This work was supported by the BOF grant for SG from Ghent University. AL is supported by the Rutgers University NSF Fuels-IGERT. SA is supported by the European Union Framework Programme 7 project &#8220;ProEthanol 2G.&#8221; SA and KR are supported by Ghent University Multidisciplinary Research Partnership (MRP)&#8212;Biotechnology for a sustainable economy (01 MRA 510W). JD is supported by an IOF Advanced grant (F2012/IOF-Advanced/094). KR is supported by by the ERC Starter Grant &#8220;Electrotalk&#8221;. The authors thank Tim Lacoere for designing the TOC art figure, Robin Declerck for building the strip and absorption columns and Kun Guo for providing the inoculum source.

<ol>
	<li>Verstraete, W., Van de Caveye, P., Diamantis, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+use+of+resources+present+in+domestic+&#34;used+water&#34;.">Maximum use of resources present in domestic &#34;used water&#34;.</a> Bioresource Technology. 100 (23), 5537-5545 (2009).</li><li>Lei, X., Sugiura, N., Feng, C., Maekawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+of+anaerobic+digestion+effluent+with+ammonia+stripping+and+biogas+purification.">Pretreatment of anaerobic digestion effluent with ammonia stripping and biogas purification.</a> Journal of Hazardous Materials. 145 (3), 391-397 (2007).</li><li>Siegrist, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+removal+from+digester+supernatant-comparison+of+chemical+and+biological+methods.">Nitrogen removal from digester supernatant-comparison of chemical and biological methods.</a> Water Science and Technology. 34 (1), 399-406 (1996).</li><li>Desloover, J., Abate Woldeyohannis, A., Verstraete, W., Boon, N., Rabaey, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+Resource+Recovery+from+Digestate+to+Prevent+Ammonia+Toxicity+during+Anaerobic+Digestion.">Electrochemical Resource Recovery from Digestate to Prevent Ammonia Toxicity during Anaerobic Digestion.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 46 (21), 12209-12216 (2012).</li><li>Kim, J. R., Zuo, Y., Regan, J. M., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+ammonia+loss+mechanisms+in+microbial+fuel+cells+treating+animal+wastewater.">Analysis of ammonia loss mechanisms in microbial fuel cells treating animal wastewater.</a> Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 99 (5), 1120-1127 (2008).</li><li>Emerson, K., Russo, R. C., Lund, R. E., Thurston, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aqueous+ammonia+equilibrium+calculations:+effect+of+pH+and+temperature.">Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations: effect of pH and temperature.</a> Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada. 32 (12), 2379-2383 (1975).</li><li>Kuntke, P., Sleutels, T. H. J. A., Saakes, M., Buisman, C. J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+production+and+ammonium+recovery+from+urine+by+a+Microbial+Electrolysis+Cell.">Hydrogen production and ammonium recovery from urine by a Microbial Electrolysis Cell.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (10), 4771-4778 (2014).</li><li>Guo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surfactant+treatment+of+carbon+felt+enhances+anodic+microbial+electrocatalysis+in+bioelectrochemical+systems.">Surfactant treatment of carbon felt enhances anodic microbial electrocatalysis in bioelectrochemical systems.</a> Electrochemistry Communications. 39, 1-4 (2014).</li><li>Guo, K., Chen, X., Freguia, S., Donose, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+modification+of+carbon+surface+with+neutral+red+from+its+diazonium+salts+for+bioelectrochemical+systems.">Spontaneous modification of carbon surface with neutral red from its diazonium salts for bioelectrochemical systems.</a> Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 47, 184-189 (2013).</li><li>Rice, E. W., Greenberg, A. E., Clesceri, L. S., Eaton, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Wastewater. , (1992).</li><li>Andersen, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrolytic+Membrane+Extraction+Enables+Production+of+Fine+Chemicals+from+Biorefinery+Sidestreams.">Electrolytic Membrane Extraction Enables Production of Fine Chemicals from Biorefinery Sidestreams.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 48 (12), 7135-7142 (2014).</li><li>Harnisch, F., Rabaey, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Diversity+of+Techniques+to+Study+Electrochemically+Active+Biofilms+Highlights+the+Need+for+Standardization.">The Diversity of Techniques to Study Electrochemically Active Biofilms Highlights the Need for Standardization.</a> Chemsuschem. 5 (6), 1027-1038 (2012).</li><li>Clauwaert, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimizing+losses+in+bio-electrochemical+systems:+the+road+to+applications.">Minimizing losses in bio-electrochemical systems: the road to applications.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 79 (6), 901-913 (2008).</li><li>Atkins, P., De Paula, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of Physical Chemistry. , (2012).</li><li>Aelterman, P., Freguia, S., Keller, J., Verstraete, W., Rabaey, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anode+potential+regulates+bacterial+activity+in+microbial+fuel+cells.">The anode potential regulates bacterial activity in microbial fuel cells.</a> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 78 (3), 409-418 (2008).</li><li>Kuntke, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonium+recovery+and+energy+production+from+urine+by+a+microbial+fuel+cell.">Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell.</a> Water Research. 46 (8), 2627-2636 (2012).</li><li>Liu, H., Cheng, S., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power+Generation+in+Fed-Batch+Microbial+Fuel+Cells+as+a+Function+of+Ionic+Strength.">Power Generation in Fed-Batch Microbial Fuel Cells as a Function of Ionic Strength.</a> Temperature, and Reactor Configuration. Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 39 (14), 5488-5493 (2005).</li><li>Gimkiewicz, C., Harnisch, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waste+Water+Derived+Electroactive+Microbial+Biofilms:+Growth,+Maintenance,+and+Basic+Characterization.">Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization.</a> JoVE. (82), e50800 (2013).</li><li>Ping, Q., Cohen, B., Dosoretz, C., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+investigation+of+fouling+of+cation+and+anion+exchange+membranes+in+microbial+desalination+cells.">Long-term investigation of fouling of cation and anion exchange membranes in microbial desalination cells.</a> Desalination. 325, 48-55 (2013).</li><li>Guerin, T., Mondido, M., McClenn, B., Peasley, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+resazurin+for+estimating+abundance+of+contaminant-degrading+micro-organisms.">Application of resazurin for estimating abundance of contaminant-degrading micro-organisms.</a> Letters in Applied Microbiology. 32 (5), 340-345 (2001).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

この原稿は、アンモニウム回復のための生物電気化学および電気化学セルを設定するために必要なツールを提供します。結果のセクションで提示計算は、システムの性能を評価するためのパラメータを提供する。生物学的および電気化学システムは、セットアップおよび機能において類似している。二つのシステムの主な違いは、生物電気化学セットアップのための固定アノード電位に対し?...

排水·ゲインの重要性から価値ある製品の回収貴重な資源が回復せずに乏しいと治療になるとだけコストを表しています。廃水を回収することができる両方のエネルギーと栄養素を含み、栄養回復が生産ループ1を閉じるのを助けることができる。栄養素の回復はあまり一般的ではないながら、嫌気性消化によるエネルギーの回収は、十分に確立されたプロセスである。尿や肥料などの液体廃棄物の流れからの栄養分の回復が広くスツルバイトアンモニア2,3の直接のストリッピングの生産を通して、 例えば 、検討されている。しかしながら、化学添加の必要性は、これらのプロセス4の欠点がある。ここでは、カリウム及びアンモニウムの両方を含む廃棄物の流れからのカチオン性栄養素の回収のための手法を提示する。これらの栄養素のカチオン形態は、電気化学システムにおけるイオン選択性膜を使用して回収を可能にする。この場合、electrochemicらのシステムは（酸化が起こる）陽極室から成る、（還元が起こる）陰極室と区画を分離するためのイオン選択膜。電圧は、アノードからカソードへの電流の流れを生成するために、セルの両端に印加される。この電圧は、水の酸化還元反応を駆動するために外部電源によって生成することができる。代替的に、陽極酸化は、 例えば 、有機物の、より少ない電力を必要とする、電気細菌によって触媒され得る。回路を閉じて、電荷バランスを維持するために、荷電種は、生成された各電子のための電極の間に移行する必要があります。陽イオン交換膜（CEM）全体の陰極室に陽極室からアンモニウム輸送は、このように電子が4,5のフラックスを補償することができる。 ここで紹介するテクニックだけでなく、廃棄物の流れからアンモニアを削除するだけでなく、そのリカバリを可能にします。総アンモニア態窒素（TAN）は、両方のアモンの平衡状態で存在するイウム（NH 4 +）およびアンモニア（NH 3）、そしてpHおよび温度6に依存する。 NH 4 +は、陽極室に高いTAN濃度にし、pHが中性付近に豊富に入手可能であり、この正に帯電した種は、従って、陰極室にCEM横切る電流で駆動することができる。電流は、水酸化物イオンおよび水素ガスの産生をもたらす、カソードにおける水の還元を駆動する。 TAN平衡に起因陰極室（&gt; 10.0）で高いpHにほぼ100％のNH 3に移行する。 NH 3を簡単には、酸溶液中で捕捉され、集中して吸収塔に、ストリッピングユニットからの空気の循環を介して転送することができるガスである。 この技術は、肥料のようなNに富むストリームの嫌気性消化中にアンモニウム毒性を減少させる可能性があり、従って、これらの廃棄物の流れからのエネルギー回収を増加させると同時に、一方回復栄養素4。廃棄物に栄養回復技術は、尿、それによってWWTP 7における栄養素を除去するためのコストを回避するような高TAN含量ストリームとして電気化学的およびアンモニウムの生物電気化学抽出を適用することもできる。 我々はモジュール式反応器を用いるようにここに提示プロトコルは、多くの異なる化学的及び生物電気化学実験のための基礎として役立つことができる。以下のプロトコールで説明したように異なる電極タイプ、膜およびフレームの厚さを組み合わせることができる。プロトコルの主な目的は、電解セルを用いた電気化学アンモニウム回収、バイオ電気化学アンモニウム回復を比較するための手段を提供することである。システムは、抽出効率、電力入力および再現性の観点から評価される。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="876">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carbon Felt 3.18 mm Thick&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">ALFA43199</td>
			<td>Used as bioanode, 110 mm x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ti electrode coated with Ir MMO&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Magneto Special Anodes (The Netherlands)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>Used as stable anode for electrochemical tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="73">
			<td height="73" style="height:74px;width:216px;">Stainless steel mesh</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Solana (Belgium)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">RVS 554/64: material AISI 316L, mesh width: 564 micron, wire thickness: 140 micron, mesh number: 36,6</td>
			<td>Used as cathode, 110 mm x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Stainless steel plate</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Solana (Belgium)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">inox 304 sheet, thickness: 0,5mm</td>
			<td>Used as current collector for the bioanode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Bio-Logic (France)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">A-012167 RE-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Potentiostat (VSP Multipotentiostat)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Bio-Logic (France)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EC Lab</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Bio-Logic (France)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>software for performing electrochemistry measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:216px;">Cation Exchange Membrane</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Membranes International (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">Ultrex CMI-7000</td>
			<td>Pretreated according to the manufacturers&#39; instructions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Turbulence Promotor mesh</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">ElectroCell Europe A/S (Tarm, Denmark)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">EPC20432-PP-2</td>
			<td>spacer material, 110 mm x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Connectors</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Serto</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">1,281,161,120</td>
			<td>Other sizes possible, dependant on tubing type and size of holes in frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Strip and absorption column</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>In house design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">HV-06404-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gas bag</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Keika Ventures</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>Kynar gas bag with Roberts valve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rashig Rings</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Glasatelier Saillart (Belgium)</td>
			<td style="width:301px;">Raschig rings 4 x 4 mm</td>
			<td>Put inside the strip and absorption column to improve the air/liquid contact. Available with many suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rubber sheet</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>Cut to fit on the perspex frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Perspex reactor frames</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Vlaeminck, Beernem</td>
			<td style="width:301px;"></td>
			<td>In-house design, see tab &#34;reactor frames&#34; in this file</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemically and bioelectrochemically induced ammonium recovery

Streams such as urine and manure can contain high levels of ammonium, which could be recovered for reuse in agriculture or chemistry. The extraction of ammonium from an ammonium-rich stream is demonstrated using an electrochemical and a bioelectrochemical system. Both systems are controlled by a potentiostat to either fix the current (for the electrochemical cell) or fix the potential of the working electrode (for the bioelectrochemical cell). In the bioelectrochemical cell, electroactive bacteria catalyze the anodic reaction, whereas in the electrochemical cell the potentiostat applies a higher voltage to produce a current. The current and consequent restoration of the charge balance across the cell allow the transport of cations, such as ammonium, across a cation exchange membrane from the anolyte to the catholyte. The high pH of the catholyte leads to formation of ammonia, which can be stripped from the medium and captured in an acid solution, thus enabling the recovery of a valuable nutrient. The flux of ammonium across the membrane is characterized at different anolyte ammonium concentrations and currents for both the abiotic and biotic reactor systems. Both systems are compared based on current and removal efficiencies for ammonium, as well as the energy input required to drive ammonium transfer across the cation exchange membrane. Finally, a comparative analysis considering key aspects such as reliability, electrode cost, and rate is made.
This video article and protocol provide the necessary information to conduct electrochemical and bioelectrochemical ammonia recovery experiments. The reactor setup for the two cases is explained, as well as the reactor operation. We elaborate on data analysis for both reactor types and on the advantages and disadvantages of bioelectrochemical and electrochemical systems.

バイオリアクターからのクロノアンペロメトリーの結果 クロノアンペロメトリーの結果は、式（1）に従って算出（ 図4）連続反応のための典型的なグラフを示している。実験の開始時に、アノード及びカソードは、再循環モードで操作した。これは開発するバイオフィルムと、現在の生産の開始を可能にする。操作の5日後に、電流密度は、現?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery at JoVE.com

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

We demonstrate the extraction of ammonium from an ammonium-rich stream using an electrochemical and a bioelectrochemical system. The reactor setup, operation and data analysis are discussed.

電気化学的およびBioelectrochemically誘起アンモニウム回復

Streams such as urine and manure can contain high levels of ammonium, which could be recovered for reuse in agriculture or chemistry. The extraction of ...

electrochemically-and-bioelectrochemically-induced-ammonium-recovery

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Chemistry

Chemical Equilibrium

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.6K ビュー.  Ghent University. We demonstrate the extraction of ammonium from an ammonium-rich stream using an electrochemical and a bioelectrochemical system. The reactor setup, operation and data analysis are discussed. 