現在の研究は、上海科学技術委員会の上海の自治体 (CN) 博士温王に主催の革新資金 (294300 1402 H) によって支えられました。彼の技術支援とこの原稿の科学的助言のため広東省周博士 (組織工学センターの中国国家) に感謝したいと思います。我々 も感謝したい氏 Huitang 夏 (上海第九人民病院) 動物の福祉に貢献しました。

動物を対象とする手順は動物の苦痛を最小限に抑える努力をローカル機関動物のケアと倫理委員会で承認されました。次のプロトコルは、機関動物ケアおよび使用委員会 (IACUC) 上海 9 人によって承認された &#8217; プロトコルと上海交通大学医学部付属病院 s [2017] 番号 063。
 1 です Surgically-Induced ラット膝関節変形性関節症モデルの確立 <li>この手術、250 と 300 g. 間体重の使用 8-12 週齢雄 SD) ラットの</li> <ol>。
	<li>40 mg/kg チレタミンと 40 mg/kg 筋肉内注射を介してチレタミン動物を麻酔します</li>。
	<li>は、左側臥位で加熱ステージに動物を配置します。右膝を徹底的にかみそりで剃る。70% エタノールに続いて 10 %providone ヨード溶液による外科的領域を消毒、2 回以上繰り返すと後 10 %providone ヨード溶液でペイントし、非外科的手術パッド領域をカバーします</li>。
	<li>、Jointcapsules を公開する膝蓋腱に沿って横方向に 2 cm の切開を行う手術のメスを使用しています</li>。
	<li>は、内側側副靱帯のトランセクトを手術用メスを使用します。大腿骨に向かってメニスカスを反映します</li>。
	<li>軟骨が乾くを防ぐために操作中に関節軟骨の表面の滅菌の 0.9% 塩化ナトリウム溶液を滴下します</li>。
	<li>は、ピンセットで内側半月板をつかむし、メス ( 図 1 a) と脛骨の添付ファイルからの狭いポイントで半月板をカットします。避けるために軟骨を負傷します</li>。
	<li>4-0 吸収性縫合糸と関節包を閉じます</li>。
	<li>彼らは意識を取り戻すまで、手術のラットを監視します</li>。
	<li>感染や手術後の痛みを和らげるために筋肉内のルートを通じて 0.05 mg/kg ブプレノルフィン 20 mg/kg のゲンタマイシンを挿入します</li>。
	<li>温度制御動物施設発症コアに 3-8 週の 12 h 明暗サイクルの下でラットを維持します。動物が痛み症状が続く場合、ブプレノルフィン (0.05 mg/kg, i. m.) とゲンタマイシン (20 mg/kg, i. m.) に限定されないなどの鎮痛薬を受け取り続けます</li>。
</ol> 2。ラット コア モデルの組織評価 <ol><li>過剰な CO 2 吸入 (動物の無意識を作るに追加商工会議所の既存の空気に二酸化炭素を 1 分あたり試験室の容積の約 30% のフィル レートとラットを犠牲に2-3 分の最低維持 CO2 流れ呼吸後 1 分以内停止します。)手術後時点 (代表コア誘導 3 から 8 週間までの 8 週間で結果が表示されます) を示した</li> <li>メスと膝継手を切り肌と膝の関節の周りの筋肉を解剖</li>。
	<li>は、室温で 3 日間の 4% パラホルムアルデヒド (PFA) の膝継手を修正します。その後、4 ° C で約 4 週間 20% エチレンジアミン四酢酸 (EDTA) のサンプルをめし、EDTA を 3 日ごとに変更します 。
	注意: パラホルムアルデヒドは有毒である、手袋、眼鏡など適切な個人用保護具 (PPE) を着用します</li>。
	<li>は、自動ティッシュ プロセッサを使用してサンプルを脱水します。フラッシュ サイクルを次のように起動するメニューを設定: 70% のエタノールの 1 h。その後 80% エタノールと 95% のエタノール 1 h のそれぞれ;1 時間の 100% エタノールの 2 サイクルが続くその後、1 h の 2 倍のキシレンのたび、たび 58 ° C 1 時間で 3 回パラフィンします 。
	注意: キシレンは有毒である、ので、適切な PPE は、手袋、眼鏡などを着用します 。
	注: 必要に応じて、Coplin Jar の使用自動ティッシュ プロセッサとして同じセットアップと手動脱水します</li>。
	<li>そのまま接合面の内側面を下に置くし、中央に埋め込まれた組織をパラフィン ブロックに埋め込む 。
	注: 必要に応じて、パラフィン ブロックにサンプルを手動で埋め込む鉗子を使用します</li>。
	<li>回転式ミクロトームで 2 連続切片で 30 μ m 間隔で 5 μ m 矢状セクション内側縁から関節をカットを開始します</li>。
	<li>は、スライド ガラス上のセクションをマウントし、キシレンでスライドを deparaffinize します。2 連続切片の間ヘマトキシリンと 1 つのスライドを染色 &#38; エオシン (H &#38; E) 染色: 0.1% 1%、15 分間ヘマトキシリン 10 s および 0.5% の酢酸水溶液 10 分エオシン。サフラニン O/高速の緑色の染色と他のスライドを染色: 0.1%、0.02% の 15 分間ヘマトキシリン 3 分、1% の高速グリーン酢酸溶液に 10 s および 3 分の 0.1% サフラニン O 
	注意: キシレンは有毒である、眼鏡、手袋などの適切な PPE を着用します</li>。
	<li>ラット 6 で変形性関節症の研究の社会インターナショナル (OARSI) 病理組織評価システムを使用して染色スライドをスコアします</li>。
</ol> 3。蛍光色素は、ヒト間葉系幹細胞をラベリング <ol><li>1 mM の濃度で 100% エタノールの細胞ラベリング ソリューションの準備をしました。光から保護して細胞ラベリング ソリューションと 6 ヶ月間常温保存します</li>。
	<li>成長ダルベッコの標準的な細胞培養プロシージャと haMSCs &#39; s 変更イーグル &#39; s 培 (DMEM) 1% ペニシリン、ストレプトマイシンと 10% 牛胎児血清 (FCS) 10 cm シャーレで</li>。
	<li>1 mM EDTA 合流前の約 80% 点と 2 mL 0.25% トリプシン haMSCs をデタッチします</li>。
	<li>培地 4 mL のトリプシンを中和し、室温で 3 分間 800 x g でセルをスピンします</li>。
	<li>5 mL 無血清培地の 1 x 10 6 セル/ml の密度でセルを中断します</li>。
	<li>50 を追加することによって、セルのラベル μ L は 5 mL 50 分の 37 ° C で培養の無血清細胞ラベリング ソリューション</li>
	<li>800 x g で 3 分間でラベル付きセルをスピン</li>
	<li>5 mL リン酸バッファー生理食塩水 (PBS) 3 分間 800 x g で 2 セルを洗浄して回以上</li>。
	<li>Cy5 のフィルター セットと蛍光顕微鏡を用いたラベル付きの haMSCs を確認してください</li>。
	<li>トリパン ブルー染色でセルをカウントし、2.5 倍の注射用 100 μ L の PBS で 10 の 6 の実行可能なセルを取得します</li>。
</ol> 4。生体内で蛍光イメージング トラック haMSCs <ol><li>(ステップ 1)、手術後 8 週間は 25 mg/kg チレタミンとチレタミン 25 mg/kg の筋肉内投与によりコア ラットを麻酔します</li>。
	<li>右膝を徹底的に関節部を公開するかみそりで剃る。70% エタノールで関節部を消毒します</li>。
	<li>2.5 x 10 26 G 注射針を使用して注入 6 標識三角形領域の中央に 100 μ L の PBS 中に浮遊細胞は内側膝蓋靭帯、内側の大腿骨顆と脛骨の内側顆 (によって形成されます。 図 1 b).</li>
	<li>イメージング ソフトウェアを開き、体内 の発光イメージング システムを初期化します</li>。
	<li>イメージング システムの中央ステージでの位置や部屋のドアを閉じる位置ラット臥</li>。
	<li>チェック、&#34; 蛍光 &#34; 640 の設定チェック ボックスと蛍光フィルターの選択励起、nm および 680 nm の発光 ( 図 2 a) ため</li>。
	D. 設定中 (8) にピクセルビニングに <li>選択フィールドのビュー 2 と露出に F/ストップの自動時間します。最適な維持します。全体の研究 ( 図 2 a) で同等の結果を取得する一貫性のある露出時間</li>。
	<li>はステージと麻酔からの回復のためのモニターから動物を削除します 。
	注: 加熱パッド上の場所の動物のタオル地の 2-3 層で覆われている</li>。
	<li>は、放射効率の蛍光 ( 図 2 b) 測定のための単位を選択します。利益 (率 ROI) 分析のための領域を選択し、それぞれのイメージ ( 図 2) から蛍光信号を定量化します</li>。
	<li>は 生体内 イメージング研究 haMSCs 縦保持関節の順に各ラットのための手順を繰り返します 。
	注: 動物のイメージングを提案 &#39; 蛍光信号を用いたイメージング システム注入後最初の週 2 日に一度と一度毎週まで信号が検出できません</li>。
</ol>

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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coculture+of+human+nucleus+pulposus+cells+with+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+from+human+bone+marrow+reveals+formation+of+tunnelling+nanotubes.">Coculture of human nucleus pulposus cells with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from human bone marrow reveals formation of tunnelling nanotubes.</a> Mol Med Rep. 9 (2), 574-582 (2014).</li><li>Wang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+adipose-derived+mesenchymal+progenitor+cells+engraft+into+rabbit+articular+cartilage.">Human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells engraft into rabbit articular cartilage.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 16 (6), 12076-12091 (2015).</li></ol>

孟李明浩、温王が現在の従業員と細胞生物医学グループのストック オプションの保有者 (Nasdaq: CBMG)。他の著者は利益相反を宣言しません。

我々 はベンチから枕元にコアの再生幹細胞治療をもたらすことができる前に、安全基準と体内の幹細胞療法の研究は必要緊急です。ただし、疾患の病理組織学的環境は、永続性と移植 haMSCs10の体内で重要な役割を果たしています。最近、私たちのグループを示した haMSCs の関節内注入の永続化をもはや病理コア環境よりも通常の条件8下注射をしました。炎...

膝変形性関節症 (コア) は、関節軟骨の損失や世界の1のまわりの高齢者の主要な慢性疾患になった進歩的な炎症から生じる退行性疾患です。ただし、抗炎症薬、物理的なサプリメントや手術の手順を使用して現在の治療症状痛み2の一時的な救済を提供することがあります。
膝変形性関節症、軟骨の再生と免疫調節特性3、潜在的な多能性分化のための有望な再生治療薬となっているひと脂肪由来間葉系幹細胞 (haMSCs) 4。生体内でアクションのメカニズムを調査する薬理学的ルートと比べると、小さなコア動物モデルでライブの haMSCs を追跡する現在の理論的根拠と臨床応用の前に haMSC 療法の有効性を確立するために有益です。前臨床試験の内側半月 (MM) は、一貫性のある再現性5比較的実現可能なモデルを提供するラットでは, コアを誘導するために関節の機械的負荷を不安定化します。MM によるコアの発症は、膝前十字靭帯断裂単独あるいは部分内側半月6より前です。したがって、コアの病理学的微小環境と注入された haMSCs の長期的な相互作用は多くの場合8MM7,投与ラットにおける評価されます。
HaMSCs の薬効は広く報道されると、関連する知識をされているが (IA) の関節内注射による注入 haMSCs の生体内で持続性は乏しい9,10です。したがって、様々 な細胞ラベリング方法が開発されて、immunohistology11、ルシフェラーゼ12、緑の蛍光蛋白質13トランスフェクション、鉄酸化物の磁気共鳴画像 (MRI)14 のラベリングなど、および多数蛍光セル染料8,15,16。手間のかかる組織解析と比較して、生体内の非侵襲的イメージングはリアルタイム配信や蛍光信号10,17の付いた細胞の動態を検出する光学デバイスを採用しています。機能の生きているセルイメージ投射のため cytocompatible の蛍光標識、幹細胞移植18後細胞活動を明らかにする洗練された放射性無料トラッキング手法です。また、多色蛍光脂溶性色素は、アミノ反応親水性染料や蛍光蛋白質が改良されたセル透磁率および増強蛍光量子収量19を含む上の利点を所有しています。
こうして、ここで含まれるプロトコル利用赤い脂溶性 carbocyanines ラベルの付いたセルを励起するレーザーでした (DilC18(5))、遠赤色蛍光 Dil (dialkylcarbocyanines) アナログ20であります。赤いシフト励起と発光スペクトルされる干渉を回避したし、深い組織の生きている動物の8時間の長期間画像をことができます。この方法で追跡細胞の生体内での付いたでしたを理解し、現在の幹細胞再生治療の向上に不可欠な動物モデルでの haMSCs などの移植の幹細胞を監視するためです。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrx VMR animal anesthesia system</td>
			<td>Midmark</td>
			<td>VIP3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 suture</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinhuan</td>
			<td>KC439</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor</td>
			<td>Pritech</td>
			<td>LD-9987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Jindakang Animal Health Product Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Sodium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Hunan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H43020455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin</td>
			<td>Shanghai Kangfu chemical pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Tianjin Pharmaceutical Research Institute Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>16005</td>
			<td>Dilute to final concentration of 10% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9884</td>
			<td>Dilute to final concentration of 20% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% Hematoxylin Solution, Mayer&#8217;s</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>MHS16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HT110116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safranin O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Green</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shandon Excelsior ESTM Tissue Processor</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A78400006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shandon Histocentre&#8482; 3 Tissue Embedding Center</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>B64100010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fully Automated Rotary Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>RM2255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DiD</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Life 
			Technologies</td>
			<td>V-22887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-MEM High Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>GIBCO, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>V118877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>Optima MAX-TL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4% Trypan Blue solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>93595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titetamme</td>
			<td>Virbac (Zoletil 50)</td>
			<td>1000000188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zolazepam</td>
			<td>Virbac (Zoletil 50)</td>
			<td>1000000188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile hyposermic syringe for single use 26G</td>
			<td>Shanghai Misawa Medical Industry</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Spectrum In Vivo Imaging System</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>124262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Living Imaging 4.0 software</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo tracking of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rat knee osteoarthritis model with fluorescent lipophilic membrane dye

膝変形性関節症 (コア)、ひと脂肪由来間葉系幹細胞 (haMSC) 療法の臨床応用を支援するため、セルの永続性の有効性と動物モデルにおける haMSCs の体内を調べた。脂溶性色素と haMSCs の細胞膜にラベルを付ける方法を示しました。その後、心術のコアを持つラットの標識細胞の関節内注入は、生体内イメージング システム動的に監視されました。我々 は、親油性を採用 carbocyanines でした (DilC18 (5))、周囲の組織から自然の緑色蛍光の励起を避けるために赤色レーザーを活用した遠赤色蛍光 Dil (dialkylcarbocyanines) アナログ。またの赤いシフトの発光スペクトルは、生きている動物の深い組織イメージングとラベリングのプロシージャは細胞毒性または haMSCs に機能障害生じなかった許可でした。このアプローチは、KOA ラットモデルにおける haMSCs の効率的な追跡方法であると示されています。最適な投与経路と前臨床試験で他のソースからの MSCs の投与量を決定するこのメソッドのアプリケーションが使えます。

コア モデルを誘導するために MM は SD ラット (図 3) の右ひざ関節で行われました。手術後 8 週間ラットを犠牲に、膝継手の連続切片を両方 H で行った &#38; E、サフラニン O/高速グリーン染色 (図 4)。H の &#38; E 染色、関節軟骨の表面の展示手術膝手術をせず通常の関節よりも粗いボーダー。サフラニン-O/高速緑染色 (赤染色) ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye at JoVE.com

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

生体内でひと脂肪由来間葉系幹細胞が脂溶性膜の蛍光色素をラット膝関節変形性関節症モデルでの追跡

このプロトコルでは、効率的に遠赤色蛍光 (IA) の関節内注入によるラット膝変形性関節症 (KOA) モデルで、セルの永続性とひと脂肪由来間葉系幹細胞 (haMSCs) の体内を監視する方法について説明します。

In order to support the clinical application of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (haMSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), we examined the ...

in-vivo-tracking-human-adipose-derived-mesenchymal-stem-cells-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

8.9K ビュー.  Cellular Biomedicine Group, China. このプロトコルでは、効率的に遠赤色蛍光 (IA) の関節内注入によるラット膝変形性関節症 (KOA) モデルで、セルの永続性とひと脂肪由来間葉系幹細胞 (haMSCs) の体内を監視する方法について説明します。

ビデオ: In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the process by which they must be harvested can be associated with significant donor site morbidity. In contrast, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are more readily abundant and more easily harvested, making them an appealing alternative to BM-MSCs. Like BM-MSCs, ASCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineage cells and can be used in tissue engineering applications, such as seeding onto scaffolds for use in craniofacial skeletal defects. ASCs are obtained from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of digested adipose tissue, which is a heterogeneous mixture of ASCs, vascular endothelial and mural cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and circulating cells. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the surface marker profile for ASCs is similar to that for BM-MSCs. Despite several published reports establishing markers for the ASC phenotype, there is still a lack of consensus over profiles identifying osteoprogenitor cells in this heterogeneous population. This protocol describes how to isolate and use a subpopulation of ASCs with enhanced osteogenic capacity to repair critical-sized calvarial defects.

The transcriptional heterogeneity within human adipose-derived stromal cells can be defined on the single cell level using cell surface markers and osteogenic genes. We describe a protocol utilizing flow cytometry for the isolation of cell subpopulations with increased osteogenic potential, which may be used to enhance craniofacial skeletal reconstruction.

強化された骨形成のためのヒト脂肪由来間質細胞の単離および濃縮

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the ...

発生生物学

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

エバンスブルー色素でゼブラフィッシュ幼生骨格筋の整合性の分析

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

ブタ皮下脂肪組織から分離し、脂肪由来幹細胞の分化

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

脂肪デポ固有のSca1の免疫磁気分離<sup&gt;高</sup&gt;脂肪由来幹細胞（ASCに）

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

単離およびヒト胎盤組織由来の間葉系幹/間質細胞の増殖

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes differentiated from stem cells using cytokines. Unfortunately, cytokine-induced chondrogenic differentiation is costly, time-consuming, and associated with a high risk of contamination during in vitro differentiation. However, biomechanical stimuli also serve as crucial regulatory factors for chondrogenesis. For example, mechanical stress can induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. In this study, we demonstrated that centrifugal gravity (CG, 2,400 &#215; g), a mechanical stress easily applied by centrifugation, induced the upregulation of sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (SOX9) in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), causing them to express chondrogenic phenotypes. The centrifuged ASCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic differentiation markers, such as aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type 2 alpha 1 (COL2A1), and collagen type 1 (COL1), but lower levels of collagen type 10 (COL10), a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In addition, chondrogenic aggregate formation, a prerequisite for chondrogenesis, was observed in centrifuged ASCs.

Mechanical stress can induce the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the repair of impaired cartilage. We present a protocol to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using centrifugal gravity (CG). CG-induced upregulation of SOX9 results in the development of chondrogenic phenotypes.

遠心重力によって脂肪由来幹細胞の軟骨形成分化誘導

Impaired cartilage cannot heal naturally. Currently, the most advanced therapy for defects in cartilage is the transplantation of chondrocytes ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

頭蓋冠欠損治癒モデルで使用するためのBMPR-IB +脂肪由来間質細胞の迅速な単離

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Until recently, efforts to differentiate hPSCs into HSCs have predominantly generated hematopoietic progenitors that lack HSC potential, and instead resemble yolk sac hematopoiesis.&#160;These resulting hematopoietic progenitors may have limited utility for in vitro disease modeling of various adult hematopoietic disorders, particularly those of the lymphoid lineages. However, we have recently described methods to generate erythro-myelo-lymphoid multilineage definitive hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs using a stage-specific directed differentiation protocol, which we outline here. Through enzymatic dissociation of hPSCs on basement membrane matrix-coated plasticware, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed. EBs are differentiated to mesoderm by recombinant BMP4, which is subsequently specified to the definitive hematopoietic program by the GSK3&#946; inhibitor, CHIR99021. Alternatively, primitive hematopoiesis is specified by the PORCN inhibitor, IWP2. Hematopoiesis is further driven through the addition of recombinant VEGF and supportive hematopoietic cytokines. The resulting hematopoietic progenitors generated using this method have the potential to be used for disease and developmental modeling, in vitro.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, used to differentiate hPSCs into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. This method uses stage-specific manipulation of canonical WNT signaling to specify cells exclusively to either the definitive or primitive hematopoietic program.

ひと多能性幹細胞からプリミティブかつ決定的な造血前駆細胞の分化を監督

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

体外ヒト間葉系幹細胞の心筋細胞のような細胞への分化

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

高齢者人間ブルッフ膜のEx Vivoモデルの網膜色素上皮細胞の培養

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...