这项工作得到了加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC;RGPIN 311680）和加拿大卫生研究所（CIHR;澳门币-93796）。RAK 由安大略省研究生奖学金支持，ALC 则由 NSERC CREATE 资助。本手稿中描述的实验仪器得到了加拿大创新基金会的支持。加拿大第一研究卓越基金（BrainsCAN）提供了额外的支持。

所有程序都得到西安大略大学健康科学研究伦理委员会的批准。所有参与者都提供了知情的同意，并支付了参与费用，并可随时退出实验。
1. 学员准备
注：对一小组健康、年轻的参与者进行了研究（3名女性，2名男性;平均年龄：26岁+/- 3.5岁）。所有参与者都是右手，视力正常或矫正到正常，没有当前的视觉、神经或肌肉骨骼疾病。有肌肉骨骼损伤或紊乱的参与者被排除在外。
<ol><li>将 EMG 传感器应用于正在研究的伸展运动所涉及的目标上肢肌肉。在这里，EMG记录是由右胸肌的角骨，这是招募的跨体（左）达到。 注：记录可以从上肢的其他肌肉，或从胸骨或横向部分的主要肌肉。<ol>
<li>通过请求已知招募感兴趣的肌肉的动作来可视化目标肌肉。对于胸腔主要肌肉的胸腔头部，请参与者放松肘部，将手掌推在一起。如果难以可视化目标肌肉，在让参与者重复执行请求的动作时，会苍白感兴趣的区域，并瞄准肌肉中明显变化的区域进行电极放置。 注：可视化是指通过覆盖的皮肤看到肌肉的形状，在参与者执行招募肌肉的动作时，识别目标肌肉。可视化有助于目标肌肉的定位。</li>
		<li>使用酒精拭子，清洁电极放置目标肌肉上的皮肤表面，以及地面电极放置区域的皮肤表面。</li>
		<li>通过涂抹粘合剂和电极凝胶来准备表面传感器。</li>
		<li>要求参与者再次执行与肌肉招募相关的动作，并在肌肉腹部上粘附传感器，定位它们与目标肌肉纤维的方向平行。将接地电极放在锁骨上，与伸手臂相对。用医用胶带将传感器和接地电极固定到周围皮肤上。打开 EMG 系统，在整个实验中允许 EMG 收集。 注：EMG电极放置后，EMG数据通过E姆格系统在整个实验中被动连续收集，并保存为模拟数据流供以后分析。</li>
		<li>使用连接到 EMG 系统的桌面显示器或示波器检查 EMG 信号的质量。要确定合适的质量，请让参与者在感兴趣的肌肉的首选方向上或相反进行伸展运动，并确保 EMG 活动分别增加或减少。如果处于休息位置没有活动，则确保 EMG 活动不会增加，以用于在非首选方向的移动。 注：来自表面电极的肌肉信号质量取决于许多特征（例如，脂肪组织的特殊分布、主体姿势）。建议与首选（合同）方向移动相关的峰值 EMG 活动至少为休息活动水平的 2 倍，但应高出得多。</li>
		<li>如有必要，重新定位电极，以确保观察到这些活性水平。在整个实验中保持观察监视器或示波器连接，以持续监控 EMG 输出。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在机器人接触装置中设置应用 EMG 传感器的特定参与者，该装置允许在水平平面上达到运动，并施加力到机械平面上。 注：对感兴趣的肌肉添加力会增加背景活动，允许单反在肌肉首选或非首选方向的刺激呈现后，将单反表现为肌肉活动的增加或减少。基线活动水平在非首选方向上特别有用，因为基线和非首选的到达活动如果没有背景载荷力是无法区分的。右向 5N 施加力和 2N 力下降（相对于相对于开始位置的左侧显示目标），在整个实验过程中可能就足够了。在整个实验中，力应保持不变，因此必要时可以使用较低的力。<ol>
<li>将参与者坐在实验椅上，优先安排参与者对肢体的添加舒适性，以尽量减少整个实验过程中姿势的变化。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 刺激结构/装置
<ol><li>通过内置的视觉显示在机器人接触装置中生成所有实验程序和刺激。 注：确保机器人接触装置配备视觉输出和马尼普兰杜姆电机输出之间的接口，允许同时模拟（例如，马尼普兰杜姆位置、光电二极管输出）和 EMG 录制。确保本设备配备的软件能够运行具有所有预编程视觉组件的单个预编程试验块。内置视觉显示器可为标准显示器或定制高品质投影仪;但是，建议使用更高质量的投影仪，以确保显示目标的时间和视觉分辨率。<ol><li>通过驱动视觉显示的内置软件生成新兴目标范 式中的 4个主要组件（参见补充图 1）。 注：组件应全部通过内置软件生成，该软件在每个数据收集会话期间将指定的组件投影到可视化显示上。每个组件都手动输入到软件中，软件将形状的输入坐标转换为在视觉显示器上看到的形状。所有组件和目标运动的完整编码是在数据收集之前完成的，因此，在数据收集过程中不需要对范例进行实验干预，因为该范式根据参与者的响应自动运行。以下坐标（以厘米表示）与用于从当前手稿中参与者收集数据的机器人接触装置中两个机器人毛化源的中点相关。范例的所有组件在整个试验过程中对参与者可见，但移动目标出现后消失的启动位置除外。不同的设备可能使用不同的参考框架。<ol>
<li>通过手动输入具有以下坐标的六个矩形的坐标（y： - 19（倒 y 的顶部）或 -34（倒 y 的底部）、x：-/+2（内、底部反转 y）、-/=8（外底反转 y）;宽度.5 高度：20（顶部）或 15（底部）。</li>
			<li>通过手动输入一个大矩形的坐标（居中：0，-29;宽度：35 高度：15）覆盖倒 y 路径的中心，生成一个圆角。此水线的颜色可能因试用而异，为参与者提供指导。 注：在两个输出（0，-29;宽度：5高度：5）之间的中心底部包含一个切口。参与者被指示："当目标在凹槽后面时固定凹口"。这样做可确保眼睛在目标出现时保持稳定。每次试验开始时，occluder 将红色或绿色。</li>
			<li>通过手动输入一个圆的坐标来生成移动目标，该圆最终将向下移动 y 和在圆弧（开始： 0，-17;半径：1;速度：10 厘米/s，速度后速度：30 厘米/s）。 注：移动目标 （T1） 在每次试验开始时都是可见的和静止的。</li>
			<li>通过指定目标运动的 x 和 y 坐标，生成目标在软件中的移动。 注：目标速度由连续 x 和 y 坐标的距离计算。目标运动的正确呈现取决于软件和视觉显示快速连续正确更新每个 x 和 y 位置的能力。在软件中，当目标的 x 和 y 位置完全移动到 occluder 以下，直到 x 和 y 位置完全从 occluder 中出现时，将移动目标的状态更改为"对参与者不可见"。</li>
			<li>生成开始位置（0，-42;半径 1）。参与者需要获得此职位才能启动每个试用。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>实时生成实时光标 （RTC），实时表示参与者在屏幕上的手部位置。 注：在实验中，参与者的手/手臂通过一面朝上反射向下显示目标的镜子被遮挡。这可以通过特定于设备内置的软件功能完成，该软件功能将目标放在不断更新的 x 和 y 坐标之上。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. 程序
<ol><li>单击"开始"在实验者屏幕上显示的相关软件上的按钮，它启动第一次试验，并启动应用于参与者上肢的机器人接触装置产生的力。 注：实验者单击启动后，实验者无需干预，直到实验者必须再次按下的块之间。如果 EMG 信号不断被监视变化，或者参与者无法完成实验，则可能还需要实验者干预。如果发生紧急情况，应立即停止所有实验。如果参与者通过内置的任务程序离开手柄，将会自动停止对参与者手施加的强制。建议在紧急情况下使用带按钮的装置来终止实验。<ol><li>口头指示参与者开始第一次试验，将 RTC（由马尼普兰图姆的位置指示）带到开始位置 （T0），持续时间为 1- 1.5 s）。occluder 会更改颜色，以指示主题即将进行的试用需要支持或抗接触。 注：将 RTC 引入 T0 将启动每个试用。如果参与者在规定时间之前退出 T0 开始位置，则一旦 RTC 回到 T0，试用将重新开始。</li>
		<li>确保在倒置 y （2.1.1.3） 顶部对参与者保持静止且可见的移动目标 （T1） 沿倒 y 路径开始向参与者移动，该路径由参与者在上一步中将 RTC 引入 T0 启动。 注：当 T1 开始移动时，T0 将消失。在此时间之后，对参与者的手臂没有限制，但是，参与者被指示留在 T0 的想象范围内。</li>
		<li>确保 T1 在 occluder 后面移动，并且对参与者不可见。在此时间间隔内，学员在想象中的 T0 下保持手部位置。</li>
		<li>确保 T1 沿 y 轴以 30 厘米/s 的恒定速度沿学员向学员移动， 在车后移动。一旦 T1 达到 occluder 长度的一半，它将沿着一个倒置的 y 输出与附加的 x 速度分量进行分叉。因此，沿 y 轴的速度保持不变。目标在 ±0.5 s 的恒定延迟下消失，延迟取决于水线的大小和 T1 运动的速度。</li>
		<li>当 T1 到达最接近参与者的 occluder 边缘时，确保软件程序不会通过滑过 occluder 的边缘来呈现 T1，因为这样做最初会向视觉系统呈现"半月"刺激。相反，请检查软件程序是否保持 T1 不可见，直到出现完整目标，然后向参与者显示它。 注：这是为了控制部分刺激的视觉处理效果，特别是如果使用不同的目标速度，这将在不同的时间跨越边界。目标的部分出现（例如，半月刺激）产生一个最初由较高空间频率组成的目标，根据先前的结果，该目标将导致单反延迟增加，减少10级。</li>
		<li>检查软件程序是否将 T1 呈现在两个倒置 y 路径之一的随机侧，而参与者的手在 T0 时保持静止。 注：同时，在从 occluder 下方出现 T1 时，屏幕一角、光电二极管覆盖的位置会显示一个辅助目标。对象不会看到向光电二极管呈现的此目标，但为集成在机器人接触设备中的光电二极管提供模拟信号。此光电二极管信号允许将目标外观与肌肉活动精确对齐，并确保机器人接触装置内不存在滞后或延迟。</li>
		<li>当 T1 从 occluder 后面出现时，查看参与者是否能够根据 occluder 的颜色生成视觉引导的触角。当 occluder 为绿色时，请参与者使用 RTC 拦截 T1。当 occluder 为红色时，请学员将 RTC 移离 T1。 注：绿色光度颜色（2.1.1.2）表示亲光度（即朝向遮挡器），红色表示远离移动目标 T1（即反光接触）。在反到达条件下，正确的拦截不是基于 T1 的镜像，而是相对于 T0 的水平距离。</li>
		<li>根据他们的到达行为，在试验间间隔内提供反馈，如"命中"（正确拦截）、"错误路线"（亲/反到达方向不正确）或"错过"（未检测到正确或不正确的响应）。此反馈包含写在 occluder 上的文本。</li>
		<li>确保 T1 和 T0 在参与者的到达行为完成后重新出现在各自的原始位置 200 ms。当参与者将 RTC 带到 T0 时，开始下一个试用。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>要求每个参与者执行 4 块 100 个试验，每个条件产生 100 个到达。随机化试验类型与左、右刺激后与亲或反达到混合。每个块大约需要 7.5 分钟才能完成。 注：建议每个条件在使用表面记录时至少包含 80 次重复，因为下一个分析步骤依赖于许多单反检测试验的数据。<ol>
<li>最小化每个块之间的参与者移动，以确保录制的一致性。在口头确认参与者已准备好开始下一个块后，启动下一个块并继续监视参与者的绩效和 EMG 输出。 注：可能需要通过台式机监视器持续监视 EMG 输出，以检测表面 EMG 录像的问题。例如，在长时间接触运动期间，表面 EMG 电极可能会因出汗而从参与者的皮肤中解开。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>从控制静态范式收集数据，以便将数据与新兴目标范式中获得的数据进行比较。 注意：这可能在新兴目标范式之前或之后完成。要创建控制静态范式，请重复步骤 2.1.1.3、2.1.1.5、2.2、3.1、3.1.1、3.1.7、3.2 和 3.2.1;但是，在步骤 2.1.1.3 中，不要从屏幕顶部开始向参与者移动，对 T1 进行编码。相反，将 T1 定位到 T0 的左侧或右侧。此外，T0 现在要么红色，要么绿色，类似于新兴目标范式中使用的 occluder。审判继续进行，如下所述。<ol>
<li>口头指示参与者将 RTC 引入 T0 以开始第一个试验，该试验与新兴目标范式中的相同位置。</li>
		<li>确保软件程序将 T0 呈现为红色或绿色，分别指示亲或反覆盖。随机化 1-2 的保留期，使参与者在 T0 中保留 RTC。</li>
		<li>确保软件程序在左侧或右侧显示静态目标，从 T0 10 厘米。跨试验随机化目标端。</li>
		<li>与新兴目标范式一样，如果 T0 为绿色，请要求学员向目标目标前进;如果 T0 为红色，请向目标向相反的方向伸张。下一次试验在与目标或反目标位置接触后继续进行。</li>
		<li>确保每个参与者执行 4 块 100 次试验，每个条件达到 100 个。试验类型是随机混合的。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 分析
<ol><li>分析脱机自定义脚本中的所有数据并放弃错误试验。 注：错误试验由不正确的到达方向（3.5 厘米）、长 RT（>500 ms）定义，指示假定的漫不经心或短 RT（<120）表示预期。<ol>
<li>通过确定运动超过峰值切向速度的 8% 的时间，得出每个试验达到运动的反应时间 （RT）。 注：可以使用其他方法来定义 RT。</li>
		<li>要分析肌肉活动，请使用离线脚本将 EMG 信号转换为源微伏，移除任何直流偏移，校正 EMG 信号，并使用 7 点移动平均滤波器过滤信号。</li>
		<li>使用时间序列接收器操作特性 （ROC） 分析来检测单反6、 7的存在和延迟。 注：可以使用用于确定单反活动时间锁定性质的替代方法。<ol>
<li>要执行时间序列 ROC 分析，请根据目标表示和试验条件一侧分离 EMG 数据（图 1a 显示了支持到达的左数据与右数据）。</li>
			<li>计算两个基点 ROC 曲线下的面积，每次样本 （1 ms） 从目标表示前的 100 ms 到 300 ms（例如， 图 2c）。 注：ROC 值 0.5 表示机会歧视，而值 1 或 0 分别表示与目标表示相比完全正确或不正确的歧视。</li>
			<li>确定歧视延迟为超过 0.6 值的 10 个连续点中的 8 个点中的第一个（图 2c 以垂直红色或蓝色线表示）。 注：阈值和超过阈值的点数可能会根据表面或肌肉内 EMG 记录的质量和数量而变化，并且可以使用引导分析来客观地确定置信区间。过去的工作表明，值 0.6 大约等于 95% 置信区间12。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>要确定在亲接触试验中是否存在单反，请使用RT分割分析（参见 图18），根据该分析步骤4.1.3.2和4.1.3.3，根据RT（图1a紫色 试验和绿色试验），在接触的早期和后期分别执行。<ol>
<li>绘制早期歧视时间， 将早期 Rt 作为一个点， 然后绘制后期歧视时间， 并意味着后期 Rt 作为同一情节的第二个点。用一条线连接这两个点（图1c）。当这条线的斜率超过 67.5°时，检测到单反。 注：对于这条线，90° 的斜率表示 EMG 歧视时间完全锁定在刺激表示上（因为 EMG 活动以相同的延迟启动，而无论随后的移动时间如何），而 45° 的斜率表示 EMG 歧视完全锁定在运动开始。实际上，67.5° 的截止坡度（介于 45° 和 90° 之间）用于检测单反是否存在（坡度 > 67.5°）（坡度 < 67.5°）;这表明 EMG 活动更锁定刺激而不是运动开始。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>如果确定单反存在，则通过所有试验（4.1.3.3）的歧视延迟定义单反延迟。</li>
		<li>将单反幅度定义为左和右之间的差值意味着 EMG 跟踪（例如，图 2c 深红色与 浅红色轨迹，或深蓝色与浅蓝色轨迹）从单反延迟到 30 ms 后歧视延迟。 注：幅度时间值可能会延长或缩短。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Veerman, M. M., Brenner, E., Smeets, J. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+latency+for+correcting+a+movement+depends+on+the+visual+attribute+that+defines+the+target.">The latency for correcting a movement depends on the visual attribute that defines the target.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 187 (2), 219-228 (2008).</li><li>Soechting, J. F., Lacquaniti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+trajectory+of+a+pointing+movement+in+response+to+a+change+in+target+location.">Modification of trajectory of a pointing movement in response to a change in target location.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 49 (2), 548-564 (1983).</li><li>Day, B. L., Lyon, I. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voluntary+modification+of+automatic+arm+movements+evoked+by+motion+of+a+visual+target.">Voluntary modification of automatic arm movements evoked by motion of a visual target.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 130 (2), 159-168 (2000).</li><li>Gaveau, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+online+control+of+motor+adjustments+in+reaching+and+grasping.">Automatic online control of motor adjustments in reaching and grasping.</a> Neuropsychologia. 55 (1), 25-40 (2014).</li><li>Day, B. L., Brown, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+subcortical+involvement+in+the+visual+control+of+human+reaching.">Evidence for subcortical involvement in the visual control of human reaching.</a> Brain A Journal of Neurology. 124, 1832-1840 (2001).</li><li>Pruszynski, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-locked+responses+on+human+arm+muscles+reveal+a+rapid+neural+pathway+linking+visual+input+to+arm+motor+output.">Stimulus-locked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid neural pathway linking visual input to arm motor output.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (6), 1049-1057 (2010).</li><li>Corneil, B. D., Olivier, E., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+responses+on+neck+muscles+reveal+selective+gating+that+prevents+express+saccades.">Visual responses on neck muscles reveal selective gating that prevents express saccades.</a> Neuron. 42 (5), 831-841 (2004).</li><li>Wood, D. K., Gu, C., Corneil, B. D., Gribble, P. L., Goodale, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+visual+responses+reset+the+phase+of+low-frequency+oscillations+in+the+skeletomotor+periphery.">Transient visual responses reset the phase of low-frequency oscillations in the skeletomotor periphery.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 42 (3), 1919-1932 (2015).</li><li>Gu, C., Wood, D. K., Gribble, P. L., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Trial-by-Trial+Window+into+Sensorimotor+Transformations+in+the+Human+Motor+Periphery.">A Trial-by-Trial Window into Sensorimotor Transformations in the Human Motor Periphery.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (31), 8273-8282 (2016).</li><li>Kozak, R. A., Kreyenmeier, P., Gu, C., Johnston, K., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-locked+responses+on+human+upper+limb+muscles+and+corrective+reaches+are+preferentially+evoked+by+low+spatial+frequencies.">Stimulus-locked responses on human upper limb muscles and corrective reaches are preferentially evoked by low spatial frequencies.</a> eNeuro. 6 (5), (2019).</li><li>Kowler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+expectations,+not+habits,+control+anticipatory+smooth+oculomotor+pursuit.">Cognitive expectations, not habits, control anticipatory smooth oculomotor pursuit.</a> Vision Research. 29 (9), 1049-1057 (1989).</li><li>Goonetilleke, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-species+comparison+of+anticipatory+and+stimulus-driven+neck+muscle+activity+well+before+saccadic+gaze+shifts+in+humans+and+nonhuman+primates.">Cross-species comparison of anticipatory and stimulus-driven neck muscle activity well before saccadic gaze shifts in humans and nonhuman primates.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 114 (2), 902-913 (2015).</li><li>Franklin, D. W., Reichenbach, A., Franklin, S., Diedrichsen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+evolution+of+spatial+computations+for+visuomotor+control.">Temporal evolution of spatial computations for visuomotor control.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (8), 2329-2341 (2016).</li><li>Krekelberg, B., Vatakis, A., Kourtzi, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implied+motion+from+form+in+the+human+visual+cortex.">Implied motion from form in the human visual cortex.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (6), 4373-4386 (2005).</li><li>Gribble, P. L., Everling, S., Ford, K., Mattar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand-eye+coordination+for+rapid+pointing+movements:+Arm+movement+direction+and+distance+are+specified+prior+to+saccade+onset.">Hand-eye coordination for rapid pointing movements: Arm movement direction and distance are specified prior to saccade onset.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 145 (3), 372-382 (2002).</li><li>Par&#233;, M., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccadic+reaction+time+in+the+monkey:+advanced+preparation+of+oculomotor+programs+is+primarily+responsible+for+express+saccade+occurrence.">Saccadic reaction time in the monkey: advanced preparation of oculomotor programs is primarily responsible for express saccade occurrence.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 76 (6), 3666-3681 (1996).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

人类有非凡的能力，如果需要，产生快速，视觉引导的延迟，接近最小的发向和发速延迟。我们以前曾描述过上肢的刺激锁定反应（SRS）是快速视觉运动反应的新措施6，9，10。虽然有利于提供一个试验基准的上肢肌肉招募的第一个方面受视觉刺激的影响，肢体SRS并没有在所有受试者中表达，并往往依赖于侵入性肌肉内记录。?...

当我们注意到手机上的消息时，系统会提示我们执行视觉引导的到达，以拿起手机并阅读消息。视觉功能，如手机的形状和大小被转换成电机命令，使我们能够成功地达到目标。这种粘胶电机转换可以研究在实验室条件下，这允许高度控制。但是，在某些情况下，响应时间很重要，例如，如果手机要掉下去，则抓住电话。快速视觉运动行为的实验室研究通常依赖于置换目标范式，在目标位置发生一些变化后，在飞行中对移动进行修改（例如，见参考文献1，2）。虽然这种在线修正可能发生在 <150 ms3中，但由于手臂的低通滤波特性，并且由于快速粘胶运动输出取代已在飞行中的运动，因此很难确定仅使用运动学技术进行快速粘热电机输出的确切时间。这种并发症导致快速粘附运动反应的基质的不确定性（见参考4，供审查）。一些研究表明，皮下结构，如优越的胶合体，而不是前皮皮质区域，可以启动在线修正5。
这种关于基础神经基质的不确定性可能是由于，至少部分是由于缺乏一个可靠的生物标志物，为快速视觉运动系统的输出。最近，我们描述了一种快速的视觉运动响应的测量方法，这些反应可能由静态姿势产生，并通过肌电图 （EMG） 进行记录。刺激锁定响应 （SRS） 是时间锁定的 EMG 活动爆发之前自愿运动6，7，在刺激启动后持续演变约 100 ms.正如这个名字所暗示的，SRS是由刺激的开始唤起的，即使最终的移动被隐瞒8或向相反的方向9移动，SRS也持续存在。此外，动态范式中目标位移所唤起的 SL 与较短的延迟在线修正10 相关。因此，SRS 提供了一个客观的衡量标准，用于系统地研究短延迟 RT 中涉及的快速粘性电机系统的输出，因为它们可能来自静态姿势，并且从与快速粘性电机响应的初始阶段无关的其他 EMG 信号中解析。
当前研究的目标是呈现一个视觉引导的到达范式，有力地引出 SR。先前研究单反的研究报告说，参与者的检测率低于100%，即使使用更具侵入性的肌肉内记录6，8，9。低检测率和对侵入性记录的依赖限制了单反措施在未来对疾病或整个生命周期的快速视觉运动系统的调查中的有用性。虽然有些受试者可能根本无法表达单反，但以前使用的刺激和行为范式可能并不理想地唤起单反。过去关于 SRS 的报告通常使用范例，其中参与者生成视觉引导到达到静态，突然出现目标6，9。然而，在必须快速与坠落或飞行物体交互的情况下，最可能需要的快速视觉运动系统，导致人们怀疑移动而不是静态刺激是否能更好地唤起SLR。因此，我们调整了用于研究眼动11的移动目标范式，并结合一个亲/反视觉引导的到达任务，用于检查单反9。与以前使用的6、8、9的范式结果相比，发现新兴目标范式中的SR进化得更快，达到更高的幅度，在我们的参与者样本中更为普遍。总体而言，新兴目标范式促进快速视觉运动反应的表达，使目标E动量测量可以通过表面记录进行可靠，在临床人群中和整个生命周期内进行有效的研究。此外，新兴的目标范式可以通过许多不同的方式进行修改，促进对促进或改变快速视觉运动反应的感官、认知和运动因素进行更彻底的调查。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli-8 Desktop Surface EMG System</td>
			<td>Delsys Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kinarm End-Point Robot</td>
			<td>Kinarm, Kingston, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB (version R2016a) Stateflow and Simulink applications</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PROPixx projector</td>
			<td>VPIXX Saint-Bruno, QC, Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a custom built addon for the Kinarm. Other displays may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Resolution: 1920 x 1080. Standard viewing monitors may also be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles

要到达看到的对象，视觉信息必须转换为电机命令。视觉信息，如物体的颜色、形状和大小，被处理并整合到许多大脑区域中，然后最终传递到运动外围。在某些情况下，需要尽可能快的反应。这些快速的粘膜运动转化，及其潜在的神经基质，在人类中知之甚少，因为它们缺乏可靠的生物标志物。刺激锁定响应 （SRS） 是短延迟 （<100 ms） 的肌电学 （EMG） 爆发活动，代表受视觉刺激演示影响的第一波肌肉招募。SRS 提供快速粘胶电机变换的可量化输出，但在过去研究中，所有受试者的 SRS 都未得到一致观察到。在这里，我们描述了一个新的行为范式，其中一个移动目标突然出现在一个障碍之下，这个障碍始终唤起着强大的SRS。 人类参与者使用机器人男力表，在表面电极记录从胸托利斯主要肌肉的E姆格活动时，产生的视觉引导到达或远离新兴目标。与以前使用静态刺激调查单位比的研究相比，使用这种新兴目标范式调用的 SR 更大，进化得更早，并且存在于所有参与者中。在新兴的目标范式中，到达反应时间（RT）也加快了。这种模式提供了许多修改的机会，可以系统研究各种感官、认知和运动操纵对快速视觉运动反应的影响。总体而言，我们的结果表明，新兴的目标范式能够在快速的 visuomotor 系统中持续而有力地唤起活动。

刺激锁定反应 （SRS） 是肌肉活动时间短暂爆发锁定到刺激发作之前， 进化的肌肉招募与运动开始相关的大排球。单反的时锁性质产生了一个"带状"的肌肉活动可见在+100 ms时，查看所有试验排序的反应时间（RT）（图1a，突出显示的灰色框）。如图1a所示，SRS 取决于目标位置，右胸腔上的 SRS 主要包括左向或右向目标呈现后肌肉招募的增加或减少。使用R...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

这里展示的是一种行为范式，在视觉引导的到达过程中，它能对人类上肢肌肉产生强大的快速视觉运动反应。

唤起人类上肢肌肉快速视觉运动反应的新兴目标范式

To reach towards a seen object, visual information has to be transformed into motor commands. Visual information such as the object&#8217;s color, shape, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

4.2K 次观看.  Western University. 这里展示的是一种行为范式，在视觉引导的到达过程中，它能对人类上肢肌肉产生强大的快速视觉运动反应。

视频: An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Recording Behavioral Responses to Reflection in Crayfish

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems. One important issue concerns the relative roles of each sensory modality in guiding behavior. The role of visual inputs has been examined by isolating visual stimuli from mechanical and chemosensory stimuli. In some studies (Bruski &amp; Dunham, 1987: Delgado-Morales et al., 2004) visual inputs have been removed with blindfolds or low light intensity, and effects of remaining sensory modalities have been elucidated. An alternative approach is to study the effects of visual inputs in the absence of any appropriate mechanical and chemosensory cues. This approach aims to identify the exclusive role of visual inputs. 
We have used two methods to provide visual stimuli to crayfish without providing chemical and mechanical cues. In one method, crayfish are videotaped in an aquarium where half of the walls are covered in mirrors to provide a reflective environment, and the other half are covered in a non-reflective (matte finish) plastic. This gives the crayfish a choice between reflective and non-reflective environments. The reflective environment provides visual cues in the form of reflected images of the crayfish as it moves throughout half of the tank; these visual cues are missing from the non-reflective half of the tank. An alternative method is to videotape the behavior of crayfish in an aquarium separated by a smaller chamber at each end, with a crayfish in one small chamber providing visual cues and an inert object in the opposite small chamber providing visual input from a non-moving, non-crayfish source. 
Our published results indicate that responses of crayfish to the reflective environment depend on socialization and dominance rank. Socialized crayfish spent more time in the reflective environment and exhibited certain behaviors more frequently there than in the non-reflective environment; isolated crayfish showed no such differences. Crayfish that were housed in same-sex pairs developed a social rank of either dominant or subordinate. Responses to reflection differed between dominant and subordinate crayfish (May &amp; Mercier, 2006; May &amp; Mercier, 2007). Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side, entered reflective corners more frequently and spent more time in reflective corners compared to the non-reflective side. Subordinate crayfish walked in reverse more often on the reflective side than on the non-reflective side. Preliminary data suggest similar effects from visual cues provided by a crayfish in a small adjoining chamber (May et al., 2008).

We have developed two methods for studying effects of visual cues on behavior in the absence of tactile and chemical cues. One method involves videotaping responses of crayfish to reflective walls in an aquarium; the other examines effects of visual inputs provided by a live crayfish behind a transparent partition.

小龙虾的反思记录行为反应

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems.  One important issue concerns the relative roles of each ...

科研

神经科学

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

Vibrodissociation从啮齿动物脑切片的神经元，研究突触传递和图像突触前的码头

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

调查中枢神经系统修复中受伤范式<em&gt;果蝇</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

为记录细胞内电压响应电法<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;光感受器和中间对光刺激<em&gt;在体内</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development

Investigating potential pharmacodynamic effects in an early phase of central nervous system (CNS) drug research can provide valuable information for further development of new compounds. A computerized and thoroughly validated battery of neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests has been shown to be sensitive to detect drug-induced effects of multiple new and existing compounds. The test battery covers the main CNS domains, which have been shown to respond to drug effects and can be repeatedly administered following drug administration to characterize the concentration-effect profile of a drug.
The standard tests in the battery are saccadic eye movement, smooth pursuit eye movement, the Bowdle visual analog scale (VAS), the Bond and Lader VAS, body sway, adaptive tracking, visual verbal learning, and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). However, the test battery is adaptive in nature, meaning that it can be composed and adjusted with tests fit to investigate specific drug classes, or even specific receptors.
Showing effects of new cholinergic drugs designed to have a pro-cognitive outcome has been difficult. The pharmacological challenge model is a tool for early proof-of-pharmacology. Here, a marketed drug is used to induce temporary and reversible disease-like symptoms in healthy subjects, via a pharmacological mechanism related to the disease that is targeted as indication for the new compound. The test battery was implemented to investigate the potential of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine to be used as a challenge model for cholinergic dysfunction, as seen in neurodegenerative disorders.
A worsening of scores in a dose dependent manner on the visual verbal learning test (VVLT; a test for learning and memory abilities) and the adaptive tracking test (a measure of visuomotor control and arousal), in particular, showed that the test battery is sensitive to showing acute pharmacodynamic effect after administration of anti-cholinergic drugs.

A validated computerized battery of neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests is used to study pharmacodynamic effects on the central nervous system of newly developed drugs in early phase development. To demonstrate the test battery, the acute effects of mecamylamine and the reversal of these effects by two agonist drugs are described.

一种研究胆碱能药物早期开发中胆碱能药物中央神经系统药效学作用的计算机测试电池

Investigating potential pharmacodynamic effects in an early phase of central nervous system (CNS) drug research can provide valuable information for ...

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Elevated blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex and multifactorial metabolic disease, are caused by insulin resistance and &#946;-cell failure. Various strategies, including the injection of insulin or the usage of insulin-sensitizing drugs, were pursued to treat T2DM or at least reduce the symptoms. In addition, the application of herbal compounds has attracted increasing attention. Thus, it is necessary to find efficient test systems to identify and characterize insulin-mimetic compounds. Here we developed a modified chick embryo model, which enables testing of synthetic compounds and herbal extracts with insulin-mimetic properties. Using a fluorescence microscopy-based primary screen, which quantifies the translocation of Glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) to the plasma membrane, we were able to identify compounds, mainly herbal extracts, which lead to an increase of intracellular glucose concentrations in adipocytes. However, the efficacy of these substances requires further verification in a living organism. Thus, we used an in-ovo approach to identify their blood glucose-reducing properties. The approval by an ethics committee is not needed since the use of chicken embryos during the first two-thirds of embryonic development is not considered an animal experiment. Here, the application of this model is described in detail.

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

In this study, we describe an in-ovo system as a promising tool to test insulin-mimetic compounds in a living organism. The main advantages include adequate throughput rates and acceptable costs, which enable the identification of phytochemicals with insulin-mimetic properties.

用于测试胰岛素模拟化合物的蛋模型

Elevated blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex and multifactorial metabolic disease, are caused by insulin resistance and ...

FM Dye Cycling at the Synapse: Comparing High Potassium Depolarization, Electrical and Channelrhodopsin Stimulation

FM dyes are used to study the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle. These amphipathic probes have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, making them water-soluble with the ability to reversibly enter and exit membrane lipid bilayers. These styryl dyes are relatively non-fluorescent in aqueous medium, but insertion into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane causes a &#62;40X increase in fluorescence. In neuronal synapses, FM dyes are internalized during SV endocytosis, trafficked both within and between SV pools, and released with SV exocytosis, providing a powerful tool to visualize presynaptic stages of neurotransmission. A primary genetic model of glutamatergic synapse development and function is the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where FM dye imaging has been used extensively to quantify SV dynamics in a wide range of mutant conditions. The NMJ synaptic terminal is easily accessible, with a beautiful array of large synaptic boutons ideal for imaging applications. Here, we compare and contrast the three ways to stimulate the Drosophila NMJ to drive activity-dependent FM1-43 dye uptake/release: 1) bath application of high [K+] to depolarize neuromuscular tissues, 2) suction electrode motor nerve stimulation to depolarize the presynaptic nerve terminal, and 3) targeted transgenic expression of channelrhodopsin variants for light-stimulated, spatial control of depolarization. Each of these methods has benefits and disadvantages for the study of genetic mutation effects on the SV cycle at the Drosophila NMJ. We will discuss these advantages and disadvantages to assist the selection of the stimulation approach, together with the methodologies specific to each strategy. In addition to fluorescent imaging, FM dyes can be photoconverted to electron-dense signals visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study SV cycle mechanisms at an ultrastructural level. We provide the comparisons of confocal and electron microscopy imaging from the different methods of Drosophila NMJ stimulation, to help guide the selection of future experimental paradigms.

Synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling is the core mechanism of intercellular communication at neuronal synapses. FM dye uptake and release are the primary means of quantitatively assaying SV endo- and exocytosis. Here, we compare all the stimulation methods to drive FM1-43 cycling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) model synapse.

调频染料循环在突触: 高钾偏极化, 电和 Channelrhodopsin 刺激的比较

FM dyes are used to study the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle. These amphipathic probes have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, making them ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of daily activities due to lower and upper limb impairments. Intensive physical and occupational therapy are still considered main treatments, but new adjunct therapies to standard rehabilitation that may optimize functional outcomes are being studied.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that polarizes underlying brain regions through the application of weak direct currents through electrodes on the scalp, modulating cortical excitability. Increased interest in this technique can be attributed to its low cost, ease of use, and effects on human neural plasticity. Recent research has been performed to determine the clinical potential of tDCS in diverse conditions such as depression, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and motor rehabilitation after stroke. tDCS helps enhance brain plasticity and seems to be a promising technique in rehabilitation programs.
A number of robotic devices have been developed to assist in the rehabilitation of upper limb function after stroke. The rehabilitation of motor deficits is often a long process requiring multidisciplinary approaches for a patient to achieve maximum independence. These devices do not intend to replace manual rehabilitation therapy; instead, they were designed as an additional tool to rehabilitation programs, allowing immediate perception of results and tracking of improvements, thus helping patients to stay motivated.
Both tDSC and robot-assisted therapy are promising add-ons to stroke rehabilitation and target the modulation of brain plasticity, with several reports describing their use to be associated with conventional therapy and the improvement of therapeutic outcomes. However, more recently, some small clinical trials have been developed that describe the associated use of tDCS and robot-assisted therapy in stroke rehabilitation. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

The combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and robotic therapy as an add-on for conventional rehabilitation therapy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes due to modulation of brain plasticity. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

经颅直流电刺激与上肢机器人治疗的联合应用

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS) is a software tool that implements protocols for operantly conditioning stimulus-triggered muscle responses in people with neuromuscular disorders, which in turn can improve sensorimotor function when applied appropriately. EPOCS monitors the state of specific target muscles&#8212;e.g., from surface electromyography (EMG) while standing, or from gait cycle measurements while walking on a treadmill&#8212;and automatically triggers calibrated stimulation when pre-defined conditions are met. It provides two forms of feedback that enable a person to learn to modulate the targeted pathway&#39;s excitability. First, it continuously monitors ongoing EMG activity in the target muscle, guiding the person to produce a consistent level of activity suitable for conditioning. Second, it provides immediate feedback of the response size following each stimulation and indicates whether it has reached the target value.
To illustrate its use, this article describes a protocol through which a person can learn to decrease the size of the Hoffmann reflex&#8212;the electrically-elicited analog of the spinal stretch reflex&#8212;in the soleus muscle. Down-conditioning this pathway&#39;s excitability can improve walking in people with spastic gait due to incomplete spinal cord injury. The article demonstrates how to set up the equipment; how to place stimulating and recording electrodes; and how to use the free software to optimize electrode placement, measure the recruitment curve of direct motor and reflex responses, measure the response without operant conditioning, condition the reflex, and analyze the resulting data. It illustrates how the reflex changes over multiple sessions and how walking improves. It also discusses how the system can be applied to other kinds of evoked responses and to other kinds of stimulation, e.g., motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation; how it can address various clinical problems; and how it can support research studies of sensorimotor function in health and disease.

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System EPOCS: A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System aids scientific investigation of sensorimotor function and can administer targeted neurobehavioral training that can impact sensorimotor rehabilitation in neuromuscular disorders. This article describes its capabilities and illustrates its application in modifying a simple spinal reflex to achieve lasting improvement in motor function.

诱发电位操作性调节系统（EPOCS）：慢性神经肌肉疾病的研究工具和新兴疗法

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS) is a software tool that implements protocols for operantly conditioning stimulus-triggered muscle ...