私たちに、杉の木へのアクセスを許可しての長期潜伏場所のコンサルティングのロジャー ・ Raiche、デビッド ・ マクロリーを認識したいと思います。2013-2014 シーズン中にまた杉フィールド クルーに感謝: 志野鈴木、石井俊一、グレッグ ウェンジャー、グレイソン ・ チャドウィック、ボニータ ラム、マシュー シェクター。志野鈴木と洞察力に富んだ研究、サポートを培養するためのハイス ・ キューネンのおかげで追加します。この作品は、若手 A と B の科学振興費助成会から 17 H 04969 と 26810085 をそれぞれ番号と日本代理店の補助金を通じて医療研究開発 (17gm6010002h0002) のため賄われていた。米国の資金、暗いエネルギー生物調査 (C-デビ) (OCE0939564)、NASA 宇宙生物学研究所は-生命地下 (ない LU) (NNA13AA92A) 米国の世界的な海軍研究局 (N62909-17-1-2038)、センターによって提供されます。この作品の一部を日本社会の一員として科学振興のため行った: アネット ・ ロウ (PE15019) 東京大学橋本和仁研究室でポスドク研究員短期プログラム。

1. 環境培養の 2 電極システムの構築
<ol><li>
陽極材料の調製と炭素の治療は、電極 (図 2) を感じた。
	<ol>
<li>必要なバイオマス濃縮によって次元が同じに感じたカーボンをカットします。30 分 90% エタノールで各電極を浸す、少なくとも 8 回を各洗浄後 1 分間 sonicating、脱イオン水ですすぐ。</li>
		<li>1 M HCl、各洗浄のため 12 時間の最小の攪拌で 2 回電極を洗浄します。</li>
		<li>6-12 h または液体がなくなるまで暖かい (37 ° C) オーブンで電極を乾燥させます。</li>
		<li>ポリテトラフルオロ エチレン平板 (非粘着面) の製造元のプロトコルごとのグラファイトのエポキシを使用してチタン線に電極を接続します。 注: 好気性の腐食への高い耐性のためチタン線を使いました。</li>
		<li>120 ° C 6 h で電極を焼きます。</li>
		<li>チタン線間の抵抗をテストし、炭素オーム計で感じ、ワイヤーとフェルト電極間抵抗は 5 ω 未満であることを確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
炭素上の白金の electroplation を感じた陰極材料の調製用電極
	<ol>
<li>カーボン フェルト電極、ガラス容器で 12 h 最低 2 M コで 1.1 の手順で準備が水没します。</li>
		<li>電気化学的洗浄も参照 (RE) と対向電極 (CE) を収容する 3 電極反応電極 (WE) を作業として電極を配置します。我々 は、接続日時、および CE ワニ口クリップでポテンシオスタットを。オーム計ですべての接続を確認します。 注意: Ag/agcl (飽和 KCl) を使用して電極と白金線として日時と CE、それぞれ。</li>
		<li>身のこなしで 1.0 V 対.電極銀/塩化銀 600 の 2 M (全体の電極が水没する十分な量を使用して) 島を含む電解質溶液で s。(これはガラス製) 電気化学リアクターから電極を取り出します。脱イオン水で電極を各洗浄後 1 分間 sonicating 少なくとも 8 回すすぎます。少なくとも 12 時間の 100 ° C で電極を乾燥させます。</li>
		<li>めっき液を準備するには、2 M 硫酸の 1 L にクエン酸 100 g、硫酸ナトリウムの 5 g、リン酸二水素ヘキサクロロ白金酸 (IV) 六水和物 2 g を追加します。</li>
		<li>重量を量る掃除手順 1.2.1–1.2.2 の準備として電極を乾燥し、1.2.3 のステップで準備としてめっき液で電極をカバーします。3 回 30 のめっき液で電極を超音波それぞれ秒。</li>
		<li>-0.2 で電極の電位を投げかけてによって電極を電気メッキ V vs. Ag/agcl 460 のめっき液で s。脱イオン水で 2 回電極を洗い、プラチナの廃棄物を破棄します。</li>
		<li>20 sonicating に少なくとも 3 回、脱イオン水に電極を洗浄後各リンス s。さらに少なくとも 3 回の超音波処理なしをすすいでください。</li>
		<li>少なくとも 12 h. 重量を量る電極炭素めっきプラチナを定量化する 100 ° C で乾燥の電極は、電極を感じた。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 建設および 2 電極システムの設置
<ol><li>
自然の環境で各電極の設置場所の調査。
	<ol>
<li>溶存酸素 (DO) プローブを用いた酸素濃度を決定します。</li>
		<li>サイトでの深さを確認します。 注: 陽極の望ましい環境条件、一貫した水和と無酸素状態であった。必要な場合は、光からアノードをシールドで酸素の光合成の影響を削除します。陰極の配置のための理想的な条件が一貫して水和し、表面近傍の水好気します。必要に応じて、陰極の表面の接触を維持するためにフロートを取り付けます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
燃料電池型 2 電極培養システムの構築
	<ol>
<li>2 本の線をねじることによって (1 つの陽極と 1 つのプラチナ メッキの陰極) 電極から所望の長さの絶縁電線・ チタン線のリードを接続します。耐水性ワックスとの接続をカバーし、マリン グレード熱収縮チューブを使用してさらに保護します。</li>
		<li>知られている抵抗の抵抗によって、カソードとアノード 2 本のワイヤを接続します。 注: 生物学的システムの低い抵抗器 (10 に 1,000 Ω) はより一貫性のある生物学的活性の結果します。必要な場合、高抵抗はネガティブ コントロールとしての生物学的活性を防ぐ。抵抗とリード線との間の任意の接続の腐食を防ぐためには、熱収縮チューブを保護します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
測定電圧と時間の経過とともに温度ログです。
	<ol>
<li>燃料電池反応から現在の生産を推定するため抵抗の両端間の電圧を確認してください。</li>
		<li>(製造元のプロトコルを見なさい) アノードとカソードにつながる適切に接続されたデータ ログ出力電圧計を使用して時間をかけて電圧差を測定します。 注: 同時温度データロギング オプション、ですが、この情報は現在ではなく、非生物的に生物学的変動の変化に関連を助けることができます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
データロガーとの電気的接続の保護
	<ol>
<li>ロガーおよびすべての電気接続を雨から保護するために静止したおよび/またはプラスチック製の袋を使用します。</li>
		<li>ビニール袋や強風から守るためにしっかりとケーブルを修正します。図 1に例を示します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 自然環境から電極サンプル集
<ol><li>アノード サンプルの品質の酸素混入による破壊を防止するには、嫌気性条件下で電極を収集します。</li>
	<li>電極のサンプルを収集する前に、少なくとも 30 分は、嫌気性の場所にテスト チューブを置きます。たとえば、試験管と入れて蓋別々 に内嫌気性ボトルに池の下部に。</li>
	<li>ワイヤー カッターを持つ電極からチタン鉛を削減、穏やかに、試験管に電極のサンプルを収集し、嫌気性ゾーンのシールします。サンプルを新鮮に保つために、サンプルのコレクションの直後に 4 ° C でサンプルを保存します。 注: また、電極が直接メディアに転送無酸素 (N2パージ)。(鈴木らによって記述された杉媒体を用いてください。11) には微生物の発育に十分な栄養素を提供するために水溶液の地球化学のサイトで測定され、改正から設計されました。このメディアは、異なる実験のため変更されました。</li>
</ol>4. 現在の生産および DNA 分析のため実験室の確認
<ol><li>
電極にアタッチする微生物コンソーシアの現在の生産能力の電気化学的確認。
	<ol>
<li>サンプリングされた電極、白金線、Ag/agcl (飽和 KCl) と電気化学リアクター14,15を構築電極と、我々 は、CE、嫌気性チャンバーで、それぞれ。杉中可溶性炭水化物電子ドナーを含む電気化学リアクターを入力します。</li>
		<li>0.2 で身のこなしは電極電位 V vs. Ag/agcl と現在の生産量。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
微生物の DNA を用いた電極サンプルからの DNA 抽出キット (材料の表を参照してください)。
	<ol>
<li>70% のエタノールの嫌気グローブ ボックスの内側をきれいにしアルミ箔上に滅菌皿を置きます。 注: 嫌気性チャンバーはパラジウム触媒存在下で酸素を清掃する 〜 2-3% 程度の水素雰囲気を維持することによって 1 ppm 未満の酸素濃度を維持します。</li>
		<li>グローブ ボックス内電気化学リアクターを開き、皿、試料電極を入れて、DNA キットで使用される管にフィットするサイズにカットします。製造元のプロトコルを続行します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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著者が明らかに何もありません。

記述研究で微生物共同体、現在の生産現場の連動の濃縮を示す.現在サポート微生物活動のこのシステムの短期および長期の時間をかけて観測されたパターンをスケーリングします。機能 2 電極 (燃料電池型) システム構築のための重要なステップは識別して安定した水位と場所と環境中の酸素濃度を利用しました。陽極は嫌気性の条件の下で保管され、電極電位差 EET できる細菌の嫌気...

酸化還元酵素1を介した細胞の外側に電子を行う細胞の電子輸送 (EET) プロセスによって、ターミナル電子アクセプターとして固相鉱物を利用するいくつかのミネラルを減少させる微生物を示されています。EET は、微生物と無機物プロセスはまたエネルギー応用と微生物燃料電池2、電極合成3バイオレメディエーション4などの環境技術だけではなく、重要です。新しい EET できる細菌は非常に後に求められて、5の基礎または応用の観点から広く研究されています。ただし、のみこれらの細菌の生態学や生物地球化学的意義への洞察力は制限があります。EET-ことができる微生物の大半はアクア、堆積物、または嫌気性消化研究室6,の固体電子アクセプター MnO2Fe2O3構え電極などを使用してから次の濃縮分離されています。7,8しますただし、これらのメソッドは、しばしば似たようなコンソーシアムを生成し潜在的低エネルギーや低バイオマス システム、研究室や培養環境9に適応するこれらの微生物の能力をバイアスに支配する可能性がありますより敏感のイチイを欠場。.通常低いバイオマス環境で大量のサイトから水は細菌細胞を集中フィルターします。ただし、EET できる細菌はしばしば嫌気性代謝を展示し、酸素暴露がさらに阻害するまたはその栽培を防ぐためしたがって。酸素にさらすことがなく細胞を集中するオンサイト方法論代替 EET できる細菌の単離を促進できます。ここでは、外部電源を必要とせず、長期間以上 EET できる微生物を豊かにするための敷地内電気化学的手法のセットアップの詳細を報告します。
杉10、カリフォルニア州北部で高アルカリ性泉から electrocultivation 実験を使用してこの敷地内の電気化学的手法について述べる.ヒマラヤ スギのばねの地球化学は地下に蛇紋岩化作用の影響を受けます。温泉は、この機能的無酸素環境11EET を介して微生物のエネルギー生産の可能性を強調表示空気水インターフェイスの下で検出限界以下の酸素濃度と、高還元。ただし、(16 s rRNA またはメタゲノム解析) 杉から EET できる微生物をサポートする証拠はないです。この環境は、電子受容体、限られた端末電子アクセプター、ベア鉱物 (はすなわち、蛇紋岩化作用に起因する鉄などのミネラルを含む不溶性ミネラルを使用しての可能性として特徴づけられているにもかかわらず磁鉄鉱) に広範囲にわたって調査12されていません。我々 は、したがって、EET できる微生物 (図1)13を豊かにする、ヒマラヤ スギの高 pH 春キャンプ場春の電気化学的体制を展開しました。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="688">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Carbon felt sheet</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for anode and cathode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Titanium wire</td>
			<td>The Nilaco Cooporation</td>
			<td>TI-451485</td>
			<td>Used to construct fuel cell system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Graphite epoxy</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Electrolytica lnc.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used to connect the 
			electrodes and Ti wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Drying oven</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Yamato</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DY300</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">bake the electrode to 
			solidify conductive graphite epoxy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Digital multi meter</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fluke</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">616-1454</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">to check the ohmic value 
			of resistance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Dissolved oxygen probe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sper Science</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">#&#160; 850045</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">to check the oxygen 
			concentration in the environments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Resistor</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sodial</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used to construct fuel cell 
			system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Conducting wire</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Pico</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">81141s</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used to construct fuel cell 
			system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Voltmeter and Data logger</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">T&#38;D corporation</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">VR-71</td>
			<td>Used for data recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Hydrogen Hexachloroplatinate(IV) Hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">18497-13-7</td>
			<td>Used for electropolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">038-06925</td>
			<td>Used for electropolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">192-04696</td>
			<td>Used for electropolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">083-01095</td>
			<td>Used for electrode washing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Glass cylinder</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">PTFE cover and base</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Buthyl rubber</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Septa</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GL Science</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">3007-16101</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GEOMATEC</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">No.0001</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used as a working electrode, 5&#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">HX-R5</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used as a reference electrode, &#934;0.30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Platinum wire</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">The Nilaco Cooporation</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">PT-351325</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used as a counter electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">191-01305</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for The Cedars Media (CMS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:215px;">CaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">030-00385</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:215px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">011-03015</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:215px;">MgCl2&#160;&#8226; 6H2O</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">135-00165</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">NaOH&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">198-13765</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:215px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">194-03355</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:215px;">K2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">164-04295</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CABS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SANTA CRUZ</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">SC-285279</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for CMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">LTI-601SD</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Autoclave machine</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">LSX-500</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:215px;">Clean bench</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SANYO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MCV-91BNF</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Centrifuge separator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">5430R</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Rotational speed upto 6000&#215;g is required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Nitrogen gas generator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Puequ CO. LTD.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">PNTN-2</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">UV-vis spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SHIMADZU</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">UV-1800</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for optimization of cell density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Potentiostat</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BioLogic</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">VMP3</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Thermal water circulator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">AS ONE</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">TR-1A</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">HS-201S</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Used for electrochemical experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Anaerobic Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">COY</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">TypeB (Vinyl)</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">TO conduct experiments 
			under anaerobic condition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultraclean DNA Extraction kit</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MoBio</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

self-standing electrochemical set-up to enrich anode-respiring bacteria on-site

嫌気性の呼吸 (細胞外の電子輸送 [EET] と呼ばれる) 不溶性の鉱物への電子輸送と相まって微生物のエネルギーの生産と特に多くの地下環境の持続性にとって重要と考えられています。水溶性ターミナル電子アクセプターを欠けています。EET-ことができる微生物は様々 な環境から分離されている、EET の細菌の多様性はまだ不十分な理解、特にサンプル困難な低エネルギーや地下などの極端な環境生態系。ここでは、ターミナルの呼吸系の電子受容体として、陽極を用いた EET できる細菌を豊かにするオンサイト電気化学システムについて述べる.この負極は、非生物的酸素還元反応を触媒できる陰極に接続されます。電極電位を安定させるため、ポテンシオスタットを使用する electrocultivation メソッドを使ってこの方法を比較すると、2 電極方式には、外部電源は不要です。ヒマラヤ スギ、カリフォルニア州北部の地上蛇紋岩化サイトのアルカリ池で利用当社敷地内の濃縮の例を提示します。ミネラル還元菌を育成しようとする前、成功しなかった可能性がありますこのサイトの低バイオマスの性質や微生物を減らす金属の低いの相対的な豊かさであります。私たち 2 電極濃縮を実装する前に、溶存酸素濃度の鉛直分布を測定しました。カーボンを配置することができましたこれを感じた陽極とプラチナめっき炭素水深嫌気性と好気性をサポートする陰極処理、それぞれ。敷地内のインキュベーション後我々 はさらに研究室では、陽極の電極を濃縮し、表面接続型と比較して明確な群集または通常杉で観測されたバイオ フィルムのコミュニティを確認しました。この強化はその後杉から最初無k 微生物の分離をもたらした。この敷地内の微生物濃縮法低バイオマスからまたはサンプルの生息地が困難な EET 対応の細菌の分離が向上する可能性があります。

現在の生産は、図 3に示すように、電圧データロガーを使用して約 3ヶ月間正常に測定しました。今回は、春に影響を与える強力な秋の雨のため、春の長い安定した潜伏期間だったので選ばれました。短い期間は、長い期間は、バイオマスのより強力な濃縮を提供することが、十分な可能性があります。電気化学的培養後 2 電極システムの接続を...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site at JoVE.com

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

敷地内の微生物濃縮またはその場で栽培技術は培養困難な微生物イチイ、特に低バイオマスまたは砂岩極端な環境からの分離を実現できます。ここでは、細胞外の電子輸送 (EET) ことができる微生物の系統を豊かにするための外部電源を使用せず電気化学のセットアップを説明します。

敷地内に陽極 respiring 細菌を豊かに自立の電気化学的セットアップ

Anaerobic respiration coupled with electron transport to insoluble minerals (referred to as extracellular electron transport [EET]) is thought to be ...

self-standing-electrochemical-set-up-to-enrich-anode-respiring

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.5K ビュー.  National Institute for Materials Science. 敷地内の微生物濃縮またはその場で栽培技術は培養困難な微生物イチイ、特に低バイオマスまたは砂岩極端な環境からの分離を実現できます。ここでは、細胞外の電子輸送 (EET) ことができる微生物の系統を豊かにするための外部電源を使用せず電気化学のセットアップを説明します。

ビデオ: Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The disease is initiated by feeding activities of the invasive beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which creates entry points for infection by one of the Neonectria species of fungus.&#160;Without scale infestation, there is little opportunity for fungal infection. Using scale eggs to artificially infest healthy trees in heavily BBD impacted stands demonstrated that these trees were resistant to the scale insect portion of the disease complex1.&#160;Here we present a protocol that we have developed, based on the artificial infestation technique by Houston2, which can be used to screen for scale-resistant trees in the field and in smaller potted seedlings and grafts.&#160;The identification of scale-resistant trees is an important component of management of BBD through tree improvement programs and silvicultural manipulation.

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.

Beech bark disease is initiated by feeding activities of the beech scale insect that create fungal entry points in the bark.&#160;Trees that are resistant to the scale insect are also disease resistant.&#160;Here we present the protocol we have developed to screen individual beech trees for beech scale resistance.

ブナスケール昆虫への抵抗のためのアメリカのブナを（画面ための技術<em&gt;クリプトコッカスfagisuga</em&gt;リンド。）

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The ...

環境学

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

光合成細菌の増殖を探検する鉄（II）リッチ先カンブリア時代マリン湧昇システムの実験室でのシミュレーション

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food webs. Toxicity testing based on microorganisms are widely used because they are relatively quick, reproducible, cheap, and are not associated with ethical issues. Here, we describe an ecotoxicological method to evaluate the biological response of the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method assesses the acute toxicity of chemical compounds, including new contaminants such as nanoparticles, as well as environmental samples. The endpoint is the reduction of bacterial culturability (i.e., the capability to replicate and form colonies) due to exposure to a toxicant. This reduction can be generally referred to as mortality. The test allows for the determination of the LC50, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease of bacteria actively replicating and forming colonies, after a 6 h exposure. The culturable bacteria are counted in terms of colony forming units (CFU), and the &#34;mortality&#34; is evaluated and compared to the control. In this work, the toxicity of copper sulphate (CuSO4) was evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, with a mean LC50 of 1.13 mg/L, after three independent tests. This protocol, compared to existing methods with microorganisms, is applicable in a wider range of salinity and has no limitations for colored/turbid samples. It uses saline solution as the exposure medium, avoiding any possible interferences of growth medium with the investigated contaminants. The LC50 calculation facilitates comparisons with other bioassays commonly applied to ecotoxicological assessments of the marine environment.

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

This work describes a new protocol to assess the ecotoxicity of pollutants, including emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials, using the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method allows for the determination of the LC50, or mortality, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease in bacteria culturability, after a 6 h exposure.

海洋細菌の生態毒性学的方法<em&gt; Vibrio anguillarum</em&gt;環境汚染物質の急性毒性を評価する

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

(オキシ) 鉄の水酸化物、微量元素、細菌の嫌気性生物地球化学的相互作用を研究するため実験的列の設定

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell counts. Plant materials used include roots, sprouts, leaves, and cut fruits. The methods described are inexpensive, easy, and suitable for small sample sizes. Binding is measured in the laboratory and a variety of incubation media and conditions can be used. The effect of inhibitors can be determined. Situations that promote and inhibit binding can also be assessed. In some cases it is possible to distinguish whether various conditions alter binding primarily due to their effects on the plant or on the bacteria.

An easy method for measuring and characterizing bacterial adhesion to plants, particularly roots and sprouts, is described in this article.

植物実験室で測定した表面への細菌の付着

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

On-Site Molecular Detection of Soil-Borne Phytopathogens Using a Portable Real-Time PCR System

On-site diagnosis of plant diseases can be a useful tool for growers for timely decisions enabling the earlier implementation of disease management strategies that reduce the impact of the disease. Presently in many diagnostic laboratories, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), particularly real-time PCR, is considered the most sensitive and accurate method for plant pathogen detection. However, laboratory-based PCRs typically require expensive laboratory equipment and skilled personnel. In this study, soil-borne pathogens of potato are used to demonstrate the potential for on-site molecular detection. This was achieved using a rapid and simple protocol comprising of magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction, portable real-time PCR (fluorogenic probe-based assay). The portable real-time PCR approach compared favorably with a laboratory-based system, detecting as few as 100 copies of DNA from Spongospora subterranea. The portable real-time PCR method developed here can serve as an alternative to laboratory-based approaches and a useful on-site tool for pathogen diagnosis.

Rapid and accurate detection of plant pathogens on-site, especially soil-borne pathogens, is crucial to prevent further inoculum production and proliferation of plant diseases in the field. The method developed here using a portable real-time PCR detection system enables on-site diagnosis under field conditions.

ポータブル リアルタイム PCR を用いた土壌伝染性植物の敷地内の分子の検出

On-site diagnosis of plant diseases can be a useful tool for growers for timely decisions enabling the earlier implementation of disease management ...

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is generated from the tyrosine residue in atmospheric bio-aerosol proteins via a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Stable 3-NT is a specific marker for oxidative damage and is reported to have a promotive effect to elicit allergies. In the present study, we report the development of a highly sensitive assay to quantify 3-NT in air sampler filters to collect &#60; 2.5 &#181;m of particulate matter (PM2.5) from urban environmental air, including bio-aerosol. In this method, a 6 mm-diameter round hole was cut from the filters of air samplers and mixed with a nonspecific protease cocktail in order to hydrolyze proteins. Protein samples digested to the amino acid level were tested for 3-NT using a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD). The maximum 3-NT content was detected in a prefilter for PM of sizes from 4.5 to 7.3 &#956;m, with a detection limit of 1.13 pg/m3.

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

We present a method to detect 3-nitrotyrosine chemical modifications of atmospheric proteins with 6 mm-diameter rounds cut from air sampler prefilters using a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD).

3-ニトロチロシン大気環境を介して高性能液体クロマトグラフィー-電気化学検出器システムの検出

3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is generated from the tyrosine residue in atmospheric bio-aerosol proteins via a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive harvest or expensive equipment. We present a customizable and affordable rhizobox method that allows the non-destructive visualization of root growth over time and is particularly well-suited to studying root plasticity in response to localized resource patches. The method was validated by assessing maize genotypic variation in plasticity responses to patches containing 15N-labeled legume residue. Methods are described to obtain representative developmental measurements over time, measure root length density in resource-containing and control patches, calculate root growth rates, and determine 15N recovery by plant roots and shoots. Advantages, caveats, and potential future applications of the method are also discussed. Although care must be taken to ensure that experimental conditions do not bias root growth data, the rhizobox protocol presented here yields reliable results if carried out with sufficient attention to detail.

Visualizing and measuring root growth in situ is extremely challenging. We present a customizable rhizobox method to track root development and proliferation over time in response to nutrient enrichment. This method is used to analyze maize genotypic differences in root plasticity in response to an organic nitrogen source.

根の生長およびローカライズされた栄養素に対する反応性を可視化する最適化された Rhizobox プロトコル

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

組成と異なる環境条件下におけるバイオエアロゾルの分布解析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...