Name: an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles
Uploaded: 2020-08-25T13:15:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

この研究は、カナダ自然科学工学研究評議会(NSERC;) からのBDCへのディスカバリー助成金によって支えられている。RGPIN 311680) およびカナダ保健研究所 (CIHR;MOP-93796)。RAKはオンタリオ州の大学院奨学金によって支援され、ALCはNSERC CREATE助成金によって支援されました。この原稿に記載されている実験装置は、カナダイノベーション財団によって支援されました。カナダ・ファースト・リサーチ・エクセレンス・ファンド(BrainsCAN)からの追加支援が行なわれた。

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著者らは開示するものは何もない。

人間は、必要に応じて、最小限の驚異的で効率的な伝導遅延に近づく遅延で迅速かつ視覚的に導かれた行動を生成する顕著な能力を持っています。我々は以前に、迅速なビスクオーター応答6、9、10の新しい尺度として上肢の刺激ロック応答(SL)を説明した。視覚刺激の影響を受ける上肢筋の募集の第1の側面のための試験ご...

携帯電話にメッセージが表示されたら、視覚的にガイド付きのリーチを実行して携帯電話を受け取り、メッセージを読むよう求められます。電話の形状やサイズなどの視覚的な機能は、私たちが正常に目標を達成できるように、モーターコマンドに変換されます。このようなビスオモケーター変換は、高度な制御を可能にする実験室の条件で研究され得る。ただし、応答時間が重要なシナリオがあります(例えば、電話が落ちる場合は電話をキャッチします)。高速バイビオーター挙動の実験室研究は、多くの場合、目標位置のいくつかの変更に続いて飛行中にオンゴーイングの動きが変更される変位ターゲットパラダイムに依存しています(例えば、ref.1,2を参照)。このようなオンライン補正は<150 ms3で発生する可能性がありますが、アームのローパスフィルタリング特性により運動学単独で高速ビスクオーター出力の正確なタイミングを確認することは困難であり、高速visuomotor出力は飛行中に既に動きを置き換えるためです。このような合併症は、高速ビスクオーター応答の基となる基質に関する不確実性を引き起こす(レビューについてはref.4を参照)。いくつかの研究は、前頭側頭頂皮質領域ではなく、上側の口蓋のような皮質下構造がオンライン補正を開始する可能性を示唆している5.
基礎となる神経基質に関するこの不確実性は、少なくとも部分的には、高速ビスオーモエータ系の出力のための信頼できるバイオマーカーの欠如による可能性がある。最近では、静的な姿勢から生成され、電図(EMG)を介して記録される可能性のある高速ビスクオータ応答の尺度について説明しました。刺激ロック応答(SL)は、自発的な動き6、7に先行するEMG活動の時間ロックバーストであり、刺激の発症後一貫して〜100 ms進化する。名前が示すように、SLAは刺激の発症によって呼び起こされ、最終的な動きが8を差し控えられたり、反対方向に移動したりしても持続する9。さらに、動的パラダイムにおけるターゲット変位によって誘発されるSLは、短い待ち時間のオンライン補正10と関連している。したがって、SLは、短い待ち時間のRTに関与する高速ビスオーモエータシステムの出力を体系的に研究するための客観的な尺度を提供し、静的な姿勢から生成され、高速バイビオータ応答の初期段階とは無関係の他のEMG信号から解析される可能性がある。
現在の研究の目的は、SLAを堅牢に引き出す視覚的に導かれた到達パラダイムを提示することです。一眼レフを調査する以前の研究は、より侵襲的な筋肉内録音6、8、9を使用する場合でも、参加者全体で100%未満の検出率を報告している。低検出率と侵襲的記録への依存は、病気または寿命を超えて高速ビスオーモエータシステムに対する将来の調査における一眼レフ対策の有用性を制限する。一部の被験者は単にSRRを発現しないかもしれないが、以前に使用された刺激および行動パラダイムは、一眼レフを呼び起こすのに理想的ではなかったかもしれない。SLの過去の報告は、通常、参加者が静的な、突然出現するターゲット6、9に向かって視覚的にガイドされた到達を生成するパラダイムを使用してきました。しかし、高速ビスオーモエータシステムは、落下物体や飛行物体と迅速に相互作用しなければならないシナリオで最も必要とされ、静的刺激ではなく移動がSLを呼び起こす可能性があるかどうか疑問に思う。そこで、眼球運動11を研究するために用いられる移動対象パラダイムを適応させ、それをSLR9を調べるために使用されるプロ/アンチの視覚誘導到達タスクと組み合わせた。以前に使用したパラダイムの結果と比較すると、新たな目標パラダイムのSLはより早く進化し、より大きさが高くなり、参加者サンプル全体でより一般的であることがわかりました。全体的に見て、新たなターゲットパラダイムは、客観的なEMG測定が表面記録で確実に行うことができる程度に対する高速バイスオーバレーター応答の発現を促進し、臨床集団内および寿命を通じて研究を増強する。さらに、新たなターゲットパラダイムは、さまざまな方法で変更することができ、高速バイスオモケーター応答を促進または変更する感覚、認知、運動因子に対するより徹底的な調査を促進します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bagnoli-8 Desktop Surface EMG System</td><td>Delsys Inc.</td><td></td><td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td></tr><tr><td>Kinarm End-Point Robot</td><td>Kinarm, Kingston, Ontario, Canada</td><td></td><td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB (version R2016a) Stateflow and Simulink applications</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PROPixx projector</td><td>VPIXX Saint-Bruno, QC, Canada</td><td></td><td>This is a custom built addon for the Kinarm. Other displays may be used. Resolution: 1920 x 1080. Standard viewing monitors may also be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles

見た目のオブジェクトに到達するには、視覚情報をモーターコマンドに変換する必要があります。オブジェクトの色、形状、サイズなどの視覚情報は、多数の脳領域内で処理され、統合され、最終的には運動周辺に中継されます。場合によっては、可能な限り迅速に反応が必要です。これらの高速バイスオモター変換とその基礎となる神経学的基質は、信頼性の高いバイオマーカーを欠いなかったため、ヒトでは十分に理解されていません。刺激ロック応答(SL)は、視覚刺激提示の影響を受ける筋肉のリクルートの第一波を表す筋筋(EMG)活動の短い待ち時間(<100 ms)バーストである。SDRは、迅速なビスオーモエータ変換の定量可能な出力を提供するが、SRSは過去の研究ですべての被験者で一貫して観察されていない。ここでは、堅牢なSLを一貫して呼び起こす障害物の下に移動するターゲットの突然の出現を特徴とする新しい行動パラダイムを説明します。静的刺激を用いてSLを調査した以前の研究と比較して、この新たな標的パラダイムで呼び起こされるSLはより大きく、より早く進化し、すべての参加者に存在していた。リーチ反応時間(RT)も、新たなターゲットパラダイムで迅速化された。このパラダイムは、高速バイスオーモター応答に対する様々な感覚、認知、運動操作の影響の体系的な研究を可能にする修正のための多くの機会を提供します。全体として、我々の結果は、新たなターゲットパラダイムが、高速ビスオーモエータシステム内で一貫して堅牢に活動を呼び起こすことができることを示している。

刺激ロック応答(SL)は、運動開始に関連する筋肉募集のより大きなボレーの前によく進化する刺激発症にロックされた筋肉活動時間の短いバーストである。一眼レフの時間ロックされた性質は、反応時間(RT)のためにソートされたすべての試験を見たときに〜100ミリ秒で見える筋肉活動の「バンディング」を生成しました(図1aは灰色のボックスで強調表示されています)。<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

ここで提示される行動パラダイムは、視覚的に導かれた到達の間に人間の上肢の筋肉に対する堅牢な高速バイビオータ応答を引き出す。

人間の上肢筋肉に対する高速ビスオモター応答を呼び起こす新たな標的パラダイム

To reach towards a seen object, visual information has to be transformed into motor commands. Visual information such as the object&#8217;s color, shape, ...

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Neuroscience

4.2K ビュー.  Western University. ここで提示される行動パラダイムは、視覚的に導かれた到達の間に人間の上肢の筋肉に対する堅牢な高速バイビオータ応答を引き出す。

ビデオ: An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

行動学

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

運動行動上のトップダウン視覚プロセスの影響を探索する方法

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

経頭蓋磁気刺激、電、モーションキャプチャ、およびバーチャルリアリティを用いたヒトモータ制御研究のための多機能のセットアップ

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use of TMS to study human movement, has been limited by the challenges related to precisely timing the delivery of TMS to features of the unfolding movement and, also, by accurately characterizing kinematics and kinetics. To overcome these technical challenges, TMS delivery and acquisition systems should be integrated with an online motion tracking system. The present manuscript details technical innovations that integrate multiple acquisition systems to facilitate and advance the use of TMS to study human movement. Using commercially available software and hardware systems, a step-by-step approach to both the hardware assembly and the software scripts necessary to perform TMS studies triggered by specific features of a movement is provided. The approach is focused on the study of upper limb, planar, multi-joint reaching movements. However, the same integrative system is amenable to a multitude of sophisticated studies of human motor control.

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study human motor control requires the integration of data acquisition systems to control TMS delivery and simultaneously record human behavior. The present manuscript provides a detailed methodology for integrating data acquisition systems for the purpose of investigating human movement via TMS.

皮質脊髄出力とマルチセグメントのバイオメカニクスを研究するために、複数のデータ・アクイジション・システムを組み合わせます

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

仮想現実を使用して 1 つの手から別の運動技能知識を転送するには

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would fail to adequately address how we can modify these reactions should the need arise (e.g., avoiding an obstacle with a recovery step). This would appear to be a glaring omission when one considers the enormous complexity of the environments we face daily. Overall, the status quo when evaluating the neural control of balance fails to truly expose how higher brain resources contribute to preventing falls in complex settings. The present protocol offers a way to require suppression of automatic, but inappropriate corrective balance reactions, and force a selection among alternative action choices to successfully recover balance following postural perturbation.

Here we offer a protocol that allows the user to selectively change affordances and/or constraints on movements that are relevant for recovering balance after postural perturbation.

反応バランスにおける反応抑制と行動選択を強調する変更されたリーンおよびリリース技術

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant ...

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing delivery of oxygen and nutrients. About half of the stroke survivors are left with some degree of disability. Innovative methodologies for restorative neurorehabilitation are urgently required to reduce long-term disability. The ability of the nervous system to reorganize its structure, function and connections as a response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli is called neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is involved in post-stroke functional disturbances, but also in rehabilitation. Beneficial neuroplastic changes may be facilitated with non-invasive electrotherapy, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and sensory electrical stimulation (SES). NMES involves coordinated electrical stimulation of motor nerves and muscles to activate them with continuous short pulses of electrical current while SES involves stimulation of sensory nerves with electrical current resulting in sensations that vary from barely perceivable to highly unpleasant. Here, active cortical participation in rehabilitation procedures may be facilitated by driving the non-invasive electrotherapy with biosignals (electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG)) that represent simultaneous active perception and volitional effort. To achieve this in a resource-poor setting, e.g., in low- and middle-income countries, we present a low-cost human-machine-interface (HMI) by leveraging recent advances in off-the-shelf video game sensor technology. In this paper, we discuss the open-source software interface that integrates low-cost off-the-shelf sensors for visual-auditory biofeedback with non-invasive electrotherapy to assist postural control during balance rehabilitation. We demonstrate the proof-of-concept on healthy volunteers.

A novel low-cost human-machine interface for interactive post-stroke balance rehabilitation system is presented in this article. The system integrates off-the-shelf low-cost sensors towards volitionally driven electrotherapy paradigm. The proof-of-concept software interface is demonstrated on healthy volunteers.

脳卒中後のバランスリハビリテーションのための神経筋電気刺激システムで低コストのセンサーを統合ヒューマンマシンインターフェース

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing ...

神経科学

Capturing Dynamic Finger Gesturing with High-resolution Surface Electromyography and Computer Vision

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for state-of-the-art prosthetics and optimized rehabilitation. Surface electromyography (sEMG), in conjunction with deep learning methods, is considered a promising method in this domain. However, current methods often rely on cumbersome recording setups and the identification of static hand positions, limiting their effectiveness in real-world applications. The protocol we report here presents an advanced approach combining a wearable surface EMG and finger&#160;tracking system to capture comprehensive data during dynamic hand movements. The method records muscle activity from soft printed electrode arrays (16 electrodes) placed on the forearm as subjects perform gestures in different hand positions and during movement. Visual instructions prompt subjects to perform specific gestures while EMG and finger positions are recorded. The integration of synchronized EMG recordings and finger tracking data enables comprehensive analysis of muscle activity patterns and corresponding gestures. The reported approach demonstrates the potential of combining EMG and visual tracking technologies as an important resource for developing intuitive and responsive gesture recognition systems with applications in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and interactive technologies. This protocol aims to guide researchers and practitioners, fostering further innovation and application of gesture recognition in dynamic and real-world scenarios.

The paper presents a comprehensive protocol for simultaneously recording hand-electromyography (EMG) and visual finger tracking during natural finger gesturing. The visual data is designed to serve as the ground truth for the development of accurate EMG-based computational models for finger gesture recognition.

高解像度の表面筋電図とコンピュータービジョンによるダイナミックな指のジェスチャーのキャプチャ

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for ...