研究は、保全効果評価プロジェクト (CEAP) からの資金調達のために可能だった。生産者は、米国農務省-アルス-デルタ水管理研究部と生態毒性研究施設、アーカンソー州立大学のスタッフによるサンプル分析のメンバーの研究支援サイト アクセス許可を特に感謝しております。本研究の一部は、米国エネルギー省と米国農務省の省庁間の契約を通じて科学と教育 (ORISE) のオークリッジ国立研究所によって管理アルス参加プログラムに予定によって支えられました。ORISE は、DOE の契約数・ デ ・ AC05 06OR23100 下 ORAU によって管理されます。本稿で表明したすべての意見は、著者のポリシーおよび米国農務省、アルス、DOE、または ORAU/ORISE の景色を必ずしも反映していません。

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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+statewide+network+for+monitoring+agricultural+water+quality+and+water+quantity+in+Arkansas.">A statewide network for monitoring agricultural water quality and water quantity in Arkansas.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 68 (2), 45a-49a (2013).</li><li>Duncan, D., Harvey, F., Walker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Australian Water Quality Centre. , (2007).</li><li>Hamilton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The 5 essential elements of a hydrological monitoring program. , (2012).</li><li>Wagner, R. J., Boulger, R. W., Oblinger, C. J., Smith, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2006).</li><li>World Metorological Organization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual on Stream Gauging Volume I-Fieldwork. , (2010).</li><li>American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, &amp; Water Environment Federation. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard methods for the examination of water &amp; wastewater. , (2005).</li><li>ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) D3977-97. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard test methods for determining sediment concentration in water samples. , (1997).</li><li>O'Connor, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+temporal+and+spatial+distribution+of+dissolved+oxygen+in+streams.">The temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in streams.</a> Water Resour Res. 3 (1), 65-79 (1967).</li><li>Dabney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cover+crop+impacts+on+watershed+hydrology.">Cover crop impacts on watershed hydrology.</a> J Soil Water Conserv. 53 (3), 207-213 (1998).</li><li>Udawatta, R. P., Motavalli, P. P., Garrett, H. E., Krstansky, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+losses+in+runoff+from+three+adjacent+agricultural+watersheds+with+claypan+soils.">Nitrogen losses in runoff from three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils.</a> Agric Ecosyst Environ. 117 (1), 39-48 (2006).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

全体的にみて、栄養素および沈殿物の連続的な監視には、グラブ サンプリング メソッドを使用して監視をいくつかの利点があります。水と水の品質プロセスは、時間の非常に短いスパンで降雨に影響されます。ユーザーは、栄養素と複雑な問題を研究する堆積物の高時間分解能データを取得できます。同時に、硝酸塩、アンモニウム、および濁度監視と同じコストで、伝導率、pH、温度、DO ...

水質モニタリング プロットまたはフィールドから流域の範囲することができます貢献の領域のサイズに応じて、さまざまな空間スケールでの汚染物質の濃度に関する情報を提供します。この監視は 1 つのイベント、日、季節、年などの時間の期間にわたって起こる。主に (例えば窒素とリン) の栄養素と、堆積物に関する水質監視から集めた情報はするために使用することができます: 1) 水文過程とトランスポート ストリームにおける汚染物質の変容を理解します。農業排水溝;2) 養分と堆積物の負荷を減らすため、水の質を向上する流域に適用される経営の効率性を評価します。3) 水を下流の堆積物および栄養素の配信を評価します。・ 4) 栄養素と水を理解し、時間と空間のスケールの範囲にわたって汚染物質輸送とダイナミクスを決定する品質プロセスを水堆積物のモデリングを改善します。
この情報は、水生生態系の回復、持続可能な計画と水資源1の管理に不可欠です。
栄養のため最もよく使用されるメソッド、グラブ サンプリングは、流域における土砂監視します。グラブ サンプリング サンプリング2の時点でスナップショット濃度を正確に表します。頻繁にサンプリングが行われる場合にも時間で汚染物質濃度の変化を描写できます。しかし、頻繁なサンプリングは、集中的に高価な多くの場合ことが非現実的な2時間です。また、グラブ サンプリングはの下で可能性があります- またはサンプリング時間2,3,4外実際汚染物質濃度を過大評価。その結果、このような濃度を算出負荷が正確かもしれません。
また、継続的な監視について説明します正確かつタイムリーな水質、分、時間、または日など、あらかじめ決められた時間間隔で。ユーザーは、彼らのニーズに基づいて適切な時間間隔を選択できます。継続的な監視により、サンプル コレクションを最適化するには、研究者、プランナー、およびマネージャー開発し、合計の最大負荷量 (TMDLs); などの時間統合指標を監視水体のレクリエーション利用を評価します。評価基準のストリーム条件;時空間因果関係を決定し、管理計画5,6への物質の変化を評価します。最近コンピューティングとセンサー技術、ストレージ ・ デバイスの改善された容量およびより複雑なプロセスを勉強するために必要なデータ要件の増加で進歩のための高められた注意を受けている栄養素および沈殿物の継続的な監視1,5,7. 700 以上の水の専門家の世界的な調査、マルチパラ メーター ゾンデの使用は 26% から 2002 年から 2012 年までの 61% に増加し、2022年566% に達するとされます。同じ調査では、回答者の 72% は、自分のデータに合わせて、監視ネットワークの拡大の必要性が必要5示されます。監視ネットワークの局数と 2012 年に駅につき監視する変数の数は、2022年5, 53%、64% 増加する予定です。
ただし、連続的な水の品質と量の農業生態系流域における監視は挑戦にあります。堆積物と植物、センサー ゾンデで高い沈殿物の負荷および残骸蓄積に貢献する大規模な降雨を洗い流します。過剰な窒素とリンを農業分野に応用の流出は、特に夏のインストリーム センサー、ゾンデ、汚、微視的および巨視的生物の成長のための理想的な条件を作成します。汚れと堆積物の蓄積は、失敗し、ドリフト、信頼性の低いデータを生成するセンサーを可能性があります。これらの課題にもかかわらず、細かい (分あたりの低) と時空間解像度のデータに必要な流出過程と非点源汚染研究彼らが影響を受ける流域特性 (サイズなど地盤、斜面、など。) タイミングと降雨7の強さ。注意深い観測, 頻繁に校正し、適切なクリーニングとメンテナンスできますセンサーや細かい時間分解能でも、ゾンデから質の良いデータを確認します。
ここでは、その場で多項目水質品質ゾンデ、面積速度と圧力トランスデューサー センサー、オートサンプラー; を使用して 2 つの農業流域の連続モニタリング手法を検討します。校正データおよびフィールド メンテナンス;およびデータ処理。プロトコルは、継続的な水質監視を実行するのに方法を示します。プロトコルは、一般的に連続的な水の質と量であらゆるタイプやサイズの分岐点の監視に適用されます。
プロトコルは少し溝流域 (フク 080202040803、53.4 km2の領域) の北東アーカンソーと下流聖フランシス (フク 080202030801、23.4 km2の領域) を行った。これらの 2 つの流域は、ミシシッピ川の支流に流出します。ミシシッピ川の支流の監視の必要性はより低いミシシッピー川保全委員会とメキシコ低酸素タスク フォース湾流域管理計画を開発し、管理活動の進捗状況を記録するによって識別されます。8,9しますさらに、これらの流域は、養分と堆積物の汚染を減らすため、ポテンシャルに基づくアメリカ合衆国農務省自然資源保全局 (米国農務省 NRCS)、別にフォーカス流域として特徴づけられる。10水の品質を向上させます。エッジ フィールドの監視が行われてこれらの流域の州全体のミシシッピ川流域健全な流域イニシアチブ (MRBI) ネットワーク11の一部として。分水界 (すなわちサイトの場所、流域特性、等) の詳細については、(2017)6Aryal とレバで提供されます。一言で言えば、主にシルト ローム土を持っている少し溝流域、ワタとダイズ主要作物下流聖フランシスは主に・ シャーキー粘土土壌とが主要な作物の米と大豆に対し。各流域でその場で連続水量及び水質監視 (すなわち、吐出温度、pH、DO、濁度、電気伝導度、硝酸、およびアンモニウム) を行ったこのプロトコルを使用する主流の 3 地点で汚濁負荷と水文過程の時空間変動を理解します。さらに、毎週水のサンプルを収集され、浮遊 co を分析ncentration。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="812">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Multiparameter sonde</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach Hydrolab</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DS5X</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:149px;">Area velocity flow module and sensor</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">2150</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures average stream velocity and flow depth, and calculates flow rate and total flow based on provided cross-section area of the ditch. Stored data can be downloaded directly to computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Automatic portable water sampler</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ISCO 6712</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">automatically samples water in the set interval or in conjunction with flow module and sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">In-situ</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Rugged Troll 100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures presure, level and temperature in the water. Stored data can be directly downloaded to the computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Portable flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Flo-mate (Hach)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Marsh-McBirney 2000</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For manual discharge measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">UPG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">UB 1270</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">To power sonde</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Interstate Batteries</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SRM 27</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Lead acid battery to power autosampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Solar panel</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Alt E</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ALT20-12P</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">To recharge battery at the site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">C-8 batteries</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Calibration standards</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach or Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">mulitple</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Standards of pH (4,7,10), conductivity (1412 uS/cm), nitrate (5 and 50 mg/L), ammonium (5 and 50 mg/L), and turbidity (50,100,200 NTU)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">High nitrate standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">013810HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Low nitrate standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">013800HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">5 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">High ammonium standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">002588HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Low ammonium standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">002587HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">5 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>R8819050-500G</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>88-061-6</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">100 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>R8819200500 C</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">200 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Potassium chloride salt pellets</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">005376HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">to maintain electrolyte for pH electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Potassium chloride standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5890-16</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">1412 us/cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 4</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB99-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 7</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB108-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 10</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB116-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Silicon sealant</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">00298HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For sealing sensor battery cover water tight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">All purpose cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sunshine Makers Inc</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Simple green</td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">L-bracket</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:149px;">Telsbar post</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Unistrut Service Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Secure sensors and sondes in the stream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Steel wire</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">supend sonde and PT sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Carabiner</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">supend sonde and PT sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Allen wrench</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Copper wire mesh</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bird B Gone</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Rodent and bird control copper mesh roll</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Agri Drain Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Tile tape, works in wet and cold weather</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous instream monitoring of nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds

汚染物質濃度と流域における荷重は、時間と空間のかなり変わる。水資源の汚染物質の大きさに正確かつタイムリーな情報は、リソース管理の情報水の意思、汚濁負荷のドライバーを理解するための前提条件です。一般的に使用される"サンプリングをつかむ"方法 (すなわち、スナップショット濃度) のサンプリング時に汚染物質の濃度を提供しの下で可能性があります- または汚染物質の濃度と負荷を overpredict。栄養素および沈殿物の継続的な監視と、最近、コンピューティング、センシング技術、およびストレージ デバイスの進歩のためのより多くの注意を受信しています。このプロトコルでインストルメンテーションその場で硝酸塩、アンモニウム、濁度、pH、導電率、温度、および溶存酸素量 (DO) を継続的に監視し、2 つのストリーム (溝) から荷重を計算します、ゾンデ、センサーの使用に示します2 つの農業生態系流域。適切な校正、保守、およびセンサーとゾンデの操作を汚れや破片の蓄積など困難な条件を克服して良い水質データを取得できます。メソッドの様々 なサイズの分水界で使用され農業、森林、および/または都市の土地によって特徴付けられるもことができます。

Aryal とレバ (2017) 文書にこのプロトコルを使用してトランスポートおよび栄養素と 2 つの小さな農業流域6の堆積物の変形を研究します。このプロトコルからの追加の結果は次のとおりです。
降雨流出水の品質の関係:
継続的な監視の強度は 15 分のデータ (<strong ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds at JoVE.com

農業流域における栄養塩と堆積物の流入域の継続的モニタリング |環境 |ビデオ

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

技術とエンドユーザーの期待の上昇の伴い必要と汚濁負荷推定のため時間分解能の高いデータの使用が増加しています。このプロトコルでは、その場で連続水質監視リソース管理意思決定情報に基づいた水を高い時間分解能データを取得する方法について説明します。

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

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11.1K ビュー.  Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education (ORISE). 技術とエンドユーザーの期待の上昇の伴い必要と汚濁負荷推定のため時間分解能の高いデータの使用が増加しています。このプロトコルでは、その場で連続水質監視リソース管理意思決定情報に基づいた水を高い時間分解能データを取得する方法について説明します。

ビデオ: Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. Radioisotope tracing is a major technique used to measure such fluxes, both within plants, and between plants and their environments. Flux data obtained with radiotracer protocols can help elucidate the capacity, mechanism, regulation, and energetics of transport systems for specific mineral nutrients or toxicants, and can provide insight into compartmentation and turnover rates of subcellular mineral and metabolite pools. Here, we describe two major radioisotope protocols used in plant biology: direct influx (DI) and compartmental analysis by tracer efflux (CATE). We focus on flux measurement of potassium (K+) as a nutrient, and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) as a toxicant, in intact seedlings of the model species barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These protocols can be readily adapted to other experimental systems (e.g., different species, excised plant material, and other nutrients/toxicants). Advantages and limitations of these protocols are discussed.

In planta measurement of nutrient and toxicant fluxes is essential to the study of plant nutrition and toxicity. Here, we cover radiotracer protocols for influx and efflux determination in intact plant roots, using potassium (K+) and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) fluxes as examples. Advantages and limitations of such techniques are discussed.

放射性トレーサーで植物にミネラル栄養素や毒性物質のフラックスを測定する

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. ...

環境学

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is built and can be transported to a temporary work space close to field sampling site(s) to facilitate rapid analysis. Cores are extruded into a portable glove bag, where they are sectioned and each 1-3 cm thick section (depending on core diameter) is sealed into 50 ml centrifuge tubes. Pore waters are separated with centrifugation outside of the glove bag and then returned to the glove bag for separation from the sediment. These extracted pore water samples can be analyzed immediately. Immediate analyses of redox sensitive species, such as sulfide, iron speciation, and arsenic speciation indicate that oxidation of pore waters is minimal; some samples show approximately 100% of the reduced species, e.g. 100% Fe(II) with no detectable Fe(III). Both sediment and pore water samples can be preserved to maintain chemical species for further analysis upon return to the laboratory.

A protocol for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters under anoxic conditions in order to permit analysis of redox sensitive species in both solids and fluids is presented.

無酸素状態下での堆積物コアセクショニングと間隙水の抽出

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

水中の農薬のモニタリングのための特性とパッシブサンプラーの応用

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

Oの底生交流<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;、N<sub&gt; 2</sub小さなコアインキュベーションを使用&gt;と溶存栄養素

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

コーヒーのベリーの穴あけ器の科学的なモニタリングのためのハワイ プロトコル: コーヒー生態系世界のモデル

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染試験: スプレーと傷を介した植物病原体イネいもち病菌接種

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has become particularly relevant for assessing the anthropogenic-altered global nitrogen cycle and the emission of greenhouse gases (i.e., N2O). Several methods are available for measuring denitrification, but none of them are completely satisfactory. Problems with existing methods include their insufficient sensitivity, and the need to modify the substrate levels or alter the physical configuration of the process using disturbed samples.This work describes a method for estimating sediment denitrification rates that combines coring, acetylene inhibition, and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The main advantages of this method are a low disturbance of the sediment structure and the collection of a continuous record of N2O accumulation; these enable estimates of reliable denitrification rates with minimum values up to 0.4-1 &#181;mol N2O m-2 h-1. The ability to manipulate key factors is an additional advantage for obtaining experimental insights. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate. The method is appropriate for estimating denitrification rates in any aquatic system with retrievable sediment cores. If the N2O concentration is above the detection limit of the sensor, the acetylene inhibition step can be omitted to estimate the N2O emission instead of denitrification. We show how to estimate both actual and potential denitrification rates by increasing nitrate availability as well as the temperature dependence of the process. We illustrate the procedure using mountain lake sediments and discuss the advantages and weaknesses of the technique compared to other methods. This method can be modified for particular purposes; for instance, it can be combined with 15N tracers to assess nitrification and denitrification or field in situ measurements of denitrification rates.

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

This method estimates sediment denitrification rates in sediment cores using the acetylene inhibition technique and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate.

コアと N2O マイクロ センサーを使用して土砂脱窒率を推定

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has ...

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil

We describe a method for two-dimensional (2D) visualization and quantification of the distribution of labile (i.e., reversibly adsorbed) inorganic nutrient (e.g., P, Fe, Mn) and contaminant (e.g., As, Cd, Pb) solute species in the soil adjacent to plant roots (the &#8216;rhizosphere&#8217;) at sub-millimeter (~100 &#181;m) spatial resolution. The method combines sink-based solute sampling by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique with spatially resolved chemical analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The DGT technique is based on thin hydrogels with homogeneously distributed analyte-selective binding phases. The variety of available binding phases allows for the preparation of different DGT gel types following simple gel fabrication procedures. For DGT gel deployment in the rhizosphere, plants are grown in flat, transparent growth containers (rhizotrons), which enable minimal invasive access to a soil-grown root system. After a pre-growth period, DGT gels are applied to selected regions of interest for in situ solute sampling in the rhizosphere. Afterwards, DGT gels are retrieved and prepared for subsequent chemical analysis of the bound solutes using LA-ICP-MS line-scan imaging. Application of internal normalization using 13C and external calibration using matrix-matched gel standards further allows for the quantification of the 2D solute fluxes. This method is unique in its capability to generate quantitative, sub-mm scale 2D images of multi-element solute fluxes in soil-plant environments, exceeding the achievable spatial resolution of other methods for measuring solute gradients in the rhizosphere substantially. We present the application and evaluation of the method for imaging multiple cationic and anionic solute species in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants and highlight the possibility of combining this method with complementary solute imaging techniques.

This protocol presents a workflow for sub-mm 2D visualization of multiple labile inorganic nutrient and contaminant solute species using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) combined with mass spectrometry imaging. Solute sampling and high-resolution chemical analysis are described in detail for quantitative mapping of solutes in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants.