Name: subject-specific musculoskeletal model for studying bone strain during dynamic motion
Uploaded: 2018-04-11T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion at JoVE.com

部の軍 #W81XWH-08-1-0587、#W81XWH-15-1-0006。ボール州立大学 2010年熱望するグラント。

<ol>
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著者は、彼らは競合する金銭的な利益があることを宣言します。

本研究の目的は、高負荷活動期の脛骨の変形を決定する非侵襲的な方法を開発するでした。衝撃荷重により脛骨ひずみ分布の定量化は、脛骨疲労骨折のより良い理解に します。この研究では、サブジェクト固有の筋骨格モデルを開発したとコンピューター シミュレーションは実験室の設定で実行されるドロップ着陸の動きを複製する実行されました。ドロップ着陸高さの脛骨のひずみに及?...

ストレス骨折などの骨のストレス傷害、深刻な過剰使用の傷害の回復の長い期間を必要とする、重要な医療コスト1,2を発生させず。ストレス骨折は一般的な運動および軍事集団の両方。すべてのスポーツ関連傷害、ストレス骨折合計3の 10% を占める。特に、陸上競技選手の高い傷害率 204の顔します。兵士はまたストレス骨折率が高いを経験します。例えば、米陸軍1に対して 6% 負傷率が報告された、イスラエルの軍隊5で 31% 負傷率が報告されました。すべての報告されたストレス骨折の中では、脛骨疲労骨折は最も一般的な 1 つ6,7,8です。
スポーツと脛骨疲労骨折のリスクが高いと身体トレーニングは、高地の影響 (例えば、ジャンプ、着地、切削) に通常関連付けられます。移動中に足が地面に当たったとき体に地面の衝撃が適用されます。筋骨格系及び履物にてこの衝撃を消散します。骨格系は、地面の影響9を吸収する力を適用する筋肉をできるようにレバーのシリーズとして提供しています。脚の筋肉は十分に地面への影響を減らすことはできません、下半身のボーンは残留力を吸収する必要があります。骨の構造は、この過程での変形を経験します。残留への影響力の吸収を繰り返し、骨の microdamages が蓄積し、疲労骨折になる可能性があります。日付、骨に関連した情報を外部地上衝撃力への反作用は制限されています。脛骨骨が動的な運動の中に高い衝撃力で導入する機械負荷に応答する方法を研究することが重要です。脛骨疲労骨折のメカニズムの理解につながる可能性高負荷活動中に脛骨骨変形を調べるします。
骨変形体内測定する従来技術は、インストルメント化されたひずみゲージ10、11,12,13,14,15に依存します。骨表面にひずみゲージを移植する手術が必要です。侵襲により生体内での研究は、ボランティアの小さなサンプルによって制限されます。また、ひずみゲージのみ骨表面の小さな領域を監視できます。最近では、骨の歪みを分析してコンピューター シミュレーションを利用した非侵襲的な方法は、導入された16,17だった。この方法論は、筋骨格系のモデル化と計算機シミュレーションを結合する能力、人間の動きの間に骨の歪みを勉強するには
筋骨格系モデルは骨格や骨格筋によって表されます。スケルトンは、剛体または非変形体である骨セグメントで構成されます。骨格筋は、プログレッシブ ・積分・微分 (PID) アルゴリズムを使用してコント ローラーとしてモデル化されます。3 項の PID 制御は、出力精度18を改善するために推定でエラーを使用します。本質的に、筋肉を表す PID コント ローラーは、時間をかけて筋肉の長さ変化をもたらすに必要な力を開発することによって身体の動きを複製しようとします。PID コント ローラーは、長さ/時間カーブの動きを再現するため力を変更するのにエラーを使用します。このシミュレーションでは、スケルトンを移動し、体の動きを作り出すのために協力するすべての筋肉を調整するための実現可能な解を作成します。
骨格筋骨格モデルに 1 つまたは複数のセグメントは、変形の測定を許可するように、柔軟な体としてモデル化できます。例えば、脛骨骨は要素とノードの数で構成される有限数の要素に分けることが。有限要素 (FE) の分析を通して、柔軟な脛骨の力学的負荷の影響を調べることができます。有限要素解析では、時間をかけて個々 の要素の読み込み応答を計算します。骨の要素およびノードの増加の数、有限要素解析の計算時間が大幅に増加します。
柔軟な体変形の正確な評価と計算コストを減らすためには、モーダル解析が開発し、自動車や航空宇宙産業19,20の内で使用されます。個々 の FE 要素のレスポンス時間領域における機械的負荷を分析する代わりにこのプロシージャは周波数の異なる振動周波数に基づいてオブジェクトの力学的応答を評価します。このメソッドは変形20の正確な測定を提供しながら, 計算時間の大幅な削減の結果します。モーダル解析は、自動車、航空宇宙の分野で機械的疲労研究に広く使用されています、このメソッドのアプリケーション非常に限定されている人間の動き科学。アル Nazerら、二足歩行運動中の脛骨の変形を調べるため、モーダルの有限要素解析と結果16,17を奨励することを報告します。ただし、その方法でした; シミュレーションを駆動する実験から限られた運動学的データのみを使用して影響を大幅実がない地面の影響力のシミュレーションを支援するために使用します。このアプローチは歩行など負荷の少ない遅い動きの勉強のための合理的かもしれませんが、負荷の動きは高地を研究する実行可能なソリューションではありません。したがって、高衝撃活動中に下半身の骨反応を調べるためにそれは以前に報告したメソッドに関連付けられている制限に対処するための革新的なアプローチを開発することが欠かせません。具体的には、正確な実験的運動学的データと実を利用する方法地面衝撃力を開発する必要があります。したがって、本研究の目的は、インパクト活動中に脛骨の歪みを調査するモーダル FE 解析マルチボディの動的シミュレーションを実行するサブジェクト固有の筋骨格モデルを開発することでした。メソッドをテストするさまざまな高さからドロップ着陸によって表される動的衝撃運動が選ばれました。

<table><tbody><tr><td>CT Scanner</td><td>GE Medical System</td><td>N/A</td><td>Light Speed VCT. For performing tibia CT scan.</td></tr><tr><td>Motion Capture System</td><td>Vicon Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Vicon FX40 high speed cameras. For performing 3D motion capture.</td></tr><tr><td>Force plates</td><td>AMTI Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Collecting 3D ground reaction forces</td></tr><tr><td>Vicon Nexus</td><td>Vicon Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Motion capture software program. For processing visual marker trajectory data.</td></tr><tr><td>Visual 3D</td><td>C-Motion Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Biomechanics analysis software. For computing 3D kinematics and kinetics of human movements.</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Computer programming software. For performing raw data filtering, data conversion, and data processing.</td></tr><tr><td>ADAMS 2012</td><td>MSC Software Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Multibody dynamic computer simulation program.</td></tr><tr><td>LifeMOD</td><td>Lifemodeler Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>A software Plug-in in ADAMS. For building human body musculo-skeletal models.</td></tr><tr><td>MIMICS 13</td><td>Materialise Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Image processing program. A 3D modeling tool to process imaging data. For creating 3D tibia model from CT scans.</td></tr><tr><td>MARC 2012</td><td>MSC Software Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Finite element analysis software. For performing volumn meshing, generating tibia FE model, and running modal FE analysis.</td></tr><tr><td>SPSS 19</td><td>IBM Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td>Statistical analysis software.</td></tr></tbody></table>

subject-specific musculoskeletal model for studying bone strain during dynamic motion

骨ストレス傷害、スポーツや軍事訓練。トレーニング中に繰り返し大規模な地面の影響力が原因であります。下半身の骨の変形骨ストレス傷害のメカニズムを理解する力の高地の効果を決定することが不可欠です。従来のひずみゲージの測定は脛骨変形生体内での研究に使用されています。このメソッドは、プロシージャの侵襲性、少数の被験者と小さな骨表面積から限られた歪みデータの関与などの制限に関連付けられます。現在の研究は、高衝撃荷重条件下における脛骨骨歪みの研究への新しいアプローチをご紹介する予定です。健康な男性 (19 年、80 kg、1,800 mm) を表す件名固有の筋骨格系モデルが作成されました。柔軟な有限要素脛骨モデルは、被験者の右脛骨のコンピューター断層撮影 (CT) スキャンに基づいて作成されました。研究所モーション キャプチャを行った (26, 39、52 cm) 高さが異なるからドロップ着陸の運動学と地盤の反力を得る。ドロップ着陸中の脛骨の歪みを数値化する柔軟な脛骨のモーダル解析と組み合わせて多動的なコンピューター シミュレーションを行った。計算脛骨ひずみデータ以前生体内研究とよく一致しました。脛骨疲労骨折の傷害メカニズムの理解を深めることにつながる大規模コホートのインパクト活動中に脛骨の骨の歪みを勉強するこの非侵襲的アプローチを適用できることは明らかです。

健康な白人男性 (19 歳、高さ 1,800 mm、質量 80 kg) 研究のために志願しました。データ収集の前に件名レビュー、および、研究に参加する前に大学制度検討委員会によって承認された同意書をサインします。ヘルシンキ宣言の下で実験を行った。実験は次のプロトコルに基づいて行われました。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion at JoVE.com

動的運動中の骨の歪みを研究するための被験者固有の筋骨格モデル |バイオエンジニアリング |ビデオ

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

着陸時に下半身の骨は大きな機械的負荷を経験し、変形します。骨の変形の影響に関連付けられている骨ストレス傷害のメカニズムを理解するための測定が不可欠です。対象特定筋骨格モデリングと有限要素解析を統合する手法は、ダイナミックな動きの中に脛骨の歪みを測定する使用されます。

サブジェクト固有筋骨格モデル動的モーションの間に骨の歪みを勉強のため

Bone stress injuries are common in sports and military trainings. Repetitive large ground impact forces during training could be the cause. It is ...

subject-specific-musculoskeletal-model-for-studying-bone-strain

Research

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JoVE Journal

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Bioengineering

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Human Biology

Unit 1

Transformations of Stress and Strain

Musculoskeletal System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.6K ビュー.  Ball State University. 着陸時に下半身の骨は大きな機械的負荷を経験し、変形します。骨の変形の影響に関連付けられている骨ストレス傷害のメカニズムを理解するための測定が不可欠です。対象特定筋骨格モデリングと有限要素解析を統合する手法は、ダイナミックな動きの中に脛骨の歪みを測定する使用されます。

ビデオ: Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.) when exposed to high strain rates. This study utilized a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to generate strain rates of 100-1,500 sec-1. The SHPB employed a striker bar consisting of a viscoelastic material (polycarbonate). A sample of the biomaterial was obtained shortly postmortem and prepared for SHPB testing. The specimen was interposed between the incident and transmitted bars, and the pneumatic components of the SHPB were activated to drive the striker bar toward the incident bar. The resulting impact generated a compressive stress wave (i.e. incident wave) that traveled through the incident bar. When the compressive stress wave reached the end of the incident bar, a portion continued forward through the sample and transmitted bar (i.e. transmitted wave) while another portion reversed through the incident bar as a tensile wave (i.e. reflected wave). These waves were measured using strain gages mounted on the incident and transmitted bars. The true stress-strain behavior of the sample was determined from equations based on wave propagation and dynamic force equilibrium. The experimental stress-strain response was three dimensional in nature because the specimen bulged. As such, the hydrostatic stress (first invariant) was used to generate the stress-strain response. In order to extract the uniaxial (one-dimensional) mechanical response of the tissue, an iterative coupled optimization was performed using experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which contained an Internal State Variable (ISV) material model used for the tissue. The ISV material model used in the FE simulations of the experimental setup was iteratively calibrated (i.e. optimized) to the experimental data such that the experiment and FEA strain gage values and first invariant of stresses were in good agreement.

The current study prescribes a coupled experiment-finite element simulation methodology to obtain the uniaxial dynamic mechanical response of soft biomaterials (brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.). The multiaxial experimental results that arose because of specimen bulging obtained from Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing were rendered to a uniaxial true stress-strain behavior when simulated through iterative optimization of the finite element analysis of the biomaterial.

ソフトバイオマテリアルの高ひずみ速度機械的応答を評価するための結合実験、有限要素モデリング手法

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. ...

生物工学

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral surface obtained from mechanical testing. This optical method requires a texture of many contrasting fiduciary marks on a solid white background for accurate tracking of surface deformation as loading is applied to the specimen. Immediately prior to testing, the surface of interest in the camera view is painted with a water-based white primer and allowed to dry for several minutes. Then, a black paint is speckled carefully over the white background with special consideration for the even size and shape of the droplets. Illumination is carefully designed and set such that there is optimal contrast of these marks while minimizing reflections through the use of filters. Images were obtained through high speed video capture at up to 12,000 frames/s. The key images prior to and including the fracture event are extracted and deformations are estimated between successive frames in carefully sized interrogation windows over a specified region of interest. These deformations are then used to compute surface strain temporally during the fracture test. The strain data is very useful for identifying fracture initiation within the femur, and for eventual validation of proximal femur fracture strength models derived from Quantitative Computed Tomography-based Finite Element Analysis (QCT/FEA).

In this protocol, the femur surface strains are estimated during fracture testing using the digital image correlation technique. The novelty of the method involves application of a high-contrast stochastic speckle pattern on the femur surface, carefully specified illumination, high speed video capture, and digital image correlation analysis for strain calculations.

破壊を使用してデジタル画像相関法を試験中に死体大腿骨皮質系統を推定する方法

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral ...

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to measure in vivo bone motion, but challenges arise when estimating the rotation and translation (pose) of each bone. The bone's pose is typically estimated with marker- or model-based methods. Marker-based methods are highly accurate but uncommon in vivo due to their invasiveness. Model-based methods are more common but are currently less accurate as they rely on user input and lab-specific algorithms. This work presents a rare in vivo dataset of the calcaneus, talus, and tibia poses, as measured with marker-based methods during running and hopping. A method is included to train users to improve their initial guesses into model-based pose estimation software, using marker-based visual feedback. New operators were able to estimate bone poses within 2&#176; of rotation and 1 mm of translation of the marker-based pose, similar to an expert user of the model-based software, and representing a substantial improvement over previously reported inter-operator variability. Further, this dataset can be used to validate other model-based pose estimation software. Ultimately, sharing this dataset will improve the speed and accuracy with which users can measure bone poses from biplanar videoradiography.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>モデルベース姿勢推定開発と新規ユーザートレーニングのためのBiplanar Videoradiographyデータセット

This work presents an in vivo dataset with bone poses estimated with marker-based methods. A method is included here to train operators in improving their initial estimates for model-based pose estimation and reducing inter-operator variability.

モデルベース姿勢推定開発と新規ユーザートレーニングのためのBiplanar Videoradiographyデータセット

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to ...

工学

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Imaging the bone microstructure under progressively increasing loads allows for observing the microstructural failure behavior of bone. Here, we describe a protocol for obtaining a sequence of three-dimensional microstructural images of the entire proximal femur under progressively increasing deformation, causing clinically relevant fractures of the femoral neck. The protocol is demonstrated using four femora from female donors aged 66-80 years at the lower end of bone mineral density in the population (T-score range = &#8722;2.09 to &#8722;4.75). A radio-transparent compressive stage was designed for loading the specimens replicating a one-leg stance, while recording the applied load during&#160;micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging. The field of view was 146 mm wide and 132 mm high, and the isotropic pixel size was 0.03 mm. The force increment was based on finite-element predictions of the fracture load. The compressive stage was used to apply the displacement to the specimen and enact the prescribed force increments. Sub-capital fractures due to opening and shear of the femoral neck occurred after four to five load increments. The micro-CT&#160;images and the reaction force measurements were processed to study the bone strain and energy absorption capacity. Instability of the cortex appeared at the early loading steps. The subchondral bone in the femoral head displayed large deformations reaching 16% before&#160;fracture, and a progressive increase in the support capacity up to&#160;fracture. The deformation energy linearly increased with the displacement up to&#160;fracture, while the stiffness decreased to near-zero values immediately before&#160;fracture. Three-fourths of the fracture energy was taken by the specimen during the final 25% force increment. In conclusion, the protocol developed revealed a remarkable energy absorption capacity, or damage tolerance, and a synergic interaction between the cortical and trabecular bone at an advanced donor age.

The protocol enables the measurement of the deformation of the bone microstructure in the entire proximal human femur and its toughness by combining large-volume micro-CT scanning, a custom-made compressive stage, and advanced image processing tools.

ヒト股関節の微細構造破壊機構のイメージング

Imaging the bone microstructure under progressively increasing loads allows for observing the microstructural failure behavior of bone. Here, we describe ...

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data remains difficult because segmentation in all volumetric frames is time-consuming. We aimed to analyze joint kinematics using a sequential 3D-3D registration technique to provide the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the fixed bone semiautomatically using 4DCT DICOM data and existing software. Surface data of the source bones are reconstructed from 3DCT. The trimmed surface data are respectively matched with surface data from the first frame in 4DCT. These trimmed surfaces are sequentially matched until the last frame. These processes provide positional information for target bones in all frames of the 4DCT. Once the coordinate systems of the target bones are decided, translation and rotation angles between any two bones can be calculated. This 4DCT analysis offers advantages in kinematic analyses of complex structures such as carpal or tarsal bones. However, fast or large-scale motions cannot be traced because of motion artifacts.

We analyzed joint kinematics from four-dimensional computed tomography data. The sequential 3D-3D registration method semiautomatically provides the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the subject bone from four-dimensional computed tomography data.

シーケンシャル3D-3D登録を用いた4次元CT解析

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data ...

Biomechanical Testing of Murine Tendons

Tendon disorders are common, affect people of all ages, and are often debilitating. Standard treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, rehabilitation, and surgical repair, often fail. In order to define tendon function and demonstrate efficacy of new treatments, the mechanical properties of tendons from animal models must be accurately determined. Murine animal models are now widely used to study tendon disorders and evaluate novel treatments for tendinopathies; however, determining the mechanical properties of mouse tendons has been challenging. In this study, a new system was developed for tendon mechanical testing that includes 3D-printed fixtures that exactly match the anatomies of the humerus and calcaneus to mechanically test supraspinatus tendons and Achilles tendons, respectively. These fixtures were developed using 3D reconstructions of native bone anatomy, solid modeling, and additive manufacturing. The new approach eliminated artifactual gripping failures (e.g., failure at the growth plate failure rather than in the tendon), decreased overall testing time, and increased reproducibility. Furthermore, this new method is readily adaptable for testing other murine tendons and tendons from other animals.

The protocol describes efficient and reproducible tensile biomechanical testing methods for murine tendons through the use of custom-fit 3D printed fixtures.

マウス腱の生体力学的試験

Tendon disorders are common, affect people of all ages, and are often debilitating. Standard treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, rehabilitation, ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

癒しの標準化された生体力学的条件下でマウスの軟骨破壊を分析する低侵襲モデル

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

医学

骨折感受性のための機械的試験の原理とプロトコル

Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones

Skeletal fragility leading to fracture is an American public health crisis resulting in 1.5 million fractures each year and $18 billion in direct care costs. The ability to understand the mechanisms underlying bone disease and the response to treatment is not only desired, but critical. Mechanical testing of bone serves as a valuable technique for understanding and quantifying a bone&#39;s susceptibility to fracture. While this method appears simple to perform, inappropriate and inaccurate conclusions may be reached if governing assumptions and key steps are disregarded by the user. This has been observed across disciplines as studies continue to be published with misuse of methods and incorrect interpretation of results. This protocol will serve as a primer for the principles associated with mechanical testing along with the application of these techniques-from considerations of sample size through tissue harvesting and storage, to data analysis and interpretation. With this in hand, valuable information regarding a bone&#39;s susceptibility to fracture may be obtained, furthering understanding for both academic research and clinical solutions.

著者スポットライト:全骨曲げ試験における精度と再現性の向上 

Mechanical testing of rodent bones is a valuable method for extracting information regarding a bone's susceptibility to fracture. Lacking proper practical understanding, the results may be overinterpreted or lack validity. This protocol will serve as a guide to ensure mechanical tests are performed accurately to provide valid and functional data.

げっ歯類の骨の全骨曲げ試験を含む研究の設計、実施、および解釈に関する実践的な考慮事項

Skeletal fragility leading to fracture is an American public health crisis resulting in 1.5 million fractures each year and $18 billion in direct care ...

サブジェクト固有筋骨格モデル動的モーションの間に骨の歪みを勉強のため

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ソフトバイオマテリアルの高ひずみ速度機械的応答を評価するための結合実験、有限要素モデリング手法

破壊を使用してデジタル画像相関法を試験中に死体大腿骨皮質系統を推定する方法

モデルベース姿勢推定開発と新規ユーザートレーニングのためのBiplanar Videoradiographyデータセット

モデルベース姿勢推定開発と新規ユーザートレーニングのためのBiplanar Videoradiographyデータセット

ヒト股関節の微細構造破壊機構のイメージング

シーケンシャル3D-3D登録を用いた4次元CT解析

マウス腱の生体力学的試験

癒しの標準化された生体力学的条件下でマウスの軟骨破壊を分析する低侵襲モデル

げっ歯類の骨の全骨曲げ試験を含む研究の設計、実施、および解釈に関する実践的な考慮事項

げっ歯類の骨の全骨曲げ試験を含む研究の設計、実施、および解釈に関する実践的な考慮事項