这项研究之所以有可能, 是因为来自保护效果评估项目 (CEAP) 的资助。我们特别感谢来自生产者的准入许可, 美国农业部-ARS-三角洲水管理研究部门成员的研究援助, 以及阿肯色州立大学毒研究机构的工作人员进行的样本分析。这项研究的一部分得到了由美国能源部和农业部之间的跨部门协议, 由橡树岭科学与教育研究所 (ORISE) 管理的 "ARS 参与计划" 的任命。ORISE 由 ORAU 根据 DOE 合同编号 DE-AC05-06OR23100 管理。本文所表达的所有观点都是作者的, 并不一定反映美国农业部、ARS、能源部或 ORAU/ORISE 的政策和观点。

<ol><li>Pellerin, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1752-1688.12386/pdf">Emerging Tools for Continuous Nutrient Monitoring Networks: Sensors Advancing Science and Water Resources Protection.</a> J Am Water Resour Assoc. 52 (4), 993-1008 (2016).</li>
<li>Rozemeijer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Application+and+Evaluation+of+a+New+Passive+Sampler+for+Measuring+Average+Solute+Concentrations+in+a+Catchment+Scale+Water+Quality+Monitoring+Study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ+Sci+Tech%22%5BJournal%5D)">Application and Evaluation of a New Passive Sampler for Measuring Average Solute Concentrations in a Catchment Scale Water Quality Monitoring Study.</a> Environ Sci Tech. 44 (4), 1353-1359 (2010).</li>
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<li>Aryal, N., Reba, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880916305436">Transport and transformation of nutrients and sediment in two agricultural watersheds in Northeast Arkansas.</a> Agric Ecosyst Environ. 236, 30-42 (2017).</li>
<li>National Research Council (U.S.). <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Confronting+the+nation%27s+water+problems%3A+The+role+of+research%22">Confronting the nation's water problems: The role of research</a>. , National Academies Press. (2004).</li>
<li>LMRRA (Lower Mississippi River Resource Assessment). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Portals/51/docs/missions/projects/LMRRA/LMRRA_Final%20Assessment%20Public.pdf?ver=2016-09-15-141848-490">Final Assessment in Response to Section 402 of WRDA 2000 Public Review Draft</a>. , (2015).</li>
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<li>USDA-NRCS (The United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service). Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative Maps and List of Watershed. , Available from:
 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/initiatives/?cid=nrcsdev11_023896">http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/initiatives/?cid=nrcsdev11_023896</a> (2016).</li>
<li>Reba, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.jswconline.org/content/68/2/45A.full.pdf+html">A statewide network for monitoring agricultural water quality and water quantity in Arkansas.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 68 (2), 45a-49a (2013).</li>
<li>Duncan, D., Harvey, F., Walker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aDuncan%2C+D+%22Australian+Water+Quality+Centre%22">Australian Water Quality Centre</a>. , Environment Protection Authority. Australia. (2007).</li>
<li>Hamilton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://pages.aquaticinformatics.com/web-whitepaper-5-essentials.html">The 5 essential elements of a hydrological monitoring program</a>. , Aquatic Informatics. (2012).</li>
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<li>American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, & Water Environment Federation. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Standard+methods+for+the+examination+of+water+%26+wastewater%22">Standard methods for the examination of water & wastewater</a>. , 21st ed, American Public Health Association. (2005).</li>
<li>ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) D3977-97. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D3977-97.htm">Standard test methods for determining sediment concentration in water samples</a>. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. (1997).</li>
<li>O'Connor, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/WR003i001p00065/abstract">The temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in streams.</a> Water Resour Res. 3 (1), 65-79 (1967).</li>
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<li>Udawatta, R. P., Motavalli, P. P., Garrett, H. E., Krstansky, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880906001034">Nitrogen losses in runoff from three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils.</a> Agric Ecosyst Environ. 117 (1), 39-48 (2006).</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

总体上, 对养分和沉积物的连续监测在利用抓取取样法进行监测时有几个优点。水文和水质过程在很短的时间内受到降雨的影响。用户可以获得高分辨率的养分和沉积物的时间分辨数据来研究复杂的问题。其他水质参数, 如电导率, pH 值, 温度和做, 可以同时获得, 并与监测硝酸盐, 铵和浊度的成本相同。此外, 还有来自制造商的其他传感器, 可以测量更多的水质参数, 如叶绿素、盐度和 oxidation-reduction...

水质监测提供有关污染物在不同空间尺度上的浓度的信息, 这取决于贡献面积的大小, 这可以从地块或农田到分水岭。这种监视在一段时间内发生, 例如单个事件、一天、一个季节或一年。监测水质的信息, 主要涉及营养物质 (例如,氮和磷) 和沉积物, 可用于: 1) 了解水文过程和河流中污染物的运输和转化,如农业排水沟;2) 评估应用于流域的管理实践的效率, 以减少养分和泥沙负荷, 提高水质;3) 评估向下游水域输送泥沙和养分的情况;4) 改进养分和沉积物的建模, 以了解水文和水质过程, 确定污染物在时间和空间尺度范围内的迁移和动态。
这些信息对水生生态系统恢复、可持续规划和水资源管理至关重要1。
在流域的养分和泥沙监测最常用的方法是抓取取样。抓取采样准确表示采样2时的快照集中。在频繁取样的情况下, 还可以描述污染物浓度随时间的变化。然而, 频繁的采样是时间密集型和昂贵的, 常常使它不切实际的2。此外, 抓取取样可能或高估实际污染物在取样时间外的浓度2,3,4。因此, 使用这种浓度计算的载荷可能不准确。
另外, 连续监测在预定的时间间隔, 如一分钟、一小时或一天, 提供准确和及时的水质信息。用户可以根据需要选择适当的时间间隔。连续监测使研究人员、规划者和管理人员能够优化样本收集;开发和监控 time-integrated 指标, 如总最大日负荷 (TMDLs);评估水体的娱乐性使用;评估基线流条件;并在空间和世俗上评估污染物的变化, 以确定因果关系, 并制定一个管理计划5,6。由于计算和传感器技术的进步、存储设备容量的提高以及研究更复杂过程所需的日益增加的数据要求, 对营养物质和沉积物的持续监测最近得到越来越多的关注1,5,7. 在对超过700水专业人士进行的全球调查中, 多参数 sondes 的使用从2002年的26% 增加到 61%, 到 2012, 预计将在 2022年66%之前达到5。在同一调查中, 72% 的受访者表示需要扩展其监测网络以满足其数据需要5。在 2012年, 监测网络中的监测站数目和每个监测站监测的变数数目预计将分别增加53% 和 64%, 到 2022年5。
然而, 农业流域持续的水质和水量监测具有挑战性。大型降雨事件冲走泥沙和植物, 造成高泥沙负荷和碎片堆积在传感器和 sondes。过量氮磷径流在农田中的应用为微观和宏观生物的生长和河道传感器和 sondes 的污染创造了理想的条件, 特别是在夏季。污垢和沉积物堆积会导致传感器失效、漂移和产生不可靠的数据。尽管有这些挑战, 但为了研究径流过程和非点源污染, 需要更精细的时间分辨率 (低至每分钟) 数据, 因为它们受分水岭特性 (例如,大小、土壤、坡度、等) 的影响.) 以及降雨的时间和强度7。仔细的现场观察, 频繁的校准, 适当的清洁和维护, 可以确保来自传感器和 sondes 的高质量数据, 即使在更精细的时间分辨率下。
在这里, 我们讨论了使用多参数水质 sondes、面积速度和压力传感器传感器和 autosamplers 对两个农业分水岭进行连续监测的方法; 其标定和现场维护;和数据处理。该议定书展示了一种可持续水质监测的方法。该议定书一般适用于任何类型或规模的流域的连续水质和数量监测。
该议定书是在阿肯色州东北部的小河流沟盆地 (HUC 080202040803, 53.4 公里2区) 和下 St. 弗朗西斯盆地 (HUC 080202030801, 23.4 公里2地区) 进行的。这两条分水岭流入密西西比河的支流。密西西比河下游保护委员会和墨西哥湾低氧工作队确定了监测密西西比支流的需要, 以制定流域管理计划并记录管理活动的进展情况8,9. 此外, 这些分水岭被美国农业部-自然资源保护局 (USDA-NRCS) 作为重点分水岭, 其基础是减少营养和沉积物污染的潜力, 并改善水质10。Edge-of-field 监测正在这些流域进行, 作为全州密西西比河流域健康流域倡议 (MRBI) 网络11的一部分。在 Aryal 和蕾 (2017)6中提供了更多的流域细节 (即站点位置、分水岭特征、等)。总之, 小河流沟盆地主要是淤泥质壤土, 棉花和大豆是主要的农作物, 而下 St. 河流域则主要是夏基粘土, 而水稻和大豆是主要的农作物。在每个分水岭,原位连续水量和质量监测 (即,排放温度、pH 值、干度、浊度、电导率、硝酸盐和铵) 在主流使用本议定书的三站进行了解污染物负荷和水文过程的时空变异性。另外, 对悬浮泥沙 co 进行了每周水样的收集和分析ncentration

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multiparameter sonde</td><td>Hach Hydrolab</td><td>DS5X</td><td>measures temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity</td></tr><tr><td>Area velocity flow module and sensor</td><td>Teledyne Isco</td><td>2150</td><td>measures average stream velocity and flow depth, and calculates flow rate and total flow based on provided cross-section area of the ditch. Stored data can be downloaded directly to computer.</td></tr><tr><td>Automatic portable water sampler</td><td>Teledyne Isco</td><td>ISCO 6712</td><td>automatically samples water in the set interval or in conjunction with flow module and sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Transducer</td><td>In-situ</td><td>Rugged Troll 100</td><td>measures presure, level and temperature in the water. Stored data can be directly downloaded to the computer</td></tr><tr><td>Portable flow meter</td><td>Flo-mate (Hach)</td><td>Marsh-McBirney 2000</td><td>For manual discharge measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td><td>UPG</td><td>UB 1270</td><td>To power sonde</td></tr><tr><td>Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td><td>Interstate Batteries</td><td>SRM 27</td><td>Lead acid battery to power autosampler</td></tr><tr><td>Solar panel</td><td>Alt E</td><td>ALT20-12P</td><td>To recharge battery at the site</td></tr><tr><td>C-8 batteries</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calibration standards</td><td>Hach or Fisher Scientific</td><td>mulitple</td><td>Standards of pH (4,7,10), conductivity (1412 uS/cm), nitrate (5 and 50 mg/L), ammonium (5 and 50 mg/L), and turbidity (50,100,200 NTU)</td></tr><tr><td>High nitrate standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>013810HY</td><td>50 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>Low nitrate standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>013800HY</td><td>5 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>High ammonium standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>002588HY</td><td>50 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>Low ammonium standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>002587HY</td><td>5 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>Turbidity standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>R8819050-500G</td><td>50 NTU</td></tr><tr><td>Turbidity standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>88-061-6</td><td>100 NTU</td></tr><tr><td>Turbidity standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>R8819200500 C</td><td>200 NTU</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride salt pellets</td><td>Hach</td><td>005376HY</td><td>to maintain electrolyte for pH electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>5890-16</td><td>1412 us/cm</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer solution, pH 4</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>SB99-1</td><td>for pH sensor calibration</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer solution, pH 7</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>SB108-1</td><td>for pH sensor calibration</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer solution, pH 10</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>SB116-1</td><td>for pH sensor calibration</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon sealant</td><td>Hach</td><td>00298HY</td><td>For sealing sensor battery cover water tight</td></tr><tr><td>All purpose cleaner</td><td>Sunshine Makers Inc</td><td>Simple green</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wipes</td><td>Kimberly-Clark</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-bracket</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Telsbar post</td><td>Unistrut Service Company</td><td></td><td>Secure sensors and sondes in the stream</td></tr><tr><td>Steel wire</td><td></td><td></td><td>supend sonde and PT sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Carabiner</td><td></td><td></td><td>supend sonde and PT sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Allen wrench</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Copper wire mesh</td><td>Bird B Gone</td><td></td><td>Rodent and bird control copper mesh roll</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive Tape</td><td>Agri Drain Corporation</td><td></td><td>Tile tape, works in wet and cold weather</td></tr></tbody></table>

continuous instream monitoring of nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds

流域的污染物浓度和负荷随时间和空间的不同而变化较大。准确和及时地了解水资源中污染物的大小, 是理解污染物负荷的驱动因素和作出明达的水资源管理决定的先决条件。常用的 "抓取取样" 方法在取样时提供污染物浓度 (即,一个快照浓度), 并可或 overpredict 污染物的浓度和负荷。由于在计算、传感技术和存储设备方面的进步, 对营养物质和沉积物的连续监测最近受到越来越多的关注。此协议演示了传感器、sondes 和仪器的使用, 以连续监视原位硝酸盐、铵、浊度、pH、电导率、温度和溶解氧 (做), 并计算两个流 (沟渠) 中的负载两个农业分水岭。通过对传感器和 sondes 进行适当的校准、维护和操作, 可以通过克服诸如污垢和碎片堆积等具有挑战性的条件来获得良好的水质数据。该方法还可用于各种规模的流域, 并以农业、森林和/或城市土地为特征。

在 Aryal 和蕾 (2017) 出版物中, 利用该议定书研究了两个小农业流域的养分和沉积物的迁移和转化情况6。下面介绍该协议的其他结果。
降雨径流水质关系:
连续监测的强度是, 使用15分钟的数据 (图 2A), 用户可以选择一个精细的时间分辨率来研究?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds at JoVE.com

农业流域养分和沉积物的连续河内监测|环境 |视频

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

随着技术的进步和 end-user 期望的提高, 对较高的时间分辨率数据进行污染物负荷估计的需求和使用增加了。本协议描述了一种连续的原位水质监测方法, 以获得更高的时间分辨率数据, 以用于明智的水资源管理决策。

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

continuous-instream-monitoring-nutrients-sediment-agricultural

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.2K 次观看.  Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education (ORISE). 随着技术的进步和 end-user 期望的提高, 对较高的时间分辨率数据进行污染物负荷估计的需求和使用增加了。本协议描述了一种连续的原位水质监测方法, 以获得更高的时间分辨率数据, 以用于明智的水资源管理决策。

视频: Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

了解溶解有机物生物地球化学通过<em&gt;原位</em&gt;在河流生态系统营养手法

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine laboratory measures of P bioavailability are based on chemical extractions performed on dried samples under oxidizing conditions. While useful, these tests are limited with respect to characterizing P release under prolonged water saturation. Labile orthophosphate bound to oxidized iron and other metals can rapidly desorb to solution in reducing environments, increasing P mobilization risk to surface runoff and groundwater. To better quantify P desorption potential and mobility during extended saturation, a laboratory microcosm method was developed based on repeated sampling of porewater and overlying floodwater over time. The method is useful for quantifying P release potential from soils and sediments varying in physicochemical properties and can improve site-specific P mitigation efforts by better characterizing P release risk in hydrologically active areas. Advantages of the method include its ability to simulate in situ dynamics, simplicity, low cost, and flexibility.

Accurate quantification of phosphorus (P) desorption potential in saturated soils and sediments is important for P modeling and transport mitigation efforts. To better account for in situ soil-water redox dynamics and P mobilization under prolonged saturation, a simple approach was developed based on repeated sampling of laboratory microcosms.

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

Measuring the in situ primary productivity of periphyton during the growing season gradient can elucidate the quantitative effect of environmental drivers (mainly phosphorus concentration and light intensity) and species composition on primary productivity. Primary productivity is mainly driven by light intensity, temperature, availability of nutrients, and distribution of the ionic species of the carbonate system in the respective depths of the euphotic zone. It is a complex system that is very difficult to simulate in the laboratory. This cheap, transportable, and easy-to-build floating barge allows measuring the primary productivity accurately-directly under the actual natural conditions. The methodology is based on measuring the primary productivity in real time using noninvasive oxygen sensors integrated into tightly sealed glass jars, enabling online oxygen flux monitoring and providing new insights into metabolic activities. Detailed seasonal in situ measurements of gross primary productivity of microbial mats (or other benthic organisms) can improve current knowledge of the processes controlling primary productivity dynamics in lentic waters.

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

Presented here is a cost-effective and transportable method/facility for measuring the primary productivity of microbial mats under actual in situ environmental temperature and light conditions. The experimental setup is based on widely available materials and can be used under various conditions while offering the advantages of laboratory-based models.

一种低成本的透镜水周边植物群落原 位初级生产力 测量方法

Measuring the in situ primary productivity of periphyton during the growing season gradient can elucidate the quantitative effect of environmental drivers ...

用于营养物管理的生物地球化学数据的集成可视化

Visualization of Productivity Zones Based on Nitrogen Mass Balance Model in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Primary productivity in the coastal regions, linked to eutrophication and hypoxia, provides a critical understanding of ecosystem function. Although primary productivity largely depends on riverine nutrient inputs, estimation of the extent of riverine nutrient influences in the coastal regions is challenging. A nitrogen mass balance model is a practical tool to evaluate coastal ocean productivity to understand biological mechanisms beyond data observations. This study visualizes the biological production zones in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, where hypoxia frequently occurs, by applying a nitrogen mass balance model. The Bay is divided into three zones - brown, green, and blue zones - based on primary productivity, which are defined by the mass balance model results. Brown, green, and blue zones represent a high physical process, a high biological process, and a low biological process zone, depending on river flow, nutrient concentrations, and mixing rates. The results of this study can better inform nutrient management in the coastal ocean in response to hypoxia and eutrophication.

作者聚焦:了解河流氮的影响和初级生产力以实现有效的营养管理

Here, we aim to visualize the zonation of biological productivity in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, based on the nitrogen mass balance model. The results will inform nutrient management in the coastal regions to reduce hypoxia and eutrophication.

基于氮质量平衡模型的罗德岛州纳拉甘西特湾生产力区可视化

Primary productivity in the coastal regions, linked to eutrophication and hypoxia, provides a critical understanding of ecosystem function. Although ...

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

摘要

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清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

了解溶解有机物生物地球化学通过

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

一种低成本的透镜水周边植物群落原位初级生产力测量方法

基于氮质量平衡模型的罗德岛州纳拉甘西特湾生产力区可视化

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

摘要

探索更多视频

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

了解溶解有机物生物地球化学通过

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

一种低成本的透镜水周边植物群落原 位初级生产力 测量方法

基于氮质量平衡模型的罗德岛州纳拉甘西特湾生产力区可视化

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

一种低成本的透镜水周边植物群落原位初级生产力测量方法