provide 6 h of stimulation and recording on extracted peripheral nerve tissue in tightly controlled conditions for optimal consistency in results. Results obtained using this method are A-fibre compound action potentials (CAP) with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the millivolt range over the entire duration of the experiment. CAP amplitudes and shapes are consistent and reliable, making them useful to test and compare new electrodes to existing models, or the effects of interventions on the tissue, such as the use of chemicals, surgical alterations, or neuromodulatory stimulation techniques. Both conventional commercially available cuff electrodes with platinum-iridium contacts and custom-made conductive elastomer electrodes were tested and gave similar results in terms of nerve stimulus strength-duration response.

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

This protocol describes the preparation of rat whole sciatic nerve tissue for ex vivo electrophysiological stimulation and recording in an environmentally-regulated, two-compartment, perfused saline bath.

Ex Vivo神経生理学のためのラット坐骨神経の調製

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...

Visualizing the Morphological Characteristics of Neuromuscular Junction in Rat Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a complex structure serving for the signal communication from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle and consists of three essential histological components: the pre-synaptic motor axon terminals, post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AchRs), and peri-synaptic Schwann cells (PSCs). In order to demonstrate the morphological characteristics of NMJ, the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle was selected as the target-tissue and examined by using multiple fluorescent staining with various kinds of biomarkers, including neurofilament 200 (NF200) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) for the motor nerve fibers and their pre-synaptic terminals, alpha-bungarotoxin (&#945;-BTX) for the post-synaptic nicotinic AchRs, and S100 for the PSCs. In this study, staining was performed in two groups: in the first group, samples were stained with NF200, VAChT, and &#945;-BTX, and in the second group, samples were stained with NF200, &#945;-BTX, and S100. It was shown that both protocols can effectively demonstrate the detailed structure of NMJ. Using the confocal microscope, morphological characteristics of the pre-synaptic terminals, post-synaptic receptors, and PSC were seen, and their Z-stacks images were reconstructed in a three-dimensional pattern to further analyze the spatial correlation among the different labeling. From the perspective of methodology, these protocols provide a valuable reference for investigating the morphological characteristics of NMJ under physiological conditions, which may also be suitable to evaluate the pathological alteration of NMJ, such as peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.

The protocol shows a method to examine spatial correlation among the pre-synaptic terminals, post-synaptic receptors, and peri-synaptic Schwann cells in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle using fluorescent immunohistochemistry with different biomarkers, namely, neurofilament 200, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, alpha-bungarotoxin, and S100.

ラット内側腓腹筋における神経筋接合部の形態学的特徴の可視化

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a complex structure serving for the signal communication from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle and consists of ...

Methods Article

神経筋解析のためのラット声帯の調製