This work was supported by grants from Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, under grant number of MOST-105-2314-B-039-044-MY2.

The Institutional Care and Use Committees (IACUC) of the China Medical University approved all procedures.
1. Animal Preparation and Monitoring
<ol>
	<li>Leave all magnetically susceptible objects such as wallets, keys, credit card, etc. outside the scanner room prior to commencing animal preparation for MRI scanning.</li>
	<li>Initially anesthetize the rat (2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat, 280&#8211;350 g) in an induction box using a mixture of 5% isoflurane (ISO) and oxyg...

<ol>
	<li>Zakszewski, E., Schmit, B., Kurpad, S., Budde, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+imaging+in+the+rat+cervical+spinal+cord.">Diffusion imaging in the rat cervical spinal cord.</a> J Vis Exp. (98), (2015).</li><li>Wise, R. G., Al-Shafei, A. I., Carpenter, T. A., Hall, L. D., Huang, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+measurement+of+blood+and+myocardial+velocity+in+the+rat+heart+by+phase+contrast+MRI+using+sparse+q-space+sampling.">Simultaneous measurement of blood and myocardial velocity in the rat heart by phase contrast MRI using sparse q-space sampling.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 22 (5), 614-627 (2005).</li><li>Skardal, K., Espe, E. K., Zhang, L., Aronsen, J. M., Sjaastad, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Directional+Evaluation+of+Mitral+Flow+in+the+Rat+Heart+by+Phase-Contrast+Cardiovascular+Magnetic+Resonance.">Three-Directional Evaluation of Mitral Flow in the Rat Heart by Phase-Contrast Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.</a> PLoS One. 11 (3), e0150536 (2016).</li><li>Peng, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase-contrast+magnetic+resonance+imaging+for+the+evaluation+of+wall+shear+stress+in+the+common+carotid+artery+of+a+spontaneously+hypertensive+rat+model+at+7T:+Location-specific+change,+regional+distribution+along+the+vascular+circumference,+and+reproducibility+analysis.">Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of wall shear stress in the common carotid artery of a spontaneously hypertensive rat model at 7T: Location-specific change, regional distribution along the vascular circumference, and reproducibility analysis.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 34 (5), 624-631 (2016).</li><li>Yu, H. Y., Peng, H. H., Wang, J. L., Wen, C. Y., Tseng, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+the+pulse+wave+velocity+of+the+descending+aorta+using+axial+velocity+profiles+from+phase-contrast+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Quantification of the pulse wave velocity of the descending aorta using axial velocity profiles from phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Magn Reson Med. 56 (4), 876-883 (2006).</li><li>Peng, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+phase-contrast+MRI+for+the+quantification+of+whole-brain+cerebral+blood+flow.">Optimization of phase-contrast MRI for the quantification of whole-brain cerebral blood flow.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 42 (4), 1126-1133 (2015).</li><li>Peng, S. L., Shih, C. T., Huang, C. W., Chiu, S. C., Shen, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+analysis+of+blood+flow+and+wall+shear+stress+in+the+common+carotid+artery+of+rat+model+by+phase-contrast+MRI.">Optimized analysis of blood flow and wall shear stress in the common carotid artery of rat model by phase-contrast MRI.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 5253 (2017).</li><li>Bozgeyik, Z., Berilgen, S., Ozdemir, H., Tekatas, A., Ogur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+effects+of+sildenafil+citrate+(viagra)+on+vertebral+artery+blood+flow+in+patients+with+vertebro-basilar+insufficiency.">Evaluation of the effects of sildenafil citrate (viagra) on vertebral artery blood flow in patients with vertebro-basilar insufficiency.</a> Korean J Radiol. 9 (6), 477-480 (2008).</li><li>Swampillai, J., Rakebrandt, F., Morris, K., Jones, C. J., Fraser, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+effects+of+caffeine+and+tobacco+on+arterial+function+and+wave+travel.">Acute effects of caffeine and tobacco on arterial function and wave travel.</a> Eur J Clin Invest. 36 (12), 844-849 (2006).</li><li>Neff, K. W., Horn, P., Schmiedek, P., Duber, C., Dinter, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2D+cine+phase-contrast+MRI+for+volume+flow+evaluation+of+the+brain-supplying+circulation+in+moyamoya+disease.">2D cine phase-contrast MRI for volume flow evaluation of the brain-supplying circulation in moyamoya disease.</a> AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187 (1), W107-W115 (2006).</li><li>Stalder, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+2D+and+3D+phase+contrast+MRI:+optimized+analysis+of+blood+flow+and+vessel+wall+parameters.">Quantitative 2D and 3D phase contrast MRI: optimized analysis of blood flow and vessel wall parameters.</a> Magn Reson Med. 60 (5), 1218-1231 (2008).</li><li>Dall'Armellina, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+method+for+quantification+of+regional+cardiac+function+in+mice+using+phase-contrast+MRI.">Improved method for quantification of regional cardiac function in mice using phase-contrast MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 67 (2), 541-551 (2012).</li><li>Peng, S. L., Ravi, H., Sheng, M., Thomas, B. P., Lu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Searching+for+a+truly+&amp;#34;iso-metabolic&amp;#34;+gas+challenge+in+physiological+MRI.">Searching for a truly &amp;#34;iso-metabolic&amp;#34; gas challenge in physiological MRI.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 37 (2), 715-725 (2017).</li><li>Liu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+global+cerebral+metabolic+rate+of+oxygen+(CMRO2)+in+neonates+using+MRI.">Quantitative assessment of global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in neonates using MRI.</a> NMR Biomed. 27 (3), 332-340 (2014).</li><li>Xu, F., Ge, Y., Lu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+quantification+of+whole-brain+cerebral+metabolic+rate+of+oxygen+(CMRO2)+by+MRI.">Noninvasive quantification of whole-brain cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) by MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 62 (1), 141-148 (2009).</li><li>Lotz, J., Meier, C., Leppert, A., Galanski, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+flow+measurement+with+phase-contrast+MR+imaging:+basic+facts+and+implementation.">Cardiovascular flow measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging: basic facts and implementation.</a> Radiographics. 22 (3), 651-671 (2002).</li><li>Pelc, N. J., Herfkens, R. J., Shimakawa, A., Enzmann, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+contrast+cine+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Magn Reson Q. 7 (4), 229-254 (1991).</li><li>Kim, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+phase-contrast+cine+MRI+using+k-t+SPARSE-SENSE.">Accelerated phase-contrast cine MRI using k-t SPARSE-SENSE.</a> Magn Reson Med. 67 (4), 1054-1064 (2012).</li><li>Valvano, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerating+4D+flow+MRI+by+exploiting+low-rank+matrix+structure+and+hadamard+sparsity.">Accelerating 4D flow MRI by exploiting low-rank matrix structure and hadamard sparsity.</a> Magn Reson Med. 78 (4), 1330-1341 (2017).</li></ol>

There is nothing to disclose.

PC-MRI is a comprehensive approach for non-invasive and longitudinal evaluation of blood flow. We present a protocol for performing PC-MRI of the rat CCA. This procedure is easy to perform in any animal MRI scanner and demonstrates good reproducibility.
The PC-MRI technique has gained increasing popularity in human 10,11 as well as animal studies 4,12. Among these studies, resu...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile approach that provides detailed information on internal body structures and physiology, and is increasingly being used for clinical diagnosis and in preclinical animal studies. Animal models are vital for better understanding of considerable clinical implication 1. As animal models considerably differ from humans with respect to anesthesia requirements and physiological parameters, optimization of MRI procedures for such animals assumes importance.
Phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) is a specialized type of MRI that uses the velocity of flowing spins to quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. With PC-MRI, mapping flow patterns in the major arteries using animal models can help shed light on cardiovascular pathologies 2. Moreover, PC-MRI can non-invasively monitor the inherent alternations in blood flow in pathophysiological conditions 3. These observations suggest that PC-MRI is a valuable approach that can be used in animal models of human cardiovascular diseases.
In this report, we describe a method for the quantification of blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats. The two CCAs supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood, and the carotid artery disease is a major cause of stroke. Therefore, detecting the early pathology in the CCA is pivotal. This procedure has a duration of approximately 15 min and can be potentially applied to conditions with hemodynamics alterations, such atherosclerosis or stroke.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="875">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">7T small animal MRI system</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:344px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Isoflurane&#160;</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>1001936040</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">ECG lead&#160;</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>2269T</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Matlab</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>sofeware for image processing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Monitoring and gating system</td>
			<td>SA instruments, Inc</td>
			<td>Model 1030</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the rat common carotid artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

Correct slice geometry is pivotal for ensuring the success of the PC-MRI experiment. The accurate image plane positioning yields a &#34;round&#34; artery shape (Figure 3a), and as angulation increases, i.e., when it is less perpendicular to the artery, the resulting artery geometry becomes ovoid, leading to larger partial volume effects (Figure 3b). Severe partial volume effects would lead to the overestimation of blood ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

This method can answer key question in cardiovascular field relating to blood flow abnormality. The main advantage of this technique is that it is noninvasive. It can be done in any small animal MRI system.The implication of this technique extend toward diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases because it can shed light on the hemodynamic alterations. Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as triggered scan are important for successful phase contrast MRI scan, but are difficult to learn and are not commonly used in routine scans. Demonstrating the procedure will be Chiu Shao-Chieh and Hsu Shih-Ting, research assistant from our center.Prior to performing this technique, remove all magnetically susceptible objects, such as wallets, keys, and credit cards, and leave them outside of the scanner room. Following the initial dose of anesthesia, place the rat in the MRI bed in a head-first prone position, and deliver two to 3%isoflurane through a nose cone to maintain anesthesia. Monitor the animal's breathing by placing a respiratory pillow sensor under the animal's torso, and connect the sensor to a monitoring system.Check that the rat's respiration rate is between 40 and 50 beats per minute before proceeding. For cine-gated PC-MRI acquisition, place one electrode on the right forepaw and one on the left hindpaw. Twist the electrocardiography cables together, and ensure that they are connected to the monitor.Next, position the rat in a head holder with ear bars and a bite bar to secure the animal and to restrict its head movement. Then, turn on the warm air heating system or use gauze pads to help the rat maintain its body temperature while in the MRI. Finally, ensure that the R-wave is clear on the ECG monitor, and place the animal in the scanner.Once the animal is found to be physiologically stable, start the MRI scans. Select the localizer sequence from the console monitor of the MRI scanner, and acquire scout images along all three orientations using any fast image acquisition sequence, such as the fast spin echo, to create coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Look at the scout images to ensure that the center of the animal's head and neck is at the center of the magnet.If necessary, adjust the animal's position until the correct position is reached. If the animal is repositioned, repeat the scout image scans. Once the rat is properly positioned, select the time-of-flight angiogram sequence from the console monitor of the MRI scanner, and acquire a 2D time-of-flight angiogram first to ascertain the precise anatomical location of the common carotid artery.Ensure that the saturation band is on and is placed on the top to avoid interference from venous signals. The saturation band usually comes with time-of-flight sequence. If the saturation band does not show on monitor, please notify the service person.After locating the common carotid artery using the time-of-flight angiogram, target the image plane of the phase contrast magnetic resonance imager to the center of the same artery, and orient it such that the slice is perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Ensure that both respiration and ECG gating are connected to the MRI system, showing the clear signal on the monitor computer, and set the trigger module to be on in the trigger mode from the console monitor of the MRI scanner. At this point, again confirm that the animal's physiological responses are stable, and verify that the gating selections are on in both the monitor computer and the console monitor of the MRI scanner.Please remember to make sure that the gating selections are on in both monitor computer and the monitor one of MRI scanner. Next, select the sequence of PC-MRI sequence from the console monitor of the MRI scanner, and perform the gated PC-MRI scans. Repeat this process for each region of interest.Once all of the regions have been imaged, remove the animal from the scanner and return it to its cage. Warm the animal with a heating lamp to maintain body temperature. Keep the lamp at least 15 centimeters away from the animal to prevent overheating until the animal starts to move and exhibits a response to a tail or toe pinch.Finally, be sure to save the MRI data, and process it as described in the accompanying text protocol. A correct slice having round geometry is pivotal for ensuring the success of the PC-MRI experiment. As angulation increases, the resulting artery geometry becomes ovoid, leading to larger partial volume effects and the overestimation of blood flow.If the slice on the right was observed, the scan should be repositioned and repeated. When correctly positioned, intra-scan reproducibility of changes in blood flow within one cardiac cycle should be high. As can be seen, blood flow reaches its maximum during the systolic phase and returns to baseline during the diastolic phase.The blood flow in the common carotid artery in rats is age-dependent, highlighted here, in the longitudinal scans by the difference in the peak systolic flow between a two-month-old rat and one that is four months old. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to apply PC-MRI to noninvasively measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery in under 30 minutes if performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to connect the gating system properly.After its development, this technique paved the way for research in the field to explore the mechanism behind some cardiovascular disease.

phase-contrast-magnetic-resonance-imaging-rat-common-carotid

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.3K ビュー.  Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. This method can answer key question in cardiovascular field relating to blood flow abnormality. The main advantage of this technique is that it is noninvasive. It can be done in any small animal MRI system.The implication of this technique extend toward diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases because it can shed light on the hemodynamic alterations. Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as triggered scan are important for successful phase contrast MRI scan, but are difficult to...