This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PFIS2017-0224], &#34;Beca Ruza&#34; from the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cuidados Intensivos Pedi&#225;tricos and the Vanderbilt Medical Scholars Program.
The sponsors were not involved in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data.
We would like to thank Isabel Salas for the help provided within the animal laboratory and the Mr. Carles F&#225;brega and Ms. Gemma Fernandez-Asensio from the Audio-Visual Techincal Team from Sant Joan de D&#233;u Hospital for their technical support with the video recording and production.

The intubation procedure outlined below was approved by the Barcelona University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (CEEA 180/19)
1. Experimental preparation
<ol>
	<li>Obtain the following materials: 2 mm diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tube, 6 French (Fr) polyurethane feeding tube, flat and wide tip dissection forceps and sterile lubricant (Figure 1).</li>
	<li>During the intubation and surgery processes, maintain sterile conditions.</li...

<ol>
	<li>Gilroy, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotracheal+intubation+of+rabbits+and+rodents.">Endotracheal intubation of rabbits and rodents.</a> Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 179 (11), 1295 (1981).</li><li>Graham, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+procedures+in+rabbits.">Common procedures in rabbits.</a> The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice. 9 (2), 367-388 (2006).</li><li>Fick, T. E., Schalm, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+for+endotracheal+intubation+in+rabbits.">A simple technique for endotracheal intubation in rabbits.</a> Laboratory Animals. 21 (3), 265-266 (1987).</li><li>Conlon, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atraumatic+endotracheal+intubation+in+small+rabbits.">Atraumatic endotracheal intubation in small rabbits.</a> Laboratory Animal Science. 40 (2), 221-222 (1990).</li><li>Johnson, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+intubation+of+exotic+companion+mammals.">Endoscopic intubation of exotic companion mammals.</a> The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice. 13 (2), 273-289 (2010).</li><li>Falc&#227;o, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+of+blind+tracheal+intubation+in+rabbits+(Oryctolagus+cuniculi)+supported+by+previous+maneuver+of+esophageal+cannulization.">Technique of blind tracheal intubation in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) supported by previous maneuver of esophageal cannulization.</a> Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 26 (5), 352-356 (2011).</li><li>Miura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotracheal+intubation+in+rabbits.">Endotracheal intubation in rabbits.</a> The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Anesthesiology. 19 (1), 25-29 (2012).</li><li>Thompson, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotracheal+Intubation+of+Rabbits+Using+a+Polypropylene+Guide+Catheter.">Endotracheal Intubation of Rabbits Using a Polypropylene Guide Catheter.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (129), (2017).</li><li>Comolli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+endoscopic+endotracheal+intubation+and+the+v-gel+supraglottic+airway+device+for+spontaneously+ventilating+New+Zealand+white+rabbits+undergoing+ovariohysterectomy.">Comparison of endoscopic endotracheal intubation and the v-gel supraglottic airway device for spontaneously ventilating New Zealand white rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy.</a> Veterinary Record. , 1-8 (2020).</li><li>Hua, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+different+ventilation+strategies+on+lung+injury+in+newborn+rabbits.">Effects of different ventilation strategies on lung injury in newborn rabbits.</a> Pediatric Pulmonology. 47 (11), 1103-1112 (2012).</li><li>Kitchen, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+lung+inflation+and+sodium+transport+in+airway+liquid+clearance+during+lung+aeration+in+newborn+rabbits.">The role of lung inflation and sodium transport in airway liquid clearance during lung aeration in newborn rabbits.</a> Pediatric Research. 73 (4-1), 443-449 (2012).</li><li>Boon, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubeless+tracheotomy+for+survival+airway+surgery+in+the+leporine+model.">Tubeless tracheotomy for survival airway surgery in the leporine model.</a> The Laryngoscope. 125 (3), 680-684 (2015).</li><li>Dion, G. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morbidity+and+mortality+associated+with+preclinical+tracheostomy+models.">Morbidity and mortality associated with preclinical tracheostomy models.</a> The Laryngoscope. 128 (2), 68-71 (2018).</li><li>Phaneuf, L. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracheal+injury+after+endotracheal+intubation+and+anesthesia+in+rabbits.">Tracheal injury after endotracheal intubation and anesthesia in rabbits.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 45 (6), 67-72 (2006).</li></ol>

Rabbits are widely used in animal experimentation due to their availability, high reproduction rate with short intergenerational times, and easy handling2. In our center, we use 5-7-day old New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a neonatal model to study the neurologic repercussions of extracorporeal surgery on the developing brain. As a result, we utilize procedures that require deep anesthesia and must use endotracheal intubation for periods of time up to an hour.
<p class="...

The peculiar anatomy of the rabbit&#39;s respiratory system makes endotracheal intubation complicated. The oral cavity is deep and narrow with a limited range of mouth opening and a relatively large tongue, making direct visualization of the larynx difficult even with the use of a laryngoscope1,2. Furthermore, intubation of the newborn rabbit, which is 10-20 times smaller than the adult, is even more of a challenging procedure. In addition to these anatomical characteristics, rabbits are prone to laryngospasm secondary to manipulation of the airway.
Several intubation techniques have been described in the literature, such as laryngoscope tracheal intubation, blind intubation, otoscope intubation, retrograde intubation, endoscope intubation, tracheostomy and supraglottic device ventilation3,4,5,6,7,8,9. All these techniques have been carried out successfully in adult rabbits; however, there are few publications regarding advanced airway management in the newborn rabbit10. One study describes performing tracheostomies in animals of this age to assess breathing mechanics and lung volumes, though this is an aggressive and irreversible technique11. This method for endotracheal intubation has proven to be an effective and low-cost method of airway management in newborn rabbits.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mm diameter Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Vygon</td>
			<td>520.20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 French polyurethane feeding tube</td>
			<td>Vygon</td>
			<td>310.06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia (Ketamine and Xylazine)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiparameter monitor Intellivue MP5</td>
			<td>Phillips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plain and wide tip dissection forceps</td>
			<td>LensforVision</td>
			<td>AK005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile lubricant (Silkospray)</td>
			<td>Rush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ventilator Servo 900c</td>
			<td>Maquet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

blind endotracheal intubation in neonatal rabbits

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical characteristics, which is further complicated in the case of the newborn. Of the different methods of advanced airway management, endotracheal intubation is less aggressive than tracheostomy, and is more feasible than supraglottic management given the lack of supraglottic devices of such a small size. As direct glottis visualization is very difficult in animals this size, this blind intubation model is presented as an effective alternative, especially for experiments requiring prolonged anesthesia. Using this method, we performed blind intubations with a 90% success rate.

In the laboratory, this technique is carried out by medical personnel with experience in experimentation with New Zealand rabbits and expertise in pediatric airway management. The procedure has been performed by one investigator in 10 animals with a global success rate of 90%. Previously, another researcher had practiced optimizing both the position of the animal and the correct tube fixation length. None of the animals were intubated in esophagus. Only one attempt (10%) failed due to the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits at JoVE.com

Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits

We describe a technique of endotracheal intubation in newborn rabbits after esophageal catheterization with a gastric tube.

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical ...

Introduction.Newborn rabbit is useful as an animal model of various pathologies and procedures. Some of these procedures require some advanced airway management, and it can be challenging because of the complex airway characteristics and the little size of the animal. We present a novel technique for endotracheal intubation performed by the occlusion of the esophagus and the introduction of the tube into the airway without direct visualization.Materials.We will need a two-millimeters diameter PVC endotracheal tube, a six French polyurethane feeding tube, and plain and wide-tipped dissection forceps. Also, we can use a sterile lubricant.Anesthesia. Sedate the animal with xylazine five milligrams per kilo and ketamine 25 milligrams per kilo.Apply together intramuscularly in the vastus lateralis of the femoral quadriceps. Allow three to five minutes for the medication to reach effect. Repeat those until negative pedal reflex is achieved.Evaluate the rabbit will maintain a spontaneous breathing until intubation. Endotracheal intubation. Place the animal in dorsal recumbency with the head in hyperextension.A roll made of a sterile gauze and placed in the dorsal region of the neck may be helpful. Use plain and wide-tipped dissection forceps to open the oral cavity approximately one centimeter wide. Introduce a six French polyurethane gastric tube until the cessation of its progress.The feeding tube is moved and fix it. Introduce the two-millimeter diameter PVC endotracheal tube impregnated with the sterile lubricant until it reaches the three-centimeter mark. If there are any difficulties in advancing the tube, it should be completely removed and re-attempt until a smooth glide is achieved.The tube is also fixed.Results. The procedure has been performed in 10 animals. Their weight range was between 110 to 210 grams depending of the day of life and their nutritional status.The global success rate was 90%The only failure occurred in the smallest rabbit because of its narrow airway.Conclusion. The model of intubation of newborn rabbits we describe here doesn't require the use of specialized equipment, it's easy to master and can be performed by a single individual without the need for an assistant. All blind airway access techniques present some level of risk, but we believe this technique is an option when guided visualization is difficult, as in very little animals.

blind-endotracheal-intubation-in-neonatal-rabbits

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

5.1K ビュー.  Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu. はじめに.新生児ウサギは様々な病理や手順の動物モデルとして有用である。これらの手順のいくつかは、いくつかの高度な気道管理を必要とし、それは複雑な気道の特性と動物の小さなサイズのために困難な場合があります。食道の閉塞と管の気道への導入によって行われる気管内挿管の新しい技術を直接可視化せずに提示する。材料。直径2ミリメートルのPVC気?...

ビデオ: Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits

We describe a technique of endotracheal intubation in newborn rabbits after esophageal catheterization with a gastric...

endotracheal intubation of rabbits using a polypropylene guide catheter

Endotracheal Intubation of Rabbits Using a Polypropylene Guide Catheter

Endotracheal intubation in rabbits is challenging due to their unusual anatomy. Here we present a technique for direct intubation of the trachea using a polypropylene catheter as a guide. This method utilizes relatively inexpensive supplies, requires minimal training, and can be easily performed in any clinical...

complete thymectomy in adult rats with non-invasive endotracheal intubation

Complete Thymectomy in Adult Rats with Non-invasive Endotracheal Intubation

Rodent thymectomy is a valuable technique in immunological research.  Here, a protocol for complete thymectomy in adult rats using a mini-sternotomy along with non-invasive intubation and positive pressure ventilation to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality is described.

endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical...

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

endotracheal intubation using a flexible intubation endoscope as a standardized model for safe airway management in swine

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary...

endotracheal intubation via tracheotomy and subsequent thoracotomy in rats for non-survival applications

Author Spotlight: Hyperspectral Imaging for Spectral Analysis of Thoracic Organs in Clinical and Animal Models

Here we introduce a standardized procedure for endotracheal intubation via tracheotomy followed by thoracotomy in rats, aimed at enhancing the precision and reproducibility of non-survival applications requiring invasive ventilation and exposure of thoracic organs in in vivo rat...

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation: a procedure to insert endotracheal tube in trachea of rabbit model

In this video, we demonstrate the tracheal intubation &#8212; an invasive procedure for insertion of an endotracheal tube through the mouth in a rabbit model. This procedure allows for mechanical ventilation of the...

Tracheal Intubation for Mechanical Ventilation: A Procedure to Insert Endotracheal Tube in Trachea of Rabbit Model

Slide a small diameter endotracheal tube into the rabbit&#39;s trachea until airflow can be heard in the tube. This will open the larynx and facilitate the insertion of the definitive tube. Next, insert a guide into the tube to fix the position of the tube into the trachea. Remove the small diameter tube and slide the definitive endotracheal tube on the guide. Remove the guide and inflate the balloon at the end of the endotracheal tube to seal and block the device into the...

electromyographic endotracheal intubation in pig: a technique to insert electromyographic tube inside the pig trachea

Use the laryngoscope to press the epiglottis downward toward the tongue base, gently advancing the elastic bougie into the trachea, when the vocal cords can be clearly visualized. Advance the electromyography, or EMG, tube at the corner of the mouth to a depth of 24 centimeters, and use medical tape to fix the tube at the mouth angle, then, connect the EMG tube to the...

Electromyographic Endotracheal Intubation in Pig: A Technique to Insert Electromyographic Tube Inside the Pig Trachea

This video demonstrates a procedure to insert an electromyography tube inside the pig&#39;s trachea. It helps to keep the pig ventilated and monitor the electrical activity of laryngeal muscles in...

Tracheotomy-Based Endotracheal Intubation Protocol for Non-Survival Rat Models

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repeated orotracheal intubation in mice

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the...

model of ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbits

Model of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits

The present study demonstrates a highly reproducible animal model of acute regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbits using a left mini-thoracotomy for survival cases or a midline sternotomy for non-survival cases.

induction of lumbar disc degeneration in rabbits through a transabdominal approach

Induction of Lumbar Disc Degeneration in Rabbits Through a Transabdominal Approach

Here, we describe a surgical protocol using needle puncture to establish rabbit lumbar disc degeneration via a transabdominal approach. Radiological checks and histological analyses were used to confirm the successful establishment of lumbar disc...

anatomically realistic neonatal heart model for use in neonatal patient simulators

Anatomically Realistic Neonatal Heart Model for Use in Neonatal Patient Simulators

This protocol describes a procedure for creating functional artificial neonatal heart models by utilizing a combination of magnetic resonance imaging, 3D printing, and injection molding. The purpose of these models is for integration into the next generation of neonatal patient simulators and as a tool for physiological and anatomical...

preclinical model of hind limb ischemia in diabetic rabbits

Preclinical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Rabbits

We describe a surgical procedure used to induce peripheral ischemia in rabbits with hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This surgery acts as a preclinical model for conditions experienced in peripheral artery disease in patients. Angiography is also described as a means to measure the extent of introduced ischemia and recovery of...

a simple method of mouse lung intubation

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times.  The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the...

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Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography

Presented here is a protocol to perform comprehensive neonatal echocardiography by trained neonatologists in the neonatal intensive care unit. The trained individuals provide longitudinal assessments of heart function, systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in a consultative role. The manuscript also describes the requirements to become a fully trained neonatal hemodynamics...

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A Modified Technique for Arteriovenous Fistula Construction in Rabbits

The present protocol proposes the creation of an arteriovenous fistula in rabbits using a modified no-touch technique. The technique involves the side-to-side anastomosis of the common carotid artery and external jugular vein without the dissection of the perivenous tissues or cutting off the...

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A Step by Step Protocol for Subretinal Surgery in Rabbits

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement strategies and gene-based therapy are considered for several retinal degenerative conditions. For clinical translation, large eye animal models are required to study surgical techniques applicable in patients. Here we present a rabbit model for subretinal surgery geared towards RPE transplantation, which is versatile and...

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Peripheral vascular disease is a widespread clinical problem that affects millions of patients worldwide. A major consequence of peripheral vascular disease is the development of ischemia. In severe cases, patients can develop critical limb ischemia in which they experience constant pain and an increased risk of limb amputation. Current therapies for peripheral ischemia include bypass surgery or percutaneous interventions such as angioplasty with stenting or atherectomy to restore blood flow. However, these treatments often fail to the continued progression of vascular disease or restenosis or are contraindicated due to the overall poor health of the patient. A promising potential approach to treat peripheral ischemia involves the induction of therapeutic neovascularization to allow the patient to develop collateral vasculature. This newly formed network alleviates peripheral ischemia by restoring perfusion to the affected area. The most frequently employed preclinical model for peripheral ischemia utilizes the creation of hind limb ischemia in healthy rabbits through femoral artery ligation. In the past, however, there has been a strong disconnect between the success of preclinical studies and the failure of clinical trials regarding treatments for peripheral ischemia. Healthy animals typically have robust vascular regeneration in response to surgically induced ischemia, in contrast to the reduced vascularity and regeneration in patients with chronic peripheral ischemia. Here, we describe an optimized animal model for peripheral ischemia in rabbits that includes hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This model has reduced collateral formation and blood pressure recovery in comparison to a model with a higher cholesterol diet. Thus, the model may provide better correlation with human patients with compromised angiogenesis from the common co-morbidities that accompany peripheral vascular disease.

We describe a surgical procedure used to induce peripheral ischemia in rabbits with hyperlipidemia and diabetes. This surgery acts as a preclinical model for conditions experienced in peripheral artery disease in patients. Angiography is also described as a means to measure the extent of introduced ischemia and recovery of perfusion.

Peripheral vascular disease is a widespread clinical problem that affects millions of patients worldwide. A major consequence of peripheral vascular ...

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight ...

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

In vitro scratch wound assays are commonly used to investigate the mechanisms and characteristics of epithelial healing in a variety of tissue types. Here, we describe a protocol to generate a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer from three-dimensional (3D) non-human primate enteroids derived from intestinal crypts of the terminal ileum. These enteroid-derived monolayers were then utilized in an in vitro scratch wound assay to test the ability of hyaluronan 35 kDa (HA35), a human milk HA mimic, to promote cell migration and proliferation along the epithelial wound edge. After the monolayers were grown to confluency, they were manually scratched and treated with HA35 (50 &#181;g/mL, 100 &#181;g/mL, 200 &#181;g/mL) or control (PBS). Cell migration and proliferation into the gap were imaged using a transmitted-light microscope equipped for live-cell imaging. Wound closure was quantified as percent wound healing using the Wound Healing Size Plugin in ImageJ.&#160;The scratch area and rate of cell migration and the percentage of wound closure were measured over 24 h. HA35 in vitro accelerates wound healing in small intestinal enteroid monolayers, likely through a combination of cell proliferation at the wound edge and migration to the wound area. These methods can potentially be used as a model to explore intestinal regeneration in the preterm human small intestine.

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

This protocol describes a method to establish and perform a scratch wound assay on two-dimensional (2D) monolayers derived from three-dimensional (3D) enteroids isolated from non-human primate ileum.

In vitro scratch wound assays are commonly used to investigate the mechanisms and characteristics of epithelial healing in a variety of tissue types. ...

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease affecting preterm infants, characterized by intestinal inflammation and necrosis. Enteroids have recently emerged as a promising system to model gastrointestinal pathologies. However, currently utilized methods for enteroid manipulation either lack access to the apical surface of the epithelium (three-dimensional [3D]) or are time-consuming and resource-intensive (two-dimensional [2D] monolayers). These methods often require additional steps, such as microinjection, for the model to become physiologically translatable. Here, we describe a physiologically relevant and inexpensive protocol for studying NEC in vitro by reversing enteroid polarity, resulting in the apical surface facing outward (apical-out). An immunofluorescent staining protocol to examine enteroid barrier integrity and junctional protein expression following exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) under normoxic or hypoxic conditions is also provided. The viability of 3D apical-out enteroids exposed to normoxic or hypoxic LPS or TNF-&#945; for 24 h is also evaluated. Enteroids exposed to either LPS or TNF-&#945;, in combination with hypoxia, exhibited disruption of epithelial architecture, a loss of adherens junction protein expression, and a reduction in cell viability. This protocol describes a new apical-out NEC-in-a-dish model which presents a physiologically relevant and cost-effective platform to identify potential epithelial targets for NEC therapies and study the preterm intestinal response to therapeutics.

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

This protocol describes an apical-out necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-in-a-dish model utilizing small intestinal enteroids with reversed polarity, allowing access to the apical surface. We provide an immunofluorescent staining protocol to detect NEC-related epithelial disruption and a method to determine the viability of apical-out enteroids subjected to the NEC-in-a-dish protocol.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease affecting preterm infants, characterized by intestinal inflammation and necrosis. Enteroids have ...

Targeted neonatal echocardiography (TnECHO) refers to the use of comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation and physiologic data to obtain accurate, reliable, and real-time information on developmental hemodynamics in sick newborns. The comprehensive assessment is based on a multiparametric approach that overcomes the reliability issues of individual measurements, allows for earlier recognition of cardiovascular compromise and promotes enhanced diagnostic precision and timely management. TnECHO-driven research has led to an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of illness and the development of predictive models to identify at-risk populations. This information may then be used to formulate a diagnostic impression and provide individualized guidance for the selection of cardiovascular therapies. TnECHO is based on the expert consultative model in which a neonatologist, with advanced training in neonatal hemodynamics, performs comprehensive and standardized TnECHO assessments. The distinction from point of care ultrasonography (POCUS), which provides limited and brief one-time assessments, is important. Neonatal hemodynamics training is a 1-year structured program designed to optimize image acquisition, measurement analysis, and hemodynamic knowledge (physiology, pharmacotherapy) to support cardiovascular decision-making. Neonatologists with hemodynamic expertise are trained to recognize deviations from normal anatomy and appropriately refer cases of possible structural abnormalities. We provide an outline of neonatal hemodynamics training, the standardized TnECHO imaging protocol, and an example of representative echo findings in a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus.

Presented here is a protocol to perform comprehensive neonatal echocardiography by trained neonatologists in the neonatal intensive care unit. The trained individuals provide longitudinal assessments of heart function, systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in a consultative role. The manuscript also describes the requirements to become a fully trained neonatal hemodynamics specialist.

Targeted neonatal echocardiography (TnECHO) refers to the use of comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation and physiologic data to obtain accurate, ...